Tetraniliprole resistance in field-collected populations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from China: Baseline susceptibility, cross-resistance, inheritance, and biochemical mechanism.

Tuta absoluta is one of the most destructive and invasive insect pests throughout the world. It feeds on numerous solanaceous plant species and has developed resistance to most types of popular insecticides. Tetraniliprole is a novel diamide chemical agent that acts as a modulator of the ryanodine receptor. To establish T. absoluta susceptibility to tetraniliprole and to understand potential mechanisms of resistance, we monitored 18 field populations of T. absoluta collected from northern China. One field-evolved resistant population, Huailai (HL), showed moderate resistance to tetraniliprole (36.2-fold) in comparison with susceptible strain YN-S. Assays of cross-resistance, synergism, metabolic enzyme activity, and inheritance of resistance were performed with YN-S strain and HL population. The latter displayed 12.2- and 6.7-fold cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, respectively, but little cross-resistance to broflanilide (1.6-fold), spinosad (2.1-fold), metaflumizone (1.5-fold), or indoxacarb (2.8-fold). Genetic analyses revealed that tetraniliprole resistance in HL population was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. Piperonyl butoxide was found to significantly increase tetraniliprole toxicity, and enzymatic activities of P450 monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly higher in HL than YN-S population. These results enhance our knowledge of the inheritance and mechanism of tetraniliprole resistance, enabling future optimization of resistance management strategies.

Mode of inheritance for pesticide resistance, importance and prevalence: A review.

Pesticides remain a cornerstone in pest control, yet their extensive and irrational use also fuel the evolution of resistance. This review analyzes globally published experimental data spanning from the 1970s to 2023 to focus on how phenotypic and underlying genotypic variations are shaped during the selective response. The discussion commences with an examination of sex-linked/maternal resistance. Observations related to maternal inheritance have enriched our understanding of pesticide mode of action, notably exemplified by bifenazate. However, the predominant control of the resistant phenotype is attributed to autosomal traits, with a high prevalence of dominance and monogenic inheritance observed, also evident in field strains. This observation raises concerns regarding resistance management strategies due to their potential to accelerate the spread of resistance. The interplay between dominance levels and monogenic inheritance is further explored, with dominant traits being significantly more prevalent in polygenic inheritance. This observation may be attributed to the accumulation of enhanced metabolism. Notably, further analysis indicated that field strains exhibit a higher incidence of monogenic inheritance compared to other selected strains, aligning with established theoretical frameworks. In conclusion, the genetic architecture of resistance warrants increased research focus for its pivotal role in guiding resistance management strategies and advancing fundamental research.

Tetraniliprole risk assessment: Unveiling a hidden threat for managing a generalist herbivore.

Insecticide resistance poses a significant challenge in managing generalist herbivores such as the tobacco cutworm (TCW), Spodoptera litura. This study investigates the potential risks associated with using the novel diamide insecticide tetraniliprole to control TCW. A tetraniliprole-resistant strain was developed through twelve generations of laboratory selection, indicating an intermediate risk of resistance development. Field monitoring in China revealed a significant incidence of resistance, particularly in the Nanchang (NC) population (>100-fold). Tetraniliprole showed moderate to high cross-resistance to multiple insecticides and was autosomally inherited with incomplete dominance, controlled by multiple genes, some of which belong to the cytochrome P450 family associated with enhanced detoxification. Life table studies indicated transgenerational hormesis, stimulating TCW female fecundity and increasing population net reproduction rates (R0). These findings suggest a potential for pest resurgence under tetraniliprole use. The integrated risk assessment provides a basis for the sustainable management of TCW using tetraniliprole.

Morphological variation of tail bone among two chicken breeds and their F1 progeny.

Fancy breeds of Japanese indigenous chicken display extensive morphological diversity, particularly in tail feathers. Although marked differences in tail and bone traits have been reported between Tosa-jidori (wild type) and Minohikichabo (rich type) breeds, little is known about the pattern of genetic inheritance in cross experiments. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the strain and sex effects, and inheritance patterns, in the morphometric variation of pygostyle bones among Tosa-jidori, Minohikichabo, and their F1 hybrids. Five morphological traits, angle of the apex of the pygostyle, pygostyle length, margo cranialis length, tail feather number, and body weight, were evaluated at the adult stage. A significant strain difference was detected in all traits, whereas significant sex differences were observed in only three traits, but not in the angle of the apex of the pygostyle and tail feather number. In F1 hybrids, the angle of the apex of the pygostyle was significantly different to that of Tosa-jidori but not that of Minohikichabo, whereas the pygostyle length and tail number of F1 hybrids were significantly different from those of Minohikichabo but not those of Tosa-jidori. A significant heterosis effect was found in the margo cranialis length and body weight. All five traits showed nonadditive inheritance patterns but varied in each trait between partial dominance (angle of the apex of pygostyle), full dominance (pygostyle length and tail feather number), and over-dominance (margo cranialis length and body weight). Interestingly, different patterns of genetic inheritance in the F1 hybrid were observed at different locations, even within the same pygostyle bone. Using the Japanese indigenous chicken model, these results provide a substantial step toward understanding the genetic architecture of morphology in chickens.

Cross-resistance and genetics of field-evolved resistance to chlorfenapyr in Plutella xylostella.

Chlorfenapyr is a broad-spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action. Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical, resistance has been reported in several arthropods, including Plutella xylostella, which is one of the most destructive insect pests afflicting crucifers worldwide. A better understanding of the cross-resistance and genetics of field-evolved chlorfenapyr resistance could effectively guide resistance management practices. Here, the chlorfenapyr resistance of a field-derived population of P. xylostella was introgressed into the susceptible IPP-S strain using a selection-assisted multigenerational backcrossing approach. The constructed near-isogenic strain, TH-BC5F2, shared 98.4% genetic background with the recurrent parent IPP-S strain. The TH-BC5F2 strain showed 275-fold resistance to chlorfenapyr, but no significant cross-resistance to spinosad, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, ß-cypermethrin, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, or broflanilide (no more than 4.2-fold). Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and conferred by 1 major gene or a few tightly linked loci. The synergism of metabolic inhibitors (PBO, DEM, and DEF) to chlorfenapyr was very weak (<1.7-fold), and the metabolic enzyme activities in the TH-BC5F2 strain were not significantly elevated compared with the IPP-S strain. The results enhances our understanding of the genetic traits of chlorfenapyr resistance, and provides essential information for improving resistance management strategies.

Data on inheritance of race 2 anthracnose resistance in watermelon (Citrullus spp.) biparental mapping populations.

Anthracnose of watermelon is caused by a fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare. We generated F2 individuals from three different populations: Population 1 (PI 189225 x 'New Hampshire Midget'), Population 2 ('Perola' x PI 189225), and Population 3 ('Verona' x PI 189225). The biparental F2 populations, parents and F1 individuals were inoculated with an isolate of race 2 anthracnose isolated from watermelon. Leaf lesions were visually rated seven days post inoculation on a scale of 0% (no lesion) to 100% (dead true leaf). Here we present the datasets obtained after the disease inoculation. The distribution of data obtained was visualized using histograms and goodness-of-fit was tested using Chi-Square. These datasets provide information on the mode of inheritance of race 2 anthracnose resistance in watermelon.

Inheritance of Secondary Metabolites and Gene Expression Related to Tomato Fruit Quality.

Flavour and nutritional quality are important goals for tomato breeders. This study aimed to shed light upon transgressive behaviors for fruit metabolic content. We studied the metabolic contents of 44 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 18 polyphenolics, together with transcriptome profiles in a factorial design comprising six parental lines and their 14 F1 hybrids (HF1) among which were five pairs of reciprocal HF1. After cluster analyses of the metabolome dataset and co-expression network construction of the transcriptome dataset, we characterized the mode of inheritance of each component. Both overall and per-cross mode of inheritance analyses revealed as many additive and non-additive modes of inheritance with few reciprocal effects. Up to 66% of metabolites displayed transgressions in a HF1 relative to parental values. Analysis of the modes of inheritance of metabolites revealed that: (i) transgressions were mostly of a single type whichever the cross and poorly correlated to the genetic distance between parental lines; (ii) modes of inheritance were scarcely consistent between the 14 crosses but metabolites belonging to the same cluster displayed similar modes of inheritance for a given cross. Integrating metabolome, transcriptome and modes of inheritance analyses suggested a few candidate genes that may drive important changes in fruit VOC contents.

Blood DNA methylation provides an accurate biomarker of KMT2B-related dystonia and predicts onset.

Dystonia is a prevalent, heterogeneous movement disorder characterized by involuntarily abnormal postures. Biomarkers of dystonia are notoriously lacking. Here, a biomarker is reported for histone lysine methyltransferase (KMT2B)-deficient dystonia, a leading subtype among the individually rare monogenic dystonias. It was derived by applying a support vector machine to an episignature of 113 DNA CpG sites, which, in blood cells, showed significant epigenome-wide association with KMT2B deficiency and at least 1× log-fold change of methylation. This classifier was accurate both when tested on the general population and on samples with various other deficiencies of the epigenetic machinery, thus allowing for definitive evaluation of variants of uncertain significance and identifying patients who may profit from deep brain stimulation, a highly successful treatment in KMT2B-deficient dystonia. Methylation was increased in KMT2B deficiency at all 113 CpG sites. The coefficients of variation of the normalized methylation levels at these sites also perfectly classified the samples with KMT2B-deficient dystonia. Moreover, the mean of the normalized methylation levels correlated well with the age at onset of dystonia (P = 0.003)-being lower in samples with late or incomplete penetrance-thus serving as a predictor of disease onset and severity. Similarly, it may also function in monitoring the recently envisioned treatment of KMT2B deficiency by inhibition of DNA methylation.

Overcoming constraints on the detection of recessive selection in human genes from population frequency data.

The identification of genes that evolve under recessive natural selection is a long-standing goal of population genetics research that has important applications to the discovery of genes associated with disease. We found that commonly used methods to evaluate selective constraint at the gene level are highly sensitive to genes under heterozygous selection but ubiquitously fail to detect recessively evolving genes. Additionally, more sophisticated likelihood-based methods designed to detect recessivity similarly lack power for a human gene of realistic length from current population sample sizes. However, extensive simulations suggested that recessive genes may be detectable in aggregate. Here, we offer a method informed by population genetics simulations designed to detect recessive purifying selection in gene sets. Applying this to empirical gene sets produced significant enrichments for strong recessive selection in genes previously inferred to be under recessive selection in a consanguineous cohort and in genes involved in autosomal recessive monogenic disorders.

Heritability and Pedigree Analyses of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta).

In a colony of rhesus macaques at California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), naturally occurring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) classified by left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious underlying diseases has been identified during necropsy over the last two decades. A preliminary pedigree analysis suggested a strong genetic predisposition of this disease with a founder effect. However, the mode of inheritance was undetermined due to insufficient pedigree data. Since 2015, antemortem examination using echocardiographic examination as well as other cardiovascular analyses have been performed on large numbers of rhesus macaques at the colony. Based on antemortem examination, HCM was diagnosed in additional 65 rhesus macaques. Using HCM cases diagnosed based on antemortem and postmortem examinations, the heritability (h2) was estimated to determine the degree of genetic and environmental contributions to the development of HCM in rhesus macaques at the CNPRC. The calculated mean and median heritability (h2) of HCM in this colony of rhesus macaques were 0.5 and 0.51 (95% confidence interval; 0.14-0.82), respectively. This suggests genetics influence development of HCM in the colony of rhesus macaques. However, post-translational modifications and environmental factors are also likely to contribute the variability of phenotypic expression. Based on the pedigree analysis, an autosomal recessive trait was suspected, but an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance was also possible. Further investigation with more data from siblings, offspring, and parents of HCM-affected rhesus macaques are warranted. Importantly, the findings of the present study support conducting genetic investigations such as whole genome sequencing to identify the causative variants of inherited HCM in rhesus macaques.