Code-ICH: A New Paradigm for Emergency Intervention.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating type of stroke, causing widespread disability and mortality. Unfortunately, the acute care of ICH has lagged behind that of ischemic stroke. There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the importance of early interventions including aggressive control of blood pressure and reversal of anticoagulation in the initial minutes to hours of presentation. This review highlights scientific evidence behind a new paradigm to care for these patients called Code-ICH. RECENT FINDINGS: While numerous trials aimed at decreasing hematoma expansion through single interventions had failed to show statistically significant effects on primary outcomes, time-sensitive, multifaceted, bundled care approaches have recently shown substantial promise in improving functional outcomes in patients with ICH. The concept of Code-ICH can serve as a structural platform for the practice of acute care neurology to continuously measure its performance, reflect on best practices, advance care, and address disparities.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: An Intensive Care Unit Case of Exceptionally High Creatinine Kinase and Myoglobin Levels.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare, life-threatening neurologic emergency known to be related to the administration or sudden withdrawal of dopaminergic medications. The clinical course, symptoms, and bloodwork are very heterogeneous, making this syndrome difficult to identify. Thus, NMS is a diagnosis of exclusion. We present a case of severe NMS with exceptionally high creatinine kinase (CK) and myoglobin levels with unclear etiology and a challenging differential diagnosis. Also, our case stands out because it was serious, unique, and had a favorable outcome, which could contribute to the management of future similar cases.

Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma: A Case of a Benign Presentation and Emergency Department Management.

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas (SSEHs) are neurological emergencies complicated by a wide array of presentations. In this study, we report a case of a patient who presented with neck pain and was diagnosed with an SSEH with computed tomography (CT) angiography with subsequent confirmation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The high-risk location and size of the lesion guided management and surgical intervention. In a stable patient presenting to the emergency department without focal neurological deficits, clinical suspicion and assessment of risk factors are integral in the evaluation of patient risk and subsequent imaging and intervention.

Neuroinfectious Disease Emergencies.

Neuroinfectious diseases can affect immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals and cause a variety of emergencies including meningitis, encephalitis, and abscess. Neurologic infections are frequently complicated by secondary injuries that also present emergently such as cerebrovascular disease, acute obstructive hydrocephalus, and seizure. In most cases, timely recognition and early treatment of infection can improve the morbidity and mortality of infectious neurologic emergencies.

Autoimmune Neurologic Emergencies.

Over the past decade, understanding of autoimmune neurologic disorders has exponentially increased. Many patients present as a neurologic emergency and require timely evaluation with rapid management and intensive care. However, the diagnosis is often either missed or delayed, which may lead to a significant burden of disabling morbidity and even mortality. A high level of suspicion in the at-risk population should be maintained to facilitate more rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment. At present, there is no all-encompassing algorithm specifically applicable to the management of fulminant autoimmune neurologic disorders. This article discusses manifestations and management of various autoimmune neurologic emergencies.

Case Report: Ziprasidone induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a well-recognized neurologic emergency. It presents with classic features including hyperthermia, autonomic instability, muscle hypertonia, and mental status changes. The syndrome is potentially fatal and is associated with significant morbidity due to complications such as rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and ventricular arrhythmias due to the trans-cellular electrolyte shift. NMS is conventionally associated with the first-generation antipsychotic agents, however, has been described with the use of atypical and novel antipsychotics including Ziprasidone. A case of NMS with Ziprasidone use at the therapeutic dose is reported here.

Identification of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus from Emergency Medical Service Records: A Validation Study of Diagnostic Coding.

BACKGROUND: Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is a neurologic emergency demanding prehospital identification and treatment. Evaluating real-world practice requires accurately identifying the target population; however, it is unclear whether emergency medical services (EMS) documentation accurately identifies patients with GCSE. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of EMS diagnostic impressions for GCSE. METHODS: This was an analysis of electronic medical records of a California county EMS system from 2013 to 2018. We identified all cases with a primary diagnostic impression of "seizure-active," "seizure-post," or "seizure-not otherwise specified (NOS)" and within each diagnostic category, we randomly selected 75 adult and 25 pediatric records. Two authors reviewed the provider narrative of these 300 charts to determine a clinical seizure diagnosis according to prespecified definitions. We calculated a kappa for interrater reliability of the clinical diagnosis. We then calculated the positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and specificity of an EMS diagnosis of "seizure-active" diagnosis for identifying GCSE. Sensitivity and specificity calculations were weighted according to the distribution of seizure cases in the overall population. We performed a descriptive analysis of records with an incorrect EMS diagnosis of GCSE or seizure. RESULTS: Of 38,995 total records for seizure, there were 3401 (8.7%) seizure-active cases, 12,478 (32.0%) seizure-NOS cases, and 23,116 (59.4%) seizure-post cases. An EMS diagnosis of "seizure-active" had a PPV of 65.0% (95% CI 54.8-74.3), sensitivity of 54.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.3-69.0), and specificity of 96.6% (95% CI 95.1-97.6) for capturing GCSE. Limiting the case definition to patients who received an EMS diagnosis of "seizure-active" and were treated with a benzodiazepine increased the PPV (80.2%; 95% CI 69.9-88.2) and specificity (99.3%; 95% CI 98.7-99.6) while the sensitivity decreased (25.1%; 95% CI 17.0-35.3). Across the 300 records reviewed, there were 19 (6.3%) patients who had a non-seizure related diagnosis including non-epileptic spells (7 records), altered mental status (8 records), tremors (2 records), anxiety (1 record), and stroke (1 record). CONCLUSIONS: EMS diagnostic impressions have reasonable PPV and specificity but low sensitivity for GCSE. Improved coding algorithms and training will allow for improved benchmarking, quality improvement, and research about this neurologic emergency.

Approach to Acute Weakness.

Weakness has a broad differential diagnosis. A paradigm for organizing possibilities is to consider what part of the nervous system is involved, ranging from brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, and peripheral nerves to the neuromuscular junction. The clinician can consider internal versus external causes. Some neurologic conditions have subtle presentations yet carry a risk of short-term decompensation if not recognized. It is helpful to consider whether an emergency department presentation of weakness is a new disease process or represents an exacerbation of an established condition. Emergency presentations of weakness are challenging, and one must carefully consider potential serious causes.

Use of intraosseous hypertonic saline in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Rapid administration of hypertonic saline 23.4% is crucial in treatment of herniation syndromes. Hypertonic 23.4% saline must be administered via a central line. In cases where central line access is difficult to obtain and leads to delay in therapy, placement of intraosseous access can be lifesaving. MAIN BODY: The purpose of this case series is to describe the use of intraosseous administration of 23.4% saline in critically ill patients and to assess feasibility. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous administration of 23.4% saline in 6 adult patients with neurological emergencies was feasible and should be considered in cases where obtaining intravenous access is time consuming.

Neurology Education for Critical Care Fellows Using High-Fidelity Simulation.

BACKGROUND: Simulation is becoming a more common modality in medical education. The data regarding effectiveness of simulation in critical care neurology education are limited. METHODS: We administered a three-scenario simulation course to critical care fellowship trainees at a large academic medical center as a part of their core curriculum requirement. Pre- and posttests assessing medical knowledge and trainee confidence in managing neurologic disease were completed by all trainees. Overall satisfaction and effectiveness were evaluated following the course. Change in trainee knowledge and confidence before and after the course was assessed for improvement. RESULTS: Sixteen trainees completed the simulation course. Prior to completion, medical knowledge was 5.2 ± 0.9 (of 8 possible correct answers) and following the course was 6.4 ± 1.3 (p = 0.002). Overall confidence improved from 15.4 ± 4.9 (of 30 possible points) to 20.7 ± 3.3 (p = <0.0001). Confidence was significantly improved for neurologic diseases directly assessed during the course (p = <0.0001) as well as for those not directly assessed (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Simulation is an effective means of neurologic education for critical care trainees, with improvement in both medical knowledge and trainee confidence after completion of a three-scenario simulation experience. This course ensures the exposure of critical care trainees to neurologic diseases that are required curricular milestones to successfully complete the fellowship training program.

Practice variability and efficacy of clonazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam in status epilepticus: A multicenter comparison.

OBJECTIVE: Benzodiazepines (BZD) are recommended as first-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE), with lorazepam (LZP) and midazolam (MDZ) being the most widely used drugs and part of current treatment guidelines. Clonazepam (CLZ) is also utilized in many countries; however, there is no systematic comparison of these agents for treatment of SE to date. METHODS: We identified all patients treated with CLZ, LZP, or MDZ as a first-line agent from a prospectively collected observational cohort of adult patients treated for SE in four tertiary care centers. Relative efficacies of CLZ, LZP, and MDZ were compared by assessing the risk of developing refractory SE and the number of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) required to control SE. RESULTS: Among 177 patients, 72 patients (40.62%) received CLZ, 82 patients (46.33%) LZP, and 23 (12.99%) MDZ; groups were similar in demographics and SE characteristics. Loading dose was considered insufficient in the majority of cases for LZP, with a similar rate (84%, 95%, and 87.5%) in the centers involved, and CLZ was used as recommended in 52% of patients. After adjustment for relevant variables, LZP was associated with an increased risk of refractoriness as compared to CLZ (odds ratio [OR] 6.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.66-15.5) and with an increased number of ASDs needed for SE control (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.8-10.49). SIGNIFICANCE: CLZ seems to be an effective alternative to LZP and MDZ. LZP is frequently underdosed in this setting. These findings are highly relevant, since they may impact daily practice.

Evaluation of a clinical tool for early etiology identification in status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVES: Because early etiologic identification is critical to select appropriate specific status epilepticus (SE) management, we aim to validate a clinical tool we developed that uses history and readily available investigations to guide prompt etiologic assessment. METHODS: This prospective multicenter study included all adult patients treated for SE of all but anoxic causes from four academic centers. The proposed tool is designed as a checklist covering frequent precipitating factors for SE. The study team completed the checklist at the time the patient was identified by electroencephalography (EEG) request. Only information available in the emergency department or at the time of in-hospital SE identification was used. Concordance between the etiology indicated by the tool and the determined etiology at hospital discharge was analyzed, together with interrater agreement. RESULTS: Two hundred twelve patients were included. Concordance between the etiology hypothesis generated using the tool and the finally determined etiology was 88.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 86.4-89.8) (κ = 0.88). Interrater agreement was 83.3% (95% CI 80.4-96) (κ = 0.81). SIGNIFICANCE: This tool is valid and reliable for identification early the etiology of an SE. Physicians managing patients in SE may benefit from using it to identify promptly the underlying etiology, thus facilitating selection of the appropriate treatment.

Alteraciones del estado de conciencia en la sala de emergencia / Mental Awareness Impairment in the Emergency Room

Las alteraciones del estado de conciencia constituyen una emergencia neurológica y/o neuroquirúrgica, que se presenta frecuentemente en la Sala o Departamento de Emergencia. La habilidad para establecer un diagnóstico correcto y manejar adecuadamente al paciente con una afectación neurológica de este tipo, requiere la actuación de un médico clínico entrenado, lo que va a impactar en una disminución de la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes. Se trata de un tema complejo, con riesgo vital inmediato, que impone un rápido diagnóstico clínico, concomitantemente al inicio del sostén de sistemas fisiológico mayores e implementación de métodos diagnósticos específicos destinados a valorar la etiología y eventual tratamiento específico. En esta revisión, se analizarán los aspectos fisiopatológicos, clínicos, terapéuticos y pronósticos de esta situación clínica, poniendo énfasis en sus aspectos prácticos con vistas a realizar un adecuado manejo sistemático inicial de este tipo de pacientes.

The altered state of consciousness is a neurological and / or neurosurgical emergency, which occurs frequently in the Emergency Department. The ability to establish a correct diagnosis and properly management of the patient with such a neurological impairment, requires the performance of a trained clinician, which will impact in a reduction in morbidity and mortality of these patients. This is a complex and life-threatening issue, which requires a rapid clinical diagnosis with the concomitant start of major physiological systems support and the implementation of specific diagnostic methods, designed to assess the possible etiology and specific treatment. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic issues of patients with acute disorders of consciousness, emphasizing practical aspects in order to perform an adequate initial management of these patients.

Hematoma espinal epidural espontáneo: reporte de un caso / Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: a case report

El hematoma espinal epidural espontáneo es raro en niños, especialmente en lactantes menores de un año. A esta edad, en la literatura inglesa se han reportado solamente cuatro casos. Considerando que en los lactantes los síntomas iniciales no son específicos, el diagnóstico se puede retrasar. Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Chile de un lactante con hematoma espinal epidural espontáneo. Un lactante varón de 11 meses de edad, inicia cuadro de repentino llanto, irritabilidad sostenida, con llanto al movilizar el cuello, agregándose cuatro días después, postura con leve inclinación de cabeza a izquierda, elevación de hombro izquierdo y paresia braquial derecha. Al 13°día desarrolla episodio repentino de distonía lingual, hipertonía de extremidades superiores y ataxia respiratoria. Al 16° día de evolución la RM demuestra una lesión epidural que comprime la médula espinal entre C2 y C5. Se realizó una laminectomía de emergencia extrayéndose el hematoma. Angio-RM y angio-TAC cervical fueron normales. Tres meses después de la cirugía, se mantiene con apoyo de ventilación mecánica y tetraparesia.

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is rare in children, especially in infants less than one year old. Only four cases in this age range have been reported in the english literature Because of non-specific presenting symptoms in infants, the diagnosis may be delayed. We report the first case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in Chile. An eleven month-old boy initially presented with sudden weeping, irritability and crying in response to neck mobilization. Four days later he developed head lateralization and upper right limb motor weakness. On the 13th day he had a sudden episode of lingual dystonia, upper limb hypertonia and respiratory ataxia. MRI showed epidural mass compressing the spinal cord at C2 to C5 level. At 16th day of evolution an emergency laminectomy and evacuation of hematoma was done. Cervical Angio-MRI and Angio-CT scan were normal. Three months after surgery, he is still tetraparetic and requires ventilatory support.