In vitrothree-dimensional volumetric printing of vitreous body models using decellularized extracellular matrix bioink.

Hyalocytes, which are considered to originate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, play active roles in vitreous collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis. Obtaining a hyalocyte-compatible bioink during the 3D bioprinting of eye models is challenging. In this study, we investigated the suitability of a cartilage-decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioink for printing a vitreous body model. Given that achieving a 3D structure and environment identical to those of the vitreous body necessitates good printability and biocompatibility, we examined the mechanical and biological properties of the developed dECM-based bioink. Furthermore, we proposed a 3D bioprinting strategy for volumetric vitreous body fabrication that supports cell viability, transparency, and self-sustainability. The construction of a 3D structure composed of bioink microfibers resulted in improved transparency and hyalocyte-like macrophage activity in volumetric vitreous mimetics, mimicking real vitreous bodies. The results indicate that our 3D structure could serve as a platform for drug testing in disease models and demonstrate that the proposed printing technology, utilizing a dECM-based bioink and volumetric vitreous body, has the potential to facilitate the development of advanced eye models for future studies on floater formation and visual disorders.

A novel 3D-printed brachytherapy applicator and monte Carlo model for the treatment of conjunctival tumors.

PURPOSE: To develop a custom low dose rate brachytherapy applicator for the treatment of conjunctival malignancies which leverages 3D-printing technology to provide enhanced design flexibility and availability. METHODS: An elliptical shell applicator inspired by ocular surgery postoperation conformer shells was developed for the placement of the applicator around the cornea of the eye, with a central hole to provide patient comfort. The applicator featured 2 concentric circles of slots for iodine-125 seeds, providing customization of the dose distribution depending on the location of the target. The applicator was modeled using computer-aided design software. The resultant model STL file was used for 3D printing of the applicator and the development of a Monte Carlo model of the applicator and its dose distribution. RESULTS: The applicator was successfully 3D printed using biocompatible resin, which could be sterilized for treatment after manual source loading. A Geant4 model of the applicator was created directly from the STL model and was applied to a phantom to estimate the dose distribution delivered by the applicator. The toroidal dose distribution allowed for treatment of the conjunctiva while reducing dose to the cornea compared to traditional eye plaque designs. CONCLUSIONS: A custom 3D-printed applicator was successfully developed and modeled for the treatment of conjunctival malignancies. This novel applicator design potentially provides higher quality, more customizable dose distributions for patients and the simplicity of the design makes it accessible for any clinic with 3D-printing technology.

Cell-Based Meat Scaffold Based on a 3D-Printed Starch-Based Gel.

Starch was mixed with a gel to produce a starch-based gel ink, which exhibited favorable printing characteristics. Through the optimization of infill density, 3D-printed scaffolds with 50% infill density and a highly ordered microstructure were successfully fabricated. The addition of calcium carbonate nanoparticles-glucono delta lactone (CaCO3 NPs-GDL) had notable effects on the swelling degree, in vitro digestion, water stability, and pore distribution of the scaffolds. When the amount of CaCO3 NPs in the starch-based gel was 0.075 g, the resulting 3D-printed gel scaffold with a 50% infill density proved to be the most suitable for cultivating cell-based meat. It featured pore sizes ranging from 80 to 120 µm and a compression modulus of 246.76 Pa. After 7 days of proliferation, the C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts exhibited an approximately 2.81-fold increase in cell numbers. The fusion index and maturation index of C2C12 cells on the scaffolds were 57.00 ± 0.45% and 34.56 ± 0.56%, respectively. The starch-based gel scaffolds demonstrated excellent water stability and in vitro degradability. Moreover, C2C12 cells exhibited successful proliferation and differentiation on the starch-based scaffolds, ultimately leading to the production of cell-based meat. This study developed a starch-based composite gel scaffold for the manufacture of cell-based meat.

Depletion Flocculation of High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsion Inks: A Colloidal Engineering Approach to Develop 3D Printed Porous Scaffolds with Tunable Bioactive Delivery.

Flocculation is a type of aggregation where the surfaces of approaching droplets are still at distances no closer than a few nanometers while still remaining in close proximity. In a high internal-phase oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, the state of flocculation affects the bulk flow behavior and viscoelasticity, which can consequently control the three-dimensional (3D)-printing process and printing performance. Herein, we present the assembly of O/W Pickering high-internal-phase emulsions (Pickering-HIPEs) as printing inks and demonstrate how depletion flocculation in such Pickering-HIPE inks can be used as a facile colloidal engineering approach to tailor a porous 3D structure suitable for drug delivery. Pickering-HIPEs were prepared using different levels of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), co-stabilized using "raw" submicrometer-sized sustainable particles from a biomass-processing byproduct. In the presence of this sustainable particle, the higher CNC contents facilitated particle-induced depletion flocculation, which led to the formation of a mechanically robust gel-like ink system. Nonetheless, the presence of adsorbed particles on the surface of droplets ensured their stability against coalescence, even in such a highly aggregated system. The gel structures resulting from the depletion phenomenon enabled the creation of high-performance printed objects with tunable porosity, which can be precisely controlled at two distinct levels: first, by introducing voids within the internal structure of filaments, and second, by generating cavities (pore structures) through the elimination of the water phase. In addition to printing efficacy, the HIPEs could be applied for curcumin delivery, and in vitro release kinetics demonstrated that the porous 3D scaffolds engineered for the first time using depletion-flocculated HIPE inks played an important role in 3D scaffold disintegration and curcumin release. Thus, this study offers a unique colloidal engineering approach of using depletion flocculation to template 3D printing of sustainable inks to generate next-generation porous scaffolds for personalized drug deliveries.

High Areal Capacitance and Rate Capability of 3D-Printed Thick Electrodes with Optimized Conductive Networks from the Core-Sheath Structure.

Material extrusion 3D printing has received enormous attention to potentially overcome its limits by tailoring and designing thick electrodes. In this work, we prepared a thick reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube-reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes/manganese oxide@carbon nanotubes (rGC-rGCMC) electrode with controlled lattice architectures, core-sheath structure, and hierarchical porosity by material coaxial extrusion 3D printing, freeze-drying, and thermal treatment. The volume ratios of core to sheath, including 100%-0%, 0%-100%, 20%-80%, 30%-70%, 40%-60%, and 50%-50%, were designed to investigate the influences of the core-sheath structure on thick electrodes. The electrodes with a core-sheath volume ratio of 30%-70% electrodes exhibited an enhanced areal specific capacitance of 588.27 mF cm-2 (39.48 F g-1) at a scan rate of 0.5 mA cm-2. All capacitance decays from core-sheath electrodes (20%-80%, 30%-70%, 40%-60%, and 50%-50%) were smaller than those from rGCMC (0%-100%) electrodes, indicating the improved rate capability from the core-sheath structure. On comparison of 30%-70% core-sheath electrodes with electrodes made of a homogeneous 30% rGC and 70% rGCMC mixture (30%+70%), lower capacitance (382.27 mF cm-2 and 25.66 F g-1 at 0.5 mA cm-2) of the 30%+70% mixture electrode without a core-sheath structure suggested less efficiency to harvest electrons from the redox reactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data further supported and explained the resistances of thick electrodes with different volume ratios.

Gelatin/sodium alginate-based strongly adhesive, environmentally resistant, highly stable hydrogel for 3D printing to prepare multifunctional sensors and flexible supercapacitors.

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly performance materials in the field of wearable electronics has brought renewable and low-cost hydrogels based on natural polymers into the research spotlight. As a biodegradable natural polymer, sodium alginate (SA) shows great promise for applications in wearable electronics. Here, we report a hydrogel with printability, adhesion, and is highly stable based on gelatin (Gel) and SA. SA improves the viscosity of the hydrogel, which can bond iron products weighing up to 20 kg due to metal coordination with the material, and the hydrogel binder is recyclable and reusable. The presence of glycerin allowed the hydrogel sensor device to maintain sensitivity after exposure to air at 25 °C for up to 35 days, and printed hydrogel samples retained their compressive resilience after exposure to air (25 °C, 55 % RH) for 30 days. Hydrogel-based supercapacitors show good stability after 58 h of charge/discharge cycling. This paper provides research ideas for the preparation of hydrogels with strong adhesion properties, as well as hydrogel 3D printing technology for the preparation of flexible sensor devices and flexible energy storage devices.

Research trends of bone tumor treatment with 3D printing technology from 2013 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Bibliometrics was employed in this study to determine the research trends in the worldwide application of 3D printing technology to treat bone tumors over the previous 10 years. METHODS: Published from 2013 to 2022, the papers related to bone tumors treated with 3D printing were located in Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), PubMed, and Scopus. The screened articles were included in this bibliometric study. From these papers in WoSCC, information on annual publications, journals, keywords, countries, authors, institutions, and cited references were extracted and visualized with CiteSpace (version 6.1.R6) software to investigate the state of bone tumor treatment using 3D printing as well as research hotspots. The Carrot2 online visualization tool and Vosviewer software (version 1.6.20) were employed to visualize the publications from PubMed and Scopus, respectively, in order to ascertain the most popular research topics from both databases. RESULTS: A total of 606, 233, and 364 publications were obtained from WoSCC, PubMed, and Scopus, respectively, between the years 2013 and 2022. In WoSCC, the peak number of publications was found in 2021, with 145 publications published. Acta Biomaterialia (11 publications) and World Neurosurgery (10 publications) were the most prolific journals, and Biomaterials was the journal cited the most (244 times). Yong Zhou was the most productive author with 14 publications, while Kwok-Chuen Wong (69 citations) and William F Enneking, (69 citations) possessed the most citations. The country with the largest quantity of publications was China (207). Among all institutions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University produced the most publications (29). Rapid prototyping was the keyword with the strongest citation burst (4.73). 'Reconstruction', 'surgery', 'resection', and 'design' caught the significant attention of researchers. 3D-printed materials, pelvic reconstruction, mandibular reconstruction, computer-assisted surgical techniques, photothermal therapy, and in vitro experiments were recognized as hot subjects and trends in current research. The most frequently occurring topics in Scopus are not significantly different from those found in WoSCC. The most prevalent research areas in PubMed encompass implant, patient-specific, bioceramic, models, and pelvic.

Utility of 3D-Printed Models in the Surgical Planning for Primary Spine Tumors: A Survey of International Spinal Oncology Experts.

STUDY DESIGN: Survey study. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize the utility of 3D printed patient specific anatomic models for the planning of complex primary spine tumor surgeries. METHODS: A survey of individual members of an international study group of spinal oncology surgeons was performed. Participants were provided a clinical vignette, pathologic diagnosis, and pre-operative imaging for three primary spinal oncology cases. Study participants provided a free text surgical plan for resection and were then presented an associated 3D printed model for each case and asked to re-evaluate their surgical plan. RESULTS: Ten spinal oncology surgeons participated in the study, representing nine institutions across five countries. Four of the surgeons (40%) made significant changes to their surgical plan after reviewing the 3D models, including sacrifice of an additional nerve root to obtain negative margins, sparing an SI joint that was originally planned for inclusion in the en bloc resection, adjusting the location of osteotomy cuts, changes to the number of surgical stages and/or staging order, and preservation of neurology that was originally planned for sacrifice. The overall impression of the 3D models was positive, with 90% of the participants stating they found the 3D model useful in developing a surgical plan. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical planning for resection of primary spinal column tumors is challenging and time intensive. 3D printed patient specific surgical models may be an additional tool that can augment surgical planning and execution by improving the chance of accomplishing surgical resection goals and minimizing morbidity.

Three-Dimensional Electrodes of Liquid Metals for Long-Term, Wireless Cardiac Analysis and Modulation.

Cardiovascular disease is a major public health issue, and smart diagnostic approaches play an important role in the analysis of electrocardiograms. Here, we present three-dimensional, soft electrodes of liquid metals that can be conformably attached to the surfaces of the heart and skin for long-term cardiac analysis. The fine micropillar structures of biocompatible liquid metals enable precise targeting to small tissue areas, allowing for spatiotemporal mapping and modulation of cardiac electrical activity with high resolution. The low mechanical modulus of these liquid-metal electrodes not only helps avoid inflammatory responses triggered by modulus mismatch between the tissue and electrodes, but also minimizes pain when embedded in biological tissues such as the skin and heart. Furthermore, in vivo experiments with animal models and human trials demonstrate long-term and accurate monitoring of electrocardiograms over a period of 30 days.

Efficient Light-Based Bioprinting via Rutin Nanoparticle Photoinhibitor for Advanced Biomedical Applications.

Digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting, known for its high resolution and speed, enables the precise spatial arrangement of biomaterials and has become integral to advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, inherent light scattering presents significant challenges to the fidelity of the manufactured structures. Herein, we introduce a photoinhibition strategy based on Rutin nanoparticles (Rnps), attenuating the scattering effect through concurrent photoabsorption and free radical reaction. Compared to the widely utilized biocompatible photoabsorber tartrazine (Tar), Rnps-infused bioink enhanced printing speed (1.9×), interlayer homogeneity (58% less overexposure), resolution (38.3% improvement), and print tolerance (3× high-precision range) to minimize trial-and-error. The biocompatible and antioxidative Rnps significantly improved cytocompatibility and exhibited resistance to oxidative stress-induced damage in printed constructs, as demonstrated with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs). The related properties of Rnps facilitate the facile fabrication of multimaterial, heterogeneous, and cell-laden biomimetic constructs with intricate structures. The developed photoinhibitor, with its profound adaptability, promises wide biomedical applications tailored to specific biological requirements.

Sustained release of 3D printed bupropion hydrochloride tablets bearing Braille imprints for the visually impaired.

3D printing has been introduced as a novel approach for the design of personalized dosage forms and support patient groups with special needs that require additional assistance for enhanced medication adherence. In this study liquid crystal display (LCD) is introduced for the development of sustained release bupropion.HCl printed tablets. The optimization of printing hydrogel inks was combined with the display of Braille patterns on the tablet surface for blind or visually impaired patients. Due to the high printing accuracy, the Braille patterns could be verified by blind patients and provide the required information. Further characterization revealed the presence of BUP in amorphous state within the photopolymerized resins. The selection of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-diacrylate (PEGDA) of different molecular weights and the presence of surfactants or solubilizers disrupted the resin photopolymerization, thus controlling the BUP dissolution rates. A small batch scale-up study demonstrated the capacity of LCD to print rapidly a notable number of tablets within 24 min.

Role of three-dimensional printing and laser scanning in aesthetic restoration of Parry Romberg's disease using de-epithelialized anterolateral thigh flap: a case report.

Parry Romberg syndrome also known as progressive hemifacial atrophy is an uncommon degenerative condition, characterized by unilateral, slow, and progressive atrophy of face. Patient presents with loss of facial symmetry and neurological manifestations. After the degenerative process settles, reconstructive surgeries are performed to address facial asymmetry. For accurate assessment of volume deficit, laser scanning and three- dimensional printing can be used which offers the advantage of precise surgical planning and good aesthetic outcome. We present a case of soft tissue reconstruction in Parry Romberg syndrome with anterolateral thigh flap with use of three- dimensional laser scanning.

Global research development of chondrosarcoma from 2003 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

Background: Chondrosarcomas are common primary malignant bone tumors; however, comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends in the field of chondrosarcoma through bibliometric analysis to help researchers understand the current status and direction of research in the field. Methods: Articles and reviews related to chondrosarcoma published between 2003 and 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords in this field were visualized and analyzed using CtieSpace and VOSviewer software. Results: Between 2003 and 2022, 4,149 relevant articles were found. The number of articles published on chondrosarcoma has increased significantly annually, mainly from 569 institutions in China and the United States, and 81 in other countries. In total, 904 authors participated in the publication of studies related to chondrosarcomas. Over the past 20 years, articles on chondrosarcoma have been published in 958 academic journals, with Skeletal Radiology having the highest number of publications. Furthermore, keywords such as "gene expression," "radiotherapy," "experience," and "apoptosis" have been popular in recent years. Conclusion: Over the past 20 years, the global trend in chondrosarcoma research has primarily been clinical research, with basic research as a supplement. In the future, communication and exchange between countries and institutions should be strengthened. Further, the future main research hotspots in the field of chondrosarcoma include mutated genes and signaling pathways, precision surgical treatment, proton therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other aspects.

Application of three-dimensional printing in plastic surgery: a bibliometric analysis.

Recent years have seen the publication of numerous papers on the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing in plastic surgery. Despite this growing interest, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the field has yet to be conducted. To address this gap, we undertook a bibliometric study to map out the knowledge structure and identify research hotspots related to 3D printing in plastic surgery. We analyzed publications from 1995 to 2024, found in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), utilizing tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix". Our analysis included 1,057 documents contributed by 5,545 authors from 1,620 organizations across 71 regions, and these were published in 400 journals. We observed a steady growth in annual publications, with Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania leading in research output. Notably, Shanghai Jiao Tong University emerged as a primary research institution in this domain. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery and Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery have made significant contributions to the field, with Thieringer, Florian M being the most prolific and frequently cited author. Key areas of focus include medical education and surgical procedures, with "3D printing", "virtual surgical planning" and "reconstructive/orthognathic surgery" highlighted as future research hotspots. Our study provides a detailed bibliometric analysis, revealing the evolution and progress of 3D printing technologies in plastic surgery. As these technologies continue to advance, their impact on clinical practice and patient lives is expected to be profound.

Three-dimensional printed models as an effective tool for the management of complex congenital heart disease.

Introduction: Three-dimensional printed models are widely used in the medical field for surgical and interventional planning. In the context of complex cardiovascular defects such as pediatric congenital heart diseases (CHDs), the adoption of 3D printed models could be an effective tool to improve decision-making. In this paper, an investigation was conducted into the characteristics of 3D printed models and their added value in understanding and managing complex pediatric congenital heart disease, also considering the associated cost. Methods: Volumetric MRI and CT images of subjects with complex CHDs were retrospectively segmented, and the associated 3D models were reconstructed. Different 3D printing technologies and materials were evaluated to obtain the 3D printed models of cardiac structures. An evaluation of time and costs associated with the 3D printing procedure was also provided. A two-level 3D printed model assessment was carried out to investigate the most suitable 3D printing technology for the management of complex CHDs and the effectiveness of 3D printed models in the pre-surgical planning and surgical strategies' simulations. Results: Among the different techniques, selective laser sintering resulted to be the most suitable due to its reduced time and cost and for the positive clinical feedback (procedure simulation, surface finish, and reproduction of details). Conclusion: The adoption of 3D printed models contributes as an effective tool in the management of complex CHDs, enabling planning and simulations of surgical procedures in a safer way.

Multi-Tissue Integrated Tissue-Engineered Trachea Regeneration Based on 3D Printed Bioelastomer Scaffolds.

Functional segmental trachea reconstruction is a critical concern in thoracic surgery, and tissue-engineered trachea (TET) holds promise as a potential solution. However, current TET falls short in fully restoring physiological function due to the lack of the intricate multi-tissue structure found in natural trachea. In this research, a multi-tissue integrated tissue-engineered trachea (MI-TET) is successfully developed by orderly assembling various cells (chondrocytes, fibroblasts and epithelial cells) on 3D-printed PGS bioelastomer scaffolds. The MI-TET closely resembles the complex structures of natural trachea and achieves the integrated regeneration of four essential tracheal components: C-shaped cartilage ring, O-shaped vascularized fiber ring, axial fiber bundle, and airway epithelium. Overall, the MI-TET demonstrates highly similar multi-tissue structures and physiological functions to natural trachea, showing promise for future clinical advancements in functional TETs.

3D printed UV-sensing optical fiber probes: manufacturing, properties, and performance.

UV sensing 3D printed optical fiber hydrogels provide a flexible and precise method of remotely of detecting exposure to UV radiations. The optical fibers were created using digital light processing 3D printing technique with hydrogel composites, including micro-sized photochromic dyes (pink, blue and their combination). When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, these dyes exhibited specific absorption characteristics, resulting in significant decreases in both reflection and transmittance mode spectra at 560 nm, 620 nm, and 590 nm. Optical fibers of lengths 1, 2, and 3 cm were manufactured in two orientations: vertical and horizontal. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were utilized to characterize the printed fiber probes. The optical performance of the fibers was tested using customized measurement setups. The reflection and transmission of the printed fibers reduced as the length increased due to optical losses. Reflection and transmisson loss of 20-40% can be observed when the length is increased from 1 to 3 cm. The maximum loss in reflection is observed for pink fiber in the presence of UV irradiation. Also, the type of powder used impacted the response and retraction time, whereas the mixed fiber showed the highest response time of 12-20 s under various conditions. The pink dye added fiber probes shows quick response to UV radiation. An increase in the response time is observed with increasing fiber length. The impact of printing orientation on the transmission and reflectance mode operations of optical fibers was assessed. In addition, the stability of the fiber probes are assesed using a green laser having wavelength 532 nm. This work comprehensively examines the optical properties, manufacturing procedures, and sensing capacities of UV-sensitive photochromic optical fiber sensors.

The influence of the addition of titanium oxide nanotubes on the properties of 3D printed denture base materials.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, the effects of adding titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2) to 3D-printed denture base resin on the mechanical and physical properties of denture bases were examined for the first time. METHODS: The specimens were digitally created using 3D builder software from Microsoft Corporation through computer-aided design. In accordance with the test specifications for transverse strength, impact strength, hardness, surface roughness, and color stability, specimens were designed and printed with certain dimensions following relevant standards. TiO2 nanotubes (diameter: 15-30 nm and length: 2-3 µm) were added to the 3D-printed denture base resin (DentaBase, Asiga, Australia) at 1.0% and 1.5% by weight. Flexural strength, impact strength (Charpy impact), hardness, surface roughness, and color stability were evaluated, and the collected data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping were used to evaluate the dispersion of the nanotubes. RESULTS: Compared with those of the control group (0.0 wt.% TiO2 nanotubes), the average flexural, impact, and hardness values of the 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% TiO2 nanotube reinforcement groups increased significantly. Both nanocomposite groups showed significant color changes compared to that of the pure resin, and there was a considerable reduction in the surface roughness of the nanocomposites compared to that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Adding TiO2 nanotubes to 3D-printed denture base materials at 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% could enhance the mechanical and physical properties of the material, leading to better clinical performance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In terms of clinical applications, 3D-printed denture base material has been shown to be a viable substitute for traditional heat-cured materials. By combining this with nanotechnology, existing dentures could be significantly enhanced, promoting extended service life and patient satisfaction while addressing the shortcomings of the current standard materials.

3D printing MXene-based electrodes for supercapacitors.

3D printing, as an advanced and promising strategy for processing electrode for energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries, has garnered considerable interest in recent decades. The interest in 3D printed electrodes stems from its exceptional performance and manufacturing features, including customized sizes and shapes and the layer-by-layer processing principle, etc., especially integrating with MXene which allows the manufacturing of electrodes from different raw materials and possessing desired electrochemical properties. Herculean challenges, such as material compatibility of the printing inks, nondurable interfacial or bulk mechanical strength of the printed electrodes, and sometimes the low capacitance, lead to inferior electrochemical performance and hinder the practical applications of this promising technology. In this review, we firstly summarize the representative 3D printing methods, then, review the MXene-based 3D printing electrodes made from different materials, and last, provide electrochemical performance of 3D printing MXene-based electrodes for supercapacitors. Furthermore, based on a summary on the recent progress, an outlook on these promising electrodes for sustainable energy devices is provided. We anticipate that this review could provide some insights into overcoming the challenges and achieving more remarkable electrochemical performance of 3D printing supercapacitor electrodes and offer perspectives in the future for emerging energy devices.

Photocurable Foam for Three-Dimensional-Printed Porous Structures.

In this research, a foam three-dimensional (3D) printing method using digital light processing (DLP) technology was developed to fabricate 3D-printed porous structures. To address the challenges in preparing DLP precursor foam fluid, we designed a specialized foaming device. This device enables the precursor solution to be blended with air, resulting in a stable foam precursor with an adjustable air/liquid fraction and suitable fluidity, crucially enhancing the gas-liquid contact time for the printing process. By manipulation of fluid flow rates, cycle counts, and gas/liquid ratios, one can easily prepare uniform foams with precise control over the pore size and porosity. To avoid significant volume reduction during ultraviolet (UV) curing, nanoparticle fillers were introduced into the network to prevent collapse of the foam structure. Furthermore, the inclusion of an UV absorber enhanced the quality of the printing process by addressing the limitations associated with particle scattering and reflection. The DLP process can readily fabricate intricate structures, featuring a planar resolution below 30 µm and a printing accuracy of less than 1%. Several examples were also demonstrated to highlight the advantages of this technology and its ability to directly print custom foam structures, thereby saving time and material resources.