Impact of red and blue monochromatic light on the visual system and dopamine pathways in juvenile zebrafish.

BACKGROUND: The development of the zebrafish visual system is significantly influenced by exposure to monochromatic light, yet investigations into its effects during juvenile stages are lacking. This study evaluated the impacts of varying intensities and durations of red and blue monochromatic light on the visual system and dopamine pathways in juvenile zebrafish. METHODS: Juvenile zebrafish were exposed to red (650 nm) and blue (440 nm, 460 nm) monochromatic lights over four days at intensities ranging from 500 to 10,000 lx, for durations of 6, 10, and 14 h daily. A control group was maintained under standard laboratory conditions. Post-exposure assessments included the optokinetic response (OKR), retinal structural analysis, ocular dopamine levels, and the expression of genes related to dopamine pathways (Th, Dat, and Mao). RESULTS: (1) OKR enhancement was observed with increased 440 nm light intensity, while 460 nm and 650 nm light exposures showed initial improvements followed by declines at higher intensities. (2) Retinal thinning in the outer nuclear layer was observed under the most intense (10,000 lx for 14 h) light conditions in the 440 nm and 650 nm groups, while the 460 nm group remained unaffected. (3) Dopamine levels increased with higher intensities in the 440 nm group, whereas the 460 nm group exhibited initial increases followed by decreases. The 650 nm group displayed similar trends but were statistically insignificant compared to the control group. (4) Th expression increased with light intensity in the 440 nm group. Dat showed a rising and then declining pattern, and Mao expression significantly decreased. The 460 nm group exhibited similar patterns for Th and Dat to the behavioral observations, but an inverse pattern for Mao. The 650 nm group presented significant fluctuations in Th and Dat expressions, with pronounced variations in Mao. CONCLUSIONS: Specific red and blue monochromatic light conditions promote visual system development in juvenile zebrafish. However, exceeding these optimal conditions may impair visual function, highlighting the critical role of dopamine pathway in modulating light-induced effects on the visual system.

Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with optical lenses for myopia control in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy combined with optical lenses in children and adolescents with myopia. METHODS: This retrospective study included 108 children and adolescents. Based on the difference in the combination intervention scheme participants were divided into four groups based on the intervention they received: the RLRL+orthokeratology (OK) lens intervention group (RLRL+OK group), the RLRL+defocus distributed multi-point (DDM) lens intervention group (RLRL+DDM group), the RLRL+single-vision spectacles (SVS) intervention group (RLRL+SVS group), and a control group. Visual acuity, spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and axial length (AL) were measured before and after the intervention. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing vision recovery. RESULTS: The SER and AL at baseline were statistically different (P<0.01). After the intervention, the AL increase in the RLRL+OK, RLRL+DDM, and RLRL+SVS groups was significantly better than the control group across time points (P<0.001). Changes in SER were also statistically significant in the RLRL+DDM and RLRL+SVS groups compared to the control group across time points (P<0.001). The intervention method was identified as a significant factor influencing vision recovery (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: RLRL therapy combined with optical lenses is effective in controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.

Development of bacteriostatic central venous port using photobiomodulation: a comparative in vitro study.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) occurs when a cell is exposed to low energy intensities. A novel central venous port (CVP) with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emits red light with a wavelength of 680 nm via wireless energy transmission technology has been established. This comparative in vitro study examined whether PBM can reduce the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a common cause of central venous (CV) infections, in vitro. In this comparative in vitro study, the red light with a wavelength of 680 nm was used to irradiate an MRSA suspension in phosphate-buffered saline for 7.5, 15, 30, or 60 min in a 3.5 cm Petri dish with an area of 8.5 cm2. The total energy was 85 J at 7.5 min, 170 J at 15 min, 340 J at 30 min, and 680 J at 60 min. Six dishes for each time and 6 temperature-controlled samples were prepared. Each sample was incubated overnight at 37℃. The Shapiro-wilk test was used to determine whether the data were normally distributed. The numbers of colonies were counted and compared using one-factor ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. The mean numbers of colonies in the control group were 60.3, where the numbers of colonies in the irradiated group were 51.4 at 7.5 min, 53.5 at 15 min, 44.6 at 30 min, 34.3 at 60 min. The mean number of colonies in the 60 min irradiated group differed significantly from that in the control, 7.5 min, and 15 min groups. The Bonferroni's post-hoc test showed significant difference in the number of colonies between control vs. 30 min control vs. 60 min, 7.5 min vs. 60 min, 15 min vs. 60 min. PBM with 680 nm LEDs on MRSA for 340 J at 30 min and 680 J at 60 min inhibited the growth of cell colonies. These findings support the use of photobiomodulation in Central venous port to prevent CV access port-Blood stream infection.

Changes in choroidal thickness and blood flow in response to form deprivation-induced myopia and repeated low-level red-light therapy in Guinea pigs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular refractive development, choroidal thickness (ChT) and changes in choroidal blood flow in form-deprived myopia (FDM) Guinea pigs treated with repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy. METHODS: Twenty-eight 3-week-old male tricolour Guinea pigs were randomised into three groups: normal controls (NC, n = 10), form-deprived (FD, n = 10) and red light treated with form-deprivation (RLFD, n = 8). Interocular refraction and axial length (AL) changes were monitored. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measured choroidal thickness, vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and blood flow signal intensity (flux) in the choriocapillaris and medium-large vessel layers. The experimental intervention lasted 3 weeks. RESULTS: At week 3, the FD group had higher myopia and longer axial length than the NC group (all p < 0.001). The RLFD group had higher hyperopia and shorter axial length than the FD group (all p < 0.001). At week 1, the NC group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p < 0.05). At weeks 2 and 3, the RLFD group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the NC group had higher vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer than the FD group at the three follow-up time points (all p < 0.05). At week 3, the vessel skeleton density and flux were higher in the RLFD group than in the FD group (all p < 0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that weekly changes in refraction and choroidal thickness were negatively correlated with changes in axial length (all p < 0.05). Choroidal thickness changes were positively correlated with alterations in the vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer, as well as vessel skeleton density and flux changes in the medium-large vessel layers (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy retards FDM progression in Guinea pigs, potentially through increased choroidal blood flow in the choriocapillaris layer.

Mediator subunit 17 regulates light and darkness responses in Arabidopsis plants.

Mediator 17 (MED17) is part of the head of the Mediator complex, which regulates transcription initiation in different eukaryotic organisms, including plants. We have previously characterized MED17 roles in Arabidopsis plants exposed to UV-B radiation, revealing its involvement in various aspects of the DNA damage response after exposure. med17 mutant plants showed altered HY5 expression, which encodes a transcription factor with a central role in photomorphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that med17 mutants show altered photomorphogenic responses and also to darkness, when compared to WT plants, and these differences could be due to altered expression of genes encoding key regulators of light and darkness signaling pathways, such as HY5, COP1 and PIF3. Moreover, med17 mutants exhibit transcriptome changes similar to those previously reported in plants exposed to red and blue light, as well as those previously described for photoreceptor mutants. Interestingly, med17 and hy5 mutants show a similar set of differentially expressed genes compared to WT plants, which suggests that both proteins may participate in a common light and dark-induced signaling pathways. Together, our data provides evidence that MED17 is an important regulator of the light and darkness responses in Arabidopsis.

Protein and lysine improvement harnessed by a signal chain of red light-emitting diode light in Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Microalgae are emerging as a novel single-cell protein source that can substitute traditional plant protein feeds. In this investigation, lysine and protein accumulation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were significantly enhanced under red light-emitting diode light, addressing challenge of limiting amino acid in plant proteins. The study employed targeted metabolomics, HPLC, and qRT-PCR to validate the light-induced pathway triggering lysine biosynthesis. Specifically, the pathway involves Ca2+-CaM as an intermediary in signal transduction, which directly inhibits PEPC activity. This inhibition directs a significant carbon flux towards central carbon metabolism, resulting in increased pyruvate levels-a critical precursor for lysine biosynthesis via the diaminopimelate pathway. Ultimately, the content of protein and lysine under red light increased by 36.02 % and 99.56 %, respectively, compared to those under white light. These findings provide a novel orientation for the precise regulation of lysine accumulation in microalgae, and moreover lay a solid theoretical foundation for producing microalgal proteins.

Robust optogenetic inhibition with red-light-sensitive anion-conducting channelrhodopsins.

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels widely used to optically activate or silence selected electrogenic cells, such as individual brain neurons. Here, we describe identifying and characterizing a set of anion-conducting ChRs (ACRs) from diverse taxa and representing various branches of the ChR phylogenetic tree. The Mantoniella squamata ACR (MsACR1) showed high sensitivity to yellow-green light (λmax at 555 nm) and was further engineered for optogenetic applications. A single amino-acid substitution that mimicked red-light-sensitive rhodopsins like Chrimson shifted the photosensitivity 20 nm toward red light and accelerated photocurrent kinetics. Hence, it was named red and accelerated ACR, raACR. Both wild-type and mutant are capable optical silencers at low light intensities in mouse neurons in vitro and in vivo, while raACR offers a higher temporal resolution.

Growth, phytochemical, and phytohormonal responses of basil to different light durations and intensities under constant daily light integral.

Horticulture in controlled environments has been increasingly used to tackle limitations on crop production. As a crucial environmental factor, light regulate plant growth and metabolism. In the present study, basil plants were subjected to different light durations and intensities considering constant daily light integral (DLI). The lighting environment included 200, 300, and 400 µmol m- 2 s- 1 intensities for 18, 12, and 9 h, respectively. DLI amounted to 12.96 mol m- 2 d- 1 among all light treatments (LI200 for 18 h, LI300 for 12 h, and LI400 for 9 h). Half of the plants under each light treatment were exposed to 30 µmol m- 2 s- 1 of far-red light. The results indicated the general negative impact of LI400/9 on the growth of basils. Exposure to far-red light hurt the growth of the shoot, while it enhanced stem and petiole elongation. This effect was due to higher gibberellin accumulation, which resulted in shade avoidance responses. Exposure to far-red light also reduced anthocyanin and flavonoid contents, as two important nutritional components. Soluble carbohydrates increased, while storage carbohydrates decreased by increasing lighting duration/decreasing light intensity or by far-red light inclusion. The lowest antioxidant activity was detected in LI400/9. In the LI200/18, the highest level of auxin and the lowest level of cytokinin were detected, while the LI300/12 exhibited the highest level of gibberellin hormone. Low light intensity and long photoperiod enhanced plant biomass and phytochemical production and are recommended for basil production in controlled environments.

Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy.

To explore the impact of score in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN) treated with traditional Chinese medicine package (TCMP) plus red light therapy and lipoic acid on malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TSS). A total of 108 patients with DPN hospitalized in the hospital were chosen and divided into groups with the random number table. In the control group (CG) 54 patients were treated with conventional lipoic acid, and 54 patients in the experimental group (EG) accepted TCMP plus red light on the basis of the CG. The MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores before treatment and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of oxidation indicators, nerve conduction velocity, and symptom scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment, the MDA in the EG was lower than that in the CG, with a statistical significance difference (P < 0.05). The SOD and TAOC in the EG were higher than those in the CG, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MNCV and SNCV of median nerve, common peroneal nerve, and tibial nerve in the EG were significantly higher than those in the CG (P < 0.05). The TSS score of the EG was lower than that of the CG, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The treatment of patients with DPN with lipoic acid plus TCMP and red light therapy can improve the symptoms and signs of disease, promote the recovery of motor and sensory conduction velocity, and optimize the body oxidation indicators.

Investigating the influence of varied ratios of red and far-red light on lettuce (Lactuca sativa): effects on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence.

Far red photon flux accelerates photosynthetic electron transfer rates through photosynthetic pigments, influencing various biological processes. In this study, we investigated the impact of differing red and far-red light ratios on plant growth using LED lamps with different wavelengths and Ca1.8Mg1.2Al2Ge3O12:0.03Cr3+ phosphor materials. The control group (CK) consisted of a plant growth special lamp with 450 nm blue light + 650 nm red light. Four treatments were established: F1 (650 nm red light), F2 (CK + 730 nm far-red light in a 3:2 ratio), F3 (650 nm red light + 730 nm far-red light in a 3:2 ratio), and F4 (CK + phosphor-converted far-red LED in a 3:2 ratio). The study assessed changes in red and far-red light ratios and their impact on the growth morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence characteristics, stomatal status, and nutritional quality of cream lettuce. The results revealed that the F3 light treatment exhibited superior growth characteristics and quality compared to the CK treatment. Notably, leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, vitamin C content, and total soluble sugar significantly increased. Additionally, the addition of far-red light resulted in an increase in stomatal density and size, and the F3 treatments were accompanied by increases in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and stomatal conductance (Gs). The results demonstrated that the F3 treatment, with its optimal red-to-far-red light ratio, promoted plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics. This indicates its suitability for supplementing artificial light sources in plant factories and greenhouses.

Comparison of blue laser and red light-emitting diode-mediated aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for moderate and severe acne vulgaris: A prospective, split-face, nonrandomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly effective and safe drug-device combination treatment, typically using red and blue light. However, direct comparisons of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based PDT using these two light sources are lacking. Therefore, we compared the efficacy and adverse effects of ALA-based 450 nm blue laser-mediated PDT (BL-PDT) and 630 ± 10 nm red light-emitting diode-mediated PDT (RL-PDT) in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris, including analyses of different lesion types. METHODS: Sixteen patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris were recruited. All patients underwent BL-PDT on the left side of the face and RL-PDT on the right side. Treatments were administered thrice at 2-week intervals, and follow-up continued for 2 weeks after the final treatment. The average rates of improvement in inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions, IGA (Investigator's Global Assessment) scales, and IGA success rates were calculated. In addition, adverse effects during and after each treatment were recorded. RESULTS: At the 2-week follow-up after the final treatment, the average rates of improvement in total acne, inflammatory, and non-inflammatory lesions were 48.0 %, 63.0 %, and 30.0 % in the BL-PDT group and 42.2 %, 58.1 %, and 27.5 % in the RL-PDT group, respectively. The IGA scores for the two groups decreased by 1.8 and 1.7 points, respectively, and the IGA success rate was 53.3 % in both groups. There were no significant differences between the BL-PDT and RL-PDT groups in any measure of effectiveness. However, the BL-PDT group exhibited more severe adverse effects, especially pain and hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: BL-PDT and RL-PDT have similar efficacies in moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris and are particularly effective for inflammatory acne lesions. RL-PDT benefits from milder adverse effects than those of BL-PDT.

Organic two-photon-absorbing photosensitizers can overcome competing light absorption in organic photocatalysis.

Conventional organic photocatalysis typically relies on ultraviolet and short-wavelength visible photons as the energy source. However, this approach often suffers from competing light absorption by reactants, products, intermediates, and co-catalysts, leading to reduced quantum efficiency and side reactions. To address this issue, we developed novel organic two-photon-absorbing (TPA) photosensitizers capable of functioning under deep red and near-infrared light irradiation. Three model reactions including cyclization, Sonogashira Csp2-Csp cross-coupling, and Csp2-N cross-coupling reactions were selected to compare the performance of the new photosensitizers under both blue (427 nm) and deep red (660 nm) light irradiation. The obtained results unambiguously prove that for reactions involving blue light-absorbing reactants, products, and/or co-catalysts, deep red light source resulted in better performance than blue light when utilizing our TPA photosensitizers. This work highlights the potential of our metal-free TPA photosensitizers as a sustainable and effective solution to mitigate the competing light absorption issue in photocatalysis, not only expanding the scope of organic photocatalysts but also reducing reliance on expensive Ru/Ir/Os-based photosensitizers.

Lantern-Shaped Structure Induced by Racemic Ligands in Red-Light-Emitting Metal Halide with Near 100% Quantum Yield and Multiple-Stimulus Response.

Organic-inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have become a research hotspot in recent years due to their excellent luminescent properties and tunable emission wavelengths. However, the development of efficient red-light-emitting OIMHs remains a significant challenge. This work reports three Mn-based OIMHs derived from 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrobromide: racemic one (Rac-TBM) and chiral ones (R-TBM and S-TBM). As a result of the synergism of chiral organic ligands inducing a unique lantern-shaped hybrid structure containing both tetrahedra and octahedra, Rac-TBM exhibits red-light emission with near-unity luminescence quantum yield. In comparison, the chiral counterparts R/S-TBM display strong green emission and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a glum value up to ± 2.5 × 10-2. Interestingly, a mixture of R- and S-TBM can transform into Rac-TBM, successfully achieving a sensitive and reversible switch between red light of octahedra and green light of tetrahedra under external stimuli. The outstanding luminescent properties allow Rac-TBM to be utilized not only for X-ray radioluminescence with a detection limit down to 46.29 nGys-1, but also for advanced information encryption systems to achieve leak-proof decryption.

Efficacy and safety of red and infrared light in the adjunctive treatment on diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of various adjunctive phototherapies for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) makes it difficult to fully understand their roles in current laser-based review studies. Red and infrared light have significant advantages for wound healing. To evaluate the impact of red and infrared light on the healing of DFUs and provide evidence-based recommendations for future clinical adjunctive treatments of DFUs. METHODS: Multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PEDro, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang, and VIP, were systematically searched for articles published until November 2023. The focus of the search was to identify randomised controlled trials that investigated the effects of red and infrared light on the treatment of DFUs. Data extraction, literature screening, and methodological quality assessment were conducted independently by two researchers. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 and STATA16.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies, involving 1471 patients, were included. The meta-analysis showed that groups treated with red and infrared light had a significantly higher ulcer healing rate [risk ratio (RR) = 1.93, 95 % confidence interval (CI) (1.63, 2.28), P < 0.00001], shorter ulcer healing time [mean difference (MD) = 18.52, 95 % CI (8.58, 28.47), P < 0.00001], increased peak blood flow velocity in the dorsalis pedis artery [mean difference (MD) = 6.54, 95 % CI (4.01,9.08)], P < 0.00001), and reduced wound pain score [mean difference (MD) = -4.33, 95 % CI (-4.94, -3.71)], P < 0.00001) compared to the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events [odds ratio (OR) = 0.32, 95 % CI (0.09, 1.17), P = 0.08] between the two methods. CONCLUSION: The use of red and infrared light as an adjunctive treatment for DFUs is more beneficial than conventional wound care. However, due to limitations in the quality and sample size of the included studies, further high-quality research is needed to validate these conclusions.

The Women and Children of India's Red-Light Brothel Districts: An Exploratory Investigation of Vulnerability and Survival During a Global Pandemic.

Globally, women and children were disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Vulnerable populations of women and children-including those who live in poverty, lack access to health care, have little informal support, and who face stigma and discrimination-were particularly susceptible to harm incurred by the pandemic. Using social determinants of health framework, this investigation sought to understand the lived experiences of women and children residing in an impoverished, resource-poor, urban brothel red-light brothel area district in India, at the outset of the pandemic and following the national lockdown(s). Four questions guided the investigation: (1) How did participants first hear about COVID-19 and what was learned regarding self-protective measures? (2) What daily life challenges were posed by the national lockdown? (3) To what extent were participants able to access or rely on informal supports support during the initial stages of the pandemic? and (4) What types of assistance, if any, did participants receive from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or other (e.g., governmental) sources? This is one of only a handful of empirical investigations elevating the voices of children residing in urban brothel-based red-light districts. Findings pose significant implications for practice, policy, and continued research.

The order of green and red LEDs irradiation affects the neural differentiation of human umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal cells.

Different wavelengths emitted from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are known as an influential factor in proliferation and differentiation of various cell types. Since human umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal cells (hUCMs) are ideal tools for human regenerative medicine clinical trials and stem cell researches, in the present study we investigated the neurogenesis effects of single and intermittent green and red LED irradiation on hUCM cells. Exposure of hUCMs to single and intermittent green (530 nm, 1.59 J/cm2) and red (630 nm, 0.318 J/cm2) lights significantly increased the expression of specific genes including nestin, ß-tubulin III and Olig2. Additionally, immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the expression of specific neural-related proteins including nestin, ß-tubulin III, Olig2 and GFAP. Also, alternating exposure of hUCM cells to green and red lights increased the expression of some neural markers more than either light alone. Further research are required to develop the application of LED irradiation as a useful tool for therapeutic purposes including neural repair and regeneration.

Production of High-Quality Wheat Sprouts of Strong Antioxidant Capacity: Process Optimization and Regulation Mechanism of Red Light Treatment.

Light treatment is an innovative method to enhance the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants and improve the quality of plant-based food ingredients. This study investigated the effects of red light treatment on the physiological and biochemical changes during wheat germination, aiming to produce high-quality wheat sprouts with strong antioxidant capacity. Using response surface methodology, the study optimized the conditions for phenolic accumulation in wheat sprouts under red light treatment and explored the molecular mechanisms behind the enhancement of total phenolic content (TPC) and quality. The results indicated that red light treatment significantly increased the TPC in wheat sprouts. The highest TPC, reaching 186.61 µg GAE/sprout, was observed when wheat sprouts were exposed to red light at an intensity of 412 µmol/m²/s for 18.2 h/d over four days. Compared to no light, red light treatment significantly increased the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Red light treatment notably heightened the levels of both free and bound phenolic in the germinating wheat. Red light treatment markedly boosted the activities and relative gene expression levels of enzymes related to phenolic biosynthesis, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase. Additionally, red light treatment enhanced the antioxidant capacity of wheat sprouts by improving the activity and gene expression of four key antioxidant enzymes, thereby promoting growth and germination. This research suggested that red light treatment is an effective strategy for stimulating total phenolic biosynthesis, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and producing highly nutritious wheat sprouts, thus laying the groundwork for developing total phenolic-enriched wheat sprouts as valuable food ingredients in the future.

Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: established and new indications.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is internationally established as an approved treatment option for in situ forms of keratinocytic skin cancer (actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma). For these indications, there are standardized treatment protocols using narrow-spectrum light sources or (artificial) daylight, the use of which is associated with successful healing, a low rate of lesion recurrence, and a very good cosmetic result. Daylight PDT is superior to conventional PDT in terms of significantly less pain and associated higher patient acceptance. Newer indications, for which no approval has yet been granted, but which nevertheless have sufficient evidence of efficacy according to the study situation, are inflammatory (lichen sclerosus, acne) and infectious dermatoses (viral warts, cutaneous leishmaniasis, atypical mycobacteriosis). In addition, PDT is increasingly being used in aesthetic dermatology with the aim of skin rejuvenation.

Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Far-Red Light on Vegetable Crop Growth and Quality.

Far-red lights (FRs), with a wavelength range between 700 and 800 nm, have substantial impacts on plant growth, especially horticultural crops. Previous studies showed conflicting results on the effects of FRs on vegetable growth and quality. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis on the influence of FRs on vegetable growth, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of their effects on the growth and nutritional indicators of vegetables. A total of 207 independent studies from 55 literature sources were analyzed. The results showed that FR treatment had significant effects on most growth indicators, including increasing the fresh weight (+25.27%), dry weight (+21.99%), plant height (+81.87%), stem diameter (+12.91%), leaf area (+18.57%), as well as reducing the content of chlorophyll (-11.88%) and soluble protein (-11.66%), while increasing soluble sugar content (+19.12%). Further subgroup analysis based on various factors revealed significant differences in the effects of FR on different physiological indicators, such as FR intensity, plant species, duration of FR exposure, and the ratio of red light to FR. In general, moderate FR treatment is beneficial for vegetable growth. This study provides important references and guidelines for optimizing the application of FR in the future.

Tuning Co-Operative Energy Transfer in Copper(I) Complexes Using Two-Photon Absorbing Diimine-Based Ligand Sensitizers.

Photocatalysis mediated by low energy light wavelengths has potential to enable safer, sustainable synthetic methods. A phenanthroline-derived ligand bathocupSani, with a large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section was used to construct a heteroleptic complex [Cu(bathocupSani)(DPEPhos)]BF4 and a homoleptic complex [Cu(bathocupSani)2]BF4. The ligand and the respective homoleptic complex with copper exhibit two-photon upconversion with an anti-Stokes shift of 1.2 eV using red light. The complex [Cu(bathocupSani)2]BF4 promoted energy transfer photocatalysis enabling oxidative dimerization of benzylic amines, sulfide oxidation, phosphine oxidation, boronic acid oxidation and atom-transfer radical addition.