The effect of treatment timing on repeat revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease.

Objectives: In patients with stable ischemic heart disease, there is no evidence for the effect of revascularization treatment timing on the need for repeat procedures. We aimed to determine if repeat revascularizations differed among patients who received coronary artery bypass graft surgery after the time recommended by physicians compared with those who had timely percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: We identified 25,520 British Columbia residents 60 years or older who underwent first-time nonemergency revascularization for angiographically proven, stable left main or multivessel ischemic heart disease between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2016. We estimated unadjusted and adjusted cumulative incidence functions for repeat revascularization, in the presence of death as a competing risk, after index revascularization or last staged percutaneous coronary intervention for patients undergoing delayed coronary artery bypass grafting compared with timely percutaneous coronary intervention. Results: After adjustment with inverse probability of treatment weights, at 3 years, patients who underwent delayed coronary artery bypass grafting had a statistically significant lower cumulative incidence of a repeat revascularization compared with patients who received timely percutaneous coronary intervention (4.84% delayed coronary artery bypass grafting, 12.32% timely percutaneous coronary intervention; subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.16, 95% CI, 0.04-0.65). Conclusions: Patients who undergo delayed coronary artery bypass grafting have a lower cumulative incidence of repeat revascularization than patients who undergo timely percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients who want to wait to receive coronary artery bypass grafting will see the benefit of lower repeat revascularization over percutaneous coronary intervention unaffected by a delay in treatment.

Co-Morbidity Differences Associated With Long-Term Amputation and Repeat Revascularization Rates After Femoropopliteal Artery Intervention for Intermittent Claudication by Sex, Race, and Ethnicity.

Use of peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) for intermittent claudication (IC) continues to expand, but there is uncertainty whether baseline demographics, procedural techniques and outcomes differ by sex, race, and ethnicity. This study aimed to examine amputation and revascularization rates up to 4 years after femoropopliteal (FP) PVI for IC by sex, race, and ethnicity. Patients who underwent FP PVI for IC between 2016 and 2020 from the PINC AI Healthcare Database were analyzed. The primary outcome was any index limb amputation, assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimate. Secondary outcomes included index limb major amputation, repeat revascularization, and index limb repeat revascularization. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. This study included 19,324 patients with IC who underwent FP PVI, with 41.2% women, 15.6% Black patients, and 4.7% Hispanic patients. Women were less likely than men to be treated with atherectomy (45.1% vs 47.8%, p = 0.0003); Black patients were more likely than White patients to receive atherectomy (50.7% vs 44.9%, p <0.001), and Hispanic patients were less likely than non-Hispanic patients to receive atherectomy (41% vs 47%, p = 0.0004). Unadjusted rates of any amputation were similar in men and women (6.4% for each group, log-rank p = 0.842), higher in Black patients than in White patients (7.8% vs 6.1%, log-rank p = 0.007), and higher in Hispanic patients than in non-Hispanic patients (8.8% vs 6.3%, log-rank p = 0.031). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, Black race was associated with higher rates of repeat revascularization (adjusted HR 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.22) and any FP revascularization (adjusted HR 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.20). No statistical difference in amputation rate was observed among comparison groups. Women and men with IC had similar crude and adjusted amputation and revascularization outcomes after FP PVI. Black patients had higher repeat revascularization and any FP revascularization rates than did White patients. Black and Hispanic patients had higher crude amputation rates, but these differences were attenuated by adjustment for baseline characteristics. Black patients were more likely to receive atherectomy and had higher rates of any repeat revascularization and specifically FP revascularization. Further study is necessary to determine whether these patterns are related to disease-specific issues or practice-pattern differences among different populations.

Midterm Clinical Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted Reverse Hybrid Coronary Revascularization: A Single-Center Experience.

Outcomes of robotic-assisted reverse hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) remain hindered. We aimed to analyze midterm clinical outcomes of robotic-assisted reverse HCR. All consecutive 285 patients who underwent reverse robotic-assisted HCR between September 2005 and July 2021 were included. Reverse HCR comprises percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in non-left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was performed within 30 days before robotic-assisted left internal thoracic artery (LITA) harvesting and LITA-to-LAD manual anastomosis through a 4-cm left minithoracotomy. Dual antiplatelet therapy was not interrupted in any patient. Preoperatively, mean age was 70.2 years (±11.2). Before surgery, 168 patients received 1 stent, 112 patients 2 stents, and 5 patients 3 stents. Intraoperatively, mean operating room time was 5.9 hours (±1); no case was converted to full sternotomy, whereas 9 patients (3.1%) received intraoperative blood product transfusions. Postoperatively, a small incidence of stroke, 1 (0.3%), reoperation for bleeding, 7 (2.4%), blood product transfusions, 48 (16.8%), and hospital stay (4.8 days) was observed. At 30-day follow-up, 1 patient (0.3%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stent on a surgical LITA-LAD anastomosis owing to graft failure. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years. Reported midterm outcomes included all-cause death in 31 patients (10.9%), major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in 102 of 285 (35.9%), nonfatal stroke in 2 of 285 (0.7%), myocardial infarction in 17 of 285 (5.9%), and repeat intervention in 50 of 285 patients (17.5%). This single-center study reports effective and safe clinical outcomes at midterm follow-up of reverse HCR procedures for treating multivessel coronary artery disease.

External Stenting for Saphenous Vein Grafts in Coronary Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The external stenting of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been proven to reduce intimal hyperplasia (IH) in animal models, paving the way for human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be conducted. Herein, we performed a study-level meta-analysis to assess the impact of the Venous External SupporT (VEST) device, an external stent, on the outcomes of SVGs. A systematic search was conducted to identify all RCTs comparing VEST-stented to non-stented SVGs in patients undergoing CABG. The primary outcome was graft occlusion. The main secondary outcomes were repeat revascularization, SVG IH area, and intimal-medial thickness. Two RCTs totaling 407 patients were included. At a mean follow-up of 1.5 years, there was no difference in graft occlusion between groups (incidence rate ratio: 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-1.53). The rate of repeat revascularization was also similar (odds ratio: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.27-1.64). The IH area (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.45; 95% CI: -0.79 to -0.10) and intimal-medial thickness (SMD: -0.50; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.10) were significantly reduced in the VEST group. Our findings show that significant reductions in the IH area and the intimal-medial thickness in VEST-stented SVGs do not currently translate into a lesser need for repeat revascularization or less graft occlusion events compared to non-stented SVGs at 1.5 years after CABG.

Clinically Driven Revascularization in High-Risk Patients Treated With Ticagrelor Monotherapy After PCI: Insights from the Randomized TWILIGHT Trial.

Repeat coronary revascularization is a common adverse event after successful percutaneous coronary intervention. This analysis aimed to assess the effects of ticagrelor monotherapy on repeat clinically driven revascularization (CDR). In the TWILIGHT (Ticagrelor With Aspirin or Alone in High-Risk Patients after Coronary Intervention) trial, after 3 months of ticagrelor plus aspirin, high-risk patients were maintained on ticagrelor and randomly allocated to aspirin or placebo for 1 year. The primary end point of this analysis was CDR within 12 months after randomization. The key secondary end points were major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or CDR, and net adverse clinical events (NACEs), including the individual components of MACCEs and clinically relevant bleeding. The analysis was performed in the per-protocol population. CDR occurred in 473 of 7,039 patients and was associated with a significantly higher risk of subsequent all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.82 to 4.67). Ticagrelor monotherapy was associated with a similar 12-month risk of CDR (7.1% vs 6.6%; HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.30, p = 0.363) and MACCEs (8.9% vs 8.6%; HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.22, p = 0.619), and a lower risk of NACEs (12.2% vs 14.6%; HR 0.83 95% CI 0.73 to 0.94, p = 0.004) than ticagrelor plus aspirin. In conclusion, among high-risk patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, ticagrelor monotherapy after 3 months of ticagrelor-based dual antiplatelet therapy was associated with a similar risk of CDR and MACCEs and a decrease of NACEs (TWILIGHT: NCT02270242).

Myocardial revascularization failure among patients requiring cardiac catheterization and secondary revascularization in contemporary clinical practice: Results of the REVASEC multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and Secondary revascularization (SR) are contemporary interventional cardiology challenges. AIM: To investigate the characteristics, management, and prognosis of patients with myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and need for secondary revascularization (SR) in contemporary practice. METHODS: The REVASEC study is a prospective registry (NCT03349385), which recruited patients with prior revascularization referred for coronary angiography at 19 centers. The primary endpoint is a patient-oriented composite (POCE) at 1 year, including death, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization. RESULTS: A total of 869 patients previously revascularized by percutaneous intervention (83%) or surgery (17%) were recruited. MRF was found in 83.7% (41.1% stent/graft failure, 32.1% progression of coronary disease, and 10.5% residual disease). SR was performed in 70.1%, preferably by percutaneous intervention (95%). The POCE rate at 1 year was 14% in the overall cohort, with 6.4% all-cause death. In the multivariate analysis, lower POCE rates were found in the groups without MRF (9.4%) and with disease progression (11%) compared with graft/stent failure (17%) and residual disease (18%), hazard ratio 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.99), p = 0.043. At 1 year, the SR group had less chronic persistent angina (19% vs. 34%, p < 0.001), but a higher rate of repeat revascularization (9% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MRF was found in 84% of patients with prior revascularization referred for coronary angiography. Stent/graft failure and residual coronary disease were associated with a worse prognosis. SR provided better symptom control at the expense of a higher rate of new revascularization.

Long-Term Patient Outcomes After Femoropopliteal Peripheral Vascular Intervention in Patients With Intermittent Claudication.

BACKGROUND: In patients with intermittent claudication (IC), short-term amputation rates from clinical trial data following lower extremity femoropopliteal (FP) peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) are <1% with unknown longer-term rates. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify revascularization and amputation rates following PVI in the FP segment and to assess 4-year amputation and revascularization rates after FP PVI for IC. METHODS: From 2016 to 2020, 19,324 patients undergoing FP PVI for IC were included from the PINC AI Healthcare Database and evaluated by treatment level (superficial femoral artery [SFA], popliteal artery [POP], or both). The primary outcome was index limb amputation (ILA) assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimate. The secondary outcomes were index limb major amputation and repeat revascularization. HRs were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: The 4-year index limb amputation rate following FP PVI was 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0-4.7), with a major amputation rate of 3.2% (95% CI: 2.9-3.5). After POP PVI, ILA was significantly higher than SFA alone (7.5% vs 3.4%) or both segment PVI (5.5%). In multivariate analysis, POP PVI was associated with higher ILA rates at 4 years compared with isolated SFA PVI (HR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.52-2.91) and index limb major amputation (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.32-2.95). Repeat FP revascularization rates were 15.2%; they were highest in patients undergoing both SFA and POP PVI (18.7%; P < 0.0001) compared with SFA (13.9%) and POP (17.1%) only. CONCLUSIONS: IC patients undergoing FP PVI had 4-year rates of index limb repeat revascularization of 16.7% and ILA rates of 4.3%. Further risk factors for amputation requires further investigation.

Impact of repeat revascularization within 5 years on 10-year mortality after percutaneous or surgical revascularization.

BACKGROUND: The SYNTAX trial demonstrated negative impact of repeat revascularization (RR) on 5-year outcomes following PCI/CABG in patients with three-vessel(3VD) and/or left main coronary artery disease(LMCAD). We aimed to investigate the impact of RR within 5 years, on 10-year mortality in patients with 3VD and/or LMCAD after PCI/CABG. METHODS: The SYNTAXES study evaluated the vital status out to 10 years of patients with 3VD and/or LMCAD. Patients were stratified by RR within 5 years and randomized treatment. The association between RR within 5 years and 10-year mortality was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 330 out of 1800 patients (18.3%) underwent RR within 5 years. RR occurred more frequently after initial PCI than after initial CABG (25.9% vs. 13.7%, p < 0.001). Overall, 10-year mortality was comparable between patients undergoing RR and those not (28.2% vs. 26.1%, adjusted HR: 1.17, 95%CI 0.93-1.48, p = 0.187). In the PCI arm, RR was associated with a trend toward higher 10-year mortality (adjusted HR: 1.29, 95%CI 0.97-1.72, p = 0.075), while in the CABG arm, the trend was opposite (adjusted HR: 0.74, 95%CI 0.46-1.20, p = 0.219). Among patients requiring RR, those who underwent PCI as initial revascularization had a higher risk of 10-year mortality compared to initial CABG (33.5% vs. 17.6%, adjusted HR: 2.09, 95%CI 1.21-3.61, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: In the SYNTAXES study, RR within 5 years had no impact on 10-year all-cause death in the population overall. Among patients requiring any repeat procedures, 10-year mortality was higher after initial treatment with PCI than after CABG. These exploratory findings should be investigated with larger populations in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ; SYNTAXES Unique identifier: NCT03417050. URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ; SYNTAX Unique identifier: NCT00114972.

Triglyceride-glucose index for predicting repeat revascularization and in-stent restenosis in patients with chronic coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a reliable surrogate indicator of insulin resistance, is independently associated with coronary artery disease of various clinical manifestations. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the TyG index in predicting repeat revascularization and in-stent restenosis (ISR) in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: A total of 1414 participants were enrolled and divided into groups according to the tertiles of the TyG index. The primary endpoint was a composite of PCI complications, including repeat revascularization and ISR. The associations between the TyG index and the primary endpoint were assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with restricted cubic splines (RCS). The TyG index was calculated as Ln (fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)/2). RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 60 months, 548 (38.76%) patients had experienced at least one primary endpoint event. The follow-up incidence of the primary endpoint increased with the TyG index tertiles. After adjusting for potential confounders, the TyG index was independently associated with the primary endpoint in CCS patients (HR, 1.191; 95% CI 1.038-1.367; P = 0.013). Additionally, the highest tertile of the TyG group was correlated with a 1.319-fold risk of the primary endpoint compared with the lowest tertile of the TyG group (HR, 1.319; 95% CI 1.063-1.637; P = 0.012). Furthermore, a linear and dose-response relationship was observed between the TyG index and the primary endpoint (non-linear P = 0.373, P overall = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: An increased TyG index was associated with elevated risk for long-term PCI complications, including repeat revascularization and ISR. Our study suggested that the TyG index could be a potent predictor in evaluating the prognosis of CCS patients undergoing PCI.

Candidate Gene of NOS3, MMP3, AGT, and AGT1R and Pathway Analyses for Platelet Reactivity and Clinical Outcomes of Repeat Revascularization After First PCI in Chinese Patients.

PURPOSE: Major disadvantages of the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are the high occurrence of repeat revascularization due to restenosis and disease progression. The current study aimed to identify indicators that can predict the risk of repeat revascularization. METHODS: A total of 143 patients who underwent PCI and had genetic test results were enrolled. We retrospectively reviewed their medical records after the first PCI. P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) test results were obtained by VerifyNow; 4 candidate genes (NOS3, MMP3, AGT, and AGT1R) and 380 genes related to platelet activation-related processes and clopidogrel activity were selected for analysis. Repeat revascularization and in-stent restenosis (ISR) were used as clinical outcomes, and PRU and ADP aggregation rates were used as platelet function outcomes in analysis. RESULTS: After the first PCI, the incidence of repeat revascularization at 18, 30, and 42 months was 14.1% (20/142), 17.5% (24/137), and 39.7% (31/78), respectively. In the candidate gene analysis, rs7830 (NOS3) was associated with both ADP aggregation rate and 18- and 30-month ISR, and rs 62,275,847 (AGTR1) was associated with both ADP aggregation rate and 30-month ISR. In the pathway, gene-set analysis, the linkage rs471683 and rs7785386 of GNAI1|GNAT3 were associated with PRU and ADP aggregation rate, 18-month and 30-month ISR, and repeat revascularization within 30 months. Rs1715389 of GNAI1|GNAT3 was associated with both PRU and ADP aggregation rate, 18-month and 30-month ISR, and repeat revascularization within 30 months. Rs7313458 of ITPR2 was associated with PRU and ADP aggregation rate, 18-month and 30-month ISR, and repeat revascularization within 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic polymorphisms of rs7830 (NOS3), rs62275874 (AGTR1), linkage rs471683 and rs7785386 (GNAI1|GNAT3), rs1715389 (GNAI1|GNAT3), and rs7313458 (ITPR2) may lead to an increased risk of in-stent restenosis and revascularization after the first PCI in Chinese patients by affecting the efficacy of clopidogrel. The above six SNP may be used as potential genetic biomarkers for high risk of in-stent restenosis and revascularization after the first PCI in Chinese patients.

High-density lipoprotein-related inflammatory indices predict repeat revascularization in coronary drug-eluting stenting.

Background: HDL-C-related inflammatory indices are potential predictors of repeat revascularization (RR) after coronary drug-eluting stenting. Methods: Multivariable Cox regression with restricted cubic splines and receiver operating curve was used. Results: The median follow-up was 50 months. A total of 521 (35.42%) patients experienced RR. The incidence of RR was positively associated with the monocyte-to-HDL-C ratio, neutrophil-to-HDL-C ratio and lymphocyte-to-HDL-C ratio (log-rank p < 0.05). After being fully adjusted, the largest tertile of monocyte-to-HDL-C ratio, neutrophil-to-HDL-C ratio, white blood cell-to-HDL-C ratio and lymphocyte-to-HDL-C ratio increased the risk by 38, 30, 28 and 37%, respectively. Monocyte-to-HDL-C ratio was dose-responsive and linearly correlated with RR. HDL-C-related inflammatory indices had over 60% predictive ability. Conclusion: HDL-C-related inflammatory indices independently predicted RR after coronary drug-eluting stenting.

Incidence, Prediction, and Outcomes of Major Bleeding After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chinese Patients.

Background: The patterns of late major bleeding (MB) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain unknown in Chinese patients. Objectives: This study sought to determine the incidence, prediction, and long-term outcomes of late MB in Chinese patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study from 14 hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were patients undergoing first-time PCI without MB within 30 days or death within 1 year. Patients were stratified by the presence of late MB, defined as MB between 30 and 365 days. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results: A total of 32,057 patients were analyzed. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, periprocedural characteristics, and medications on discharge, the risks of all-cause mortality at 5 years were significantly higher with late MB (HR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.92-2.41; P < 0.001). Late MB was also associated with a higher risk of MACE (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03-1.50; P < 0.001), myocardial infarction (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04-1.52; P = 0.02), and stroke (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.09-1.73; P = 0.006). The CARDIAC (anti-Coagulation therapy, Age, Renal insufficiency, Drop In hemoglobin, baseline Anemia in Chinese patients) score had a good discriminating power for prediction of MB within 365 days (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve: 0.76). Conclusions: Late MB was independently associated with a higher risk of mortality, MACE, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients undergoing PCI. The CARDIAC score is a simple model that can predict MB after PCI. Prevention of MB represents an important strategy to optimize cardiovascular outcomes for patients undergoing PCI.

Late Myocardial Infarction and Repeat Revascularization after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk of late mortality and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: A total of 2948 patients undergoing isolated CABGs were included in a prospective multicenter registry. Outcomes were adjusted for multiple covariates in logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards analysis and competing risk analysis. RESULTS: In all, 2619 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this analysis. Of them, 2199 (79.1%) had no history of PCI and 420 (20.9%) had a prior PCI. An adjusted analysis showed that a single prior PCI and multiple prior PCIs did not increase the risk of 30-day and 5-year mortality. Patients with multiple prior PCIs had a significantly higher risk of 5-year myocardial infarction (SHR 2.566, 95%CI 1.379-4.312) and repeat revascularization (SHR 1.774, 95%CI 1.140-2.763). Similarly, 30-day and 5-year mortality were not significantly increased in patients with prior PCI treatment of single or multiple vessels. Patients with multiple vessels treated with PCI had a significantly higher risk of 5-year myocardial infarction (SHR 2.640, 95%CI 1.497-4.658), repeat revascularization (SHR 1.648, 95%CI 1.029-2.638) and stroke (SHR 2.215, 95%CI 1.056-4.646) at 5-year. The risk for repeat revascularization was also increased with a prior single vessel PCI, but not for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing CABGs, multiple prior PCIs seem to increase the risk of late myocardial infarction and the need for repeat revascularization, but not the risk of mortality.

Diagnostic and Management Strategies in Patients with Late Recurrent Angina after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review will outline the current evidence on the anatomical, functional, and physiological tools that may be applied in the evaluation of patients with late recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Furthermore, we discuss management strategies and propose an algorithm to guide decision-making for this complex patient population. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with prior CABG often present with late recurrent angina as a result of bypass graft failure and progression of native coronary artery disease (CAD). These patients are generally older, have a higher prevalence of comorbidities, and more complex atherosclerotic lesion morphology compared to CABG-naïve patients. In addition, guideline recommendations are based on studies in which post-CABG patients have been largely excluded. Several invasive and non-invasive diagnostic tools are currently available to assess graft patency, the hemodynamic significance of native CAD progression, left ventricular function, and myocardial viability. Such tools, in particular the latest generation coronary computed tomography angiography, are part of a systematic diagnostic work-up to guide optimal repeat revascularization strategy in patients presenting with late recurrent angina after CABG.

Determinant of repeat revascularization within 5 years of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention at a tertiary care hospital, Karachi: A matched case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with repeat revascularization among adults aged 25 years and above within 5 years of first Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A matched case-control study was conducted through a hospital records review. A total of 90 cases with repeat revascularization and 180 controls without repeat revascularization were included. Data was analyzed using Multiple Conditional Logistic Regression. RESULTS: The mean age was similar in cases and controls (60.05 ± 10.01 vs 62.20 ± 10.43 years) and sex (male: 77.8% vs. 76.1%). History of being an ever-smoker (40% vs. 25%), overweight (36.3% vs. 30.6%), and poor glycemic control (23.3% vs. 12.2%) were more among the cases than controls. However, obesity (53.7% vs. 44.3%) and pre-diabetes (16.1% vs. 7.8%) were more in controls compared to cases.Upon matching on the time of index PCI, the adjusted odds of ever smokers among patients with repeat revascularization was 2.47 times the odds of ever smokers among patients who did not undergo revascularization. Increasing stent diameter by 1 mm was found to reduce the risk of repeat revascularization by 51%. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation and appropriate selection of stent diameter in patients undergoing revascularization can reduce the risk of repeat revascularization in the future.

Impact of contrast-induced acute kidney injury on long-term major adverse cardiovascular events and kidney function after percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from a territory-wide cohort study in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: The impact of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) on long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) remains controversial. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort study from 14 hospitals under the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong between 2004 and 2017. Severe CI-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >50% from the baseline value, an absolute increase of >1 mg/dL (88 µmol/L) or requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Mild CI-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >25% from the baseline value or an absolute increase of >0.5 mg/dL (44 µmol/L) after PCI but not fulfilling the criteria for severe CI-AKI. The primary endpoint was MACE, defined as a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction after hospital discharge, stroke or any unplanned coronary revascularization, in a time-to-first-event analysis up to 5 years after PCI. The secondary endpoints were individual components of MACE and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: A total of 34 576 patients were analysed. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, procedural characteristics and medication use, the risk of MACE at 5 years was significantly higher with mild CI-AKI {hazard ratio [HR], 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.26); P < 0.001} and severe CI-AKI [HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.78-2.07); P < 0.001]. Severe CI-AKI was associated with higher adjusted risks of each secondary end point and the risks monotonically accrued over time. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing a first-ever PCI, CI-AKI of any severity was associated with a higher adjusted risk of MACE at 5 years. Severe CI-AKI has a stronger association with MACE and its individual components, with an excess of early and late events.

Design and Rationale for a Real-World Prospective, Multicenter Registry of Myocardial Revascularization Failure and Secondary Revascularization: The REVASEC Study.

AIM: To investigate key aspects of the problem of myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and repeat or secondary myocardial revascularization (SR) in contemporary practice. METHODS: The registry of secondary revascularization (REVASEC) is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective registry enhanced with data monitoring and independent event adjudication (ClinicalTrials.govNCT03349385). It includes patients with prior revascularization referred to coronary angiography for suspected MRF with broad inclusion criteria. The main objectives are to describe the characteristics of patients with prior revascularization referred for repeat angiography, to describe and the rate and mechanisms of MRF (stent or graft failure, coronary artery disease progression or residual coronary artery disease); to evaluate the management including medical treatment and SR of these patients; and to assess the prognosis according to the outlined causative mechanisms. The registry has one year follow up for the primary endpoint (Patient-oriented composite endpoint including all-cause death, any myocardial infarction or any new unplanned revascularization according to subsets of MRF), but extended follow-up will be carried out up to 5 years. CONCLUSION: The REVASEC Registry will provide updated data on the characteristics, patterns of treatment, and 1-year outcomes of patients with MRF and SR in contemporary clinical practice.

Complete revascularization in stable multivessel coronary artery disease: A real world analysis from the British Columbia Cardiac Registry.

BACKGROUND: More than half of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have multivessel disease (MVD). The prognostic significance of PCI in stable patients has recently been debated, but little data exists about the potential benefit of complete revascularization (CR) in stable MVD. We investigated the prognostic benefit of CR in patients undergoing PCI for stable disease. METHODS: We compared CR versus incomplete revascularization (IR) in 8,436 patients with MVD. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 1,399 patients (17%) underwent CR during the index PCI procedure for stable disease. CR was associated with lower mortality (6.2 vs. 10.7%, p < .001) and lower repeat revascularization at 5 years (12.7 vs. 18.4%, p < .001). Multivariable-adjusted analyses indicated that CR was associated with lower mortality (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.91, p = .005) and repeat revascularization at 5 years (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93, p = .005). These findings were also confirmed in propensity-matched cohorts. Subgroup analyses indicated that CR conferred survival in older patients, male patients, absence of renal disease, greater angina (CCS Class III-IV) and heart failure (NYHA Class III-IV) symptoms, and greater burden of coronary disease. In sensitivity analyses where patients with subsequent repeat revascularization events were excluded, CR remained a strong predictor for lower mortality (HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54-0.89, p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of stable patients with MVD, CR was an independent predictor of long-term survival. This benefit was specifically seen in higher risk patient groups and indicates that CR may benefit selected stable patients with MVD.

Repeat Revascularization over 10 Years Following Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Stent Placement: An Analysis of Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To identify rates of and factors associated with repeat revascularization in a large cohort of patients prospectively followed over 10 years in Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial. METHODS: We compared the effect of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) versus carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on risk of repeat revascularization after adjusting for age, sex, symptomatic status, and initial severity of stenosis (≥70% vs. <70%) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis to assess repeat revascularization-free survival for the overall cohort. RESULTS: Repeat revascularization was performed in 90 (3.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1%-4.8%) of 2318 patients; 6 (6.7%, 95% CI 2.5%-14.0%) patients experienced the composite end point of any stroke, myocardial infarction, or death within 30 days after repeat revascularization. There was no difference in risk of repeat revascularization in patients who underwent CAS (compared with CEA) as the index procedure (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.69-1.23, P = 0.5765). Patient's age (hazard ratio 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02, P < 0.0001) was associated with performance of repeat revascularization. Mean ± SD repeat revascularization-free survival was 8.2 ± 0.1 years and 8.0 ± 0.1 years for CAS and CEA, respectively (log-rank test P = 0.0823). CONCLUSIONS: A low rate of repeat revascularization was seen without any significant difference among patients who underwent CEA or CAS over 10 years. The 6.7% rate of composite end point within 30 days after procedure highlights the need for standardizing the indications for repeat revascularization.

5-Year Outcome of Simple Crossover Stenting in Coronary Bifurcation Lesions Compared With Side Branch Opening.

Background: The optimal side branch (SB) treatment strategy after simple crossover stenting in bifurcation lesions is still controversial. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of a 1-stent strategy with simple crossover alone versus with an additional SB-opening procedure in patients with left main (LM) and non-LM coronary bifurcation lesions. Methods: Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with a 1-stent strategy for bifurcation lesions including LM were selected from the COBIS (Coronary Bifurcation Stenting) III registry and divided into the simple crossover-alone group and SB-opening group. Clinical outcomes were assessed by the 5-year rate of target lesion failure (a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and target lesion repeat revascularization). Results: Among 2,194 patients who underwent the 1-stent strategy, 1,685 (76.8%) patients were treated with simple crossover alone, and 509 (23.2%) patients were treated with an additional SB-opening procedure. Although the baseline SB angiographic disease was more severe in the SB-opening group, the final lumen diameter of the SB was larger. The 5-year observed target lesion failure rate was similar between the 2 groups (7.0% in the simple crossover vs. 6.7% in SB-opening group; hazard ratio: 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.66 to 1.48; p = 0.947), even in the subgroup analyses including LM (9.5% vs. 11.3%; p = 0.442) and true bifurcation (5.3% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.362). The results were not changed after an inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment. There was no difference in the overall and SB-related target lesion revascularization rate in both groups. Conclusions: The long-term clinical outcome of the 1-stent strategy with simple crossover alone for coronary bifurcation lesions was acceptable compared to those of additional SB-opening procedures. (Korean Coronary Bifurcation Stenting [COBIS] Registry III [COBIS III]; NCT03068494).