An investigation of perceived risk dimensions in acceptability of shared autonomous vehicles, a mediation-moderation analysis.

The integration of shared and autonomous mobility has led to the emergence of shared autonomous vehicles with ride-sharing services (SAVWRS), which have the potential to significantly reduce private car usage and promote sustainable transportation. Despite numerous studies on this topic, there is still no research examining the impact of all dimensions of perceived risk theory on usage intention. Therefore, we aim to investigate these relationships and gain deeper insights by examining the mediating effect of trust and the moderating effect of generation (Millennials vs. Baby Boomers) to address potential disparities across generations. To gather insights, we design an online survey that was completed by a random sample of 723 individuals in 2021. The estimation results of the structural equation model reveal that all perceived risk dimensions (social, performance, time, physical, security, and financial risks, in descending order) are negatively related to consumers' intention. Additionally, trust fully mediates the relationships between performance, physical, financial, and security risks and usage intention, whereas it partially mediates the relationships between social and time risks and the intention to use. Furthermore, moderation analysis revealed that Millennials are less concerned about most dimensions of perceived risk theory, except for social and time risks. In conclusion, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between perceived risk dimensions, trust, and usage intention in SAVWRS. Our findings suggest that policymakers and industry stakeholders should consider strategies to address these concerns to promote widespread acceptance of SAVWRS.

Can software-defined vehicles never roll over: A perspective of active structural transformation.

The revolution of physical structure is highly significant for future software defined vehicles (SDV). Active structural transformation is a promising feature of the next generation of vehicle physical structure. It can enhance the dynamic performance of vehicles, thus providing safer and more comfortable ride experiences, such as the ability to avoid rollover in critical situations. Based on the active structural transformation technology, this study proposes a novel approach to improve the dynamic performance of a vehicle. The first analytical motion model of a vehicle with active structural transformation capability is established. Then, a multi-objective optimization problem with the adjustable parameters as design variables is abstracted and solved with an innovative scenario specific optimization method. Simulation results under different driving scenarios revealed that the active transformable vehicle applying the proposed method could significantly improve the handling stability without sacrificing the ride comfort, compared with a conventional vehicle with a fixed structure. The proposed method pipeline is defined by the software and supported by the hardware. It fully embodies the characteristics of SDV, and inspires the improvement of multiple types of vehicle performance based on the concept of "being defined by software" and the revolution of the physical structure.

Ride-hailing technology mitigates effects of driver racial discrimination, but effects of residential segregation persist.

We assess racial disparities in the service quality of app-based ride-hailing services, like Uber and Lyft, by simulating their operations in the city of Chicago using empirical data. To generate driver cancellation rate disparities consistent with controlled experiments (up to twice as large for Black riders as for White riders), we estimate that more than 3% of drivers discriminate by race. We find that the capabilities of ride-hailing technology to rapidly rematch after a cancellation and prioritize long-waiting customers heavily mitigates the effects of driver discrimination on rider wait times, reducing average discrimination-induced disparities to less than 1 min-an order of magnitude less than traditional taxis. However, our results suggest that even in the absence of direct driver discrimination, Black riders in Chicago wait about 50% longer, on average, than White riders because of historically informed geographic residential patterns. We estimate that if Black riders in the city had the same wait times as White riders, the collective travel time saved would be worth $4.2 million to $7.0 million per year.

Not the same: How delivery, ride-hailing, and private riders' roles influence safety behavior.

In recent years, the growth of motorcycle-based ride-hailing and delivery services has led to an increase in traffic crashes involving these riders. Previous studies have indicated that the behavior of ride-hailing and delivery riders is influenced by work demands and individual characteristics. However, the extent to which risky riding behaviors depend on the type of riding and the interaction between road traffic context and risky behaviors remains unclear. Addressing these gaps, this study investigates factors influencing risky behaviors among motorcycle riders in Hanoi, Vietnam. By examining various rider traits (such as rider type, gender, and age) and aspects of the road traffic environment (such as police presence, number of road lanes, and weather), we aim to understand their contribution to risky riding behaviors. Through the observation of 9164 motorcycle riders (i.e., delivery, ride-hailing, and private motorcycle riders) at 31 intersections and decision tree analysis, the study underscores the significant impact of rider type on risky behaviors. Key findings include a higher tendency for both delivery riders and ride-hailing riders to run red lights, neglect to use turn signals, and the notable distraction of mobile phone use. Additionally, private riders are found to show a higher incidence of not wearing helmets even in locations with a police presence. These findings highlight the critical need for strategies to enhance road safety for all motorcycle riders. However, it is essential to recognize that the reasons behind risky behavior vary across different groups of motorcycle riders, from private to commercial riders. Therefore, we need more targeted strategies that address the specific factors influencing each group to effectively improve road safety for all.

Perspectives and possibilities for developing ride-sharing services to promote sustainable mode of transport: Bangladesh perspective.

The ride-sharing trend is booming because of modern technologies and plays a significant role in transitioning to sustainable transportation methods. This study utilizes a comprehensive dataset collected from an online survey administered to over 1300 individuals in Bangladesh in 2023. Its specific focus is to examine the usage patterns of ride-sharing applications, such as Pathao and Uber. It builds upon previous research to analyze the factors influencing the use of these services and current trends in shared transportation. Additionally, it investigates the challenges associated with utilizing shared transportation amenities and proposes potential improvements to make ride-sharing or pooling more attractive. The study diligently worked to establish an inclusive framework and terminology to enhance policies and gain a more detailed understanding of the transportation choices and requirements of communities. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, we adopted an implementation-oriented research approach and conducted a comprehensive quantitative and inferential analysis of the survey data. The inclination of an individual to opt for or perceive collective or merged services depends on several demographic, geographical, and built-environment factors. The findings highlight the necessity of enhanced security measures, increased public awareness of ride-sharing benefits, and the formulation of legislative measures to promote sustainable mobility. Two examples of potential measures we have found to improve and encourage the use of ride-sharing services include reducing uncertainty about shared rides and minimizing passenger discomfort. These measures can be implemented through operational adjustments, government regulations, and employer programs. An essential conclusion was reached regarding the importance of prioritizing improvements in ride-sharing operations, rather than relying solely on cash incentives to promote behavioral change. Furthermore, it was determined that regardless of the changes, policies, or programs implemented, it is imperative to enhance public awareness and education.

Improvement of Dynamic Characteristics of Purpose-Built Vehicles Using Semi-Active Suspension System.

The diversification of mobility into services such as smart stores and conference rooms has accelerated the development of purpose-built vehicles (PBVs)-vehicles designed for specific purposes that utilize an extended electric vehicle chassis and autonomous driving technology. Despite the standards on speed bump dimensions stipulated by the National Land Transportation Act of the Republic of Korea, real-world speed bumps feature varying widths and heights that deviate from these standards. In this study, a velocity equation was derived via regression analysis to achieve the desired dynamic characteristics for a PBV passing over speed bumps with varying shapes through two types of semi-active suspension control: proportional-integral-differential (PID) and linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR). For a cargo-transport PBV, the PID and LQR controllers increased the velocity by 23.74% and 50.74%, respectively, under different speed bump widths and by 19.44% and 38.31%, respectively, under different speed bump heights. Moreover, an analysis of the vibration dose value (VDV), an indicator of ride comfort, revealed that the VDVs calculated using the velocity equation were within an acceptable error range of 10% above the target VDV. These findings provide insights into the speed control required for different types of autonomous PBVs to ensure ride comfort, as well as minimize the driving duration, depending on the specific purpose of the vehicle.

Research on ride comfort optimization of the vehicle considering the subframe.

When the vehicle is in motion, the elastic deformation of the flexible subframe significantly influences ride comfort. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the impact of flexible subframes on vehicle ride comfort. In order to enhance the reliability and optimization efficiency of our research, this paper incorporates the concept of elastic deformation in the flexible subframe into the investigation of vehicle ride comfort, and proposes a multi-objective optimization approach to enhance the overall vehicle ride comfort. The vibration mathematical model elucidates how flexible subframes affect vehicle ride comfort and establishes a rigid-flexible coupling model for a specific vehicle with a flexible subframe to analyze the impact of its elastic deformation on vehicle ride comfort through simulation experiments. Subsequently, a radial basis function approximation model is established, and the multi-objective particle swarm optimization and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II algorithms are employed to conduct multi-objective optimization of the stiffness of the subframe bushing with the aim of enhancing vehicle ride comfort. The findings indicate that the flexible subframe has a significant impact on vehicle ride comfort. Specifically, on bump roads, peak values of vertical and longitudinal seat accelerations decrease while lateral seat acceleration increases. On random roads, peak values of longitudinal and lateral seat accelerations increase while vertical acceleration decreases. Furthermore, the stiffness of the subframe bushing optimized by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II algorithm further enhances vehicle ride comfort and aligns more closely with the optimization requirements in this study.

Analysis of the usage and awareness of child safety seats for children aged 0-6 in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, China.

Objective: To investigate the current situation of child safety seat use and children's cognition of safe riding in Leshan City, and to provide a basis for the promotion and application of child safety seats in Leshan City. Methods: From November 2021 to February 2022, a total of 500 car-owning families who visited or were hospitalized in the department of pediatrics of our hospital were surveyed by self-filling questionnaire method. Through the investigation of personal situation, family situation, travel habits, use of child safety seat, cognition of safe riding, etc., the influencing factors of possession and use of child safety seat and cognition were analyzed. Results: The ownership rate of car seats was 57.8%, the use rate was 47.6%, and the always use rate was 18.8% among all families with children surveyed. There were no statistically significant differences in the use rate and always use rate of child safety seats among different genders of children, parents' education background, and car ownership price. The use rate and constant use rate of child safety seats in urban households were significantly higher than those in rural areas. When the main driver was the mother, the use rate of child safety seats was higher, and the difference was statistically significant. From the perspective of cognition, the use rate and constant use rate of the child safety seat of parents with correct cognition were 64.5% and 25.7% respectively, while the use rate and constant use rate of the child safety seat of parents with incorrect cognition were only 11.1% and 4.3%, which were significantly lower than those with correct cognition, and the difference was statistically significant. In terms of cognition, 10.4% of parents think it is safe for children to sit in the back seat with adults in their arms, and 9.0% of family members think it is safe for children to sit in the back seat with seat belts alone. Conclusions: At present, the ownership rate, utilization rate, and parents' correct cognition of child safety seats in Leshan City are all at a low level, and there is a lack of regional legal guidance, so the safety situation of children in cars is worrying. To effectively improve the use of child safety seats, the promotion of child safety seats should be promoted from three aspects: improving parents' cognition, forming good traffic habits, and legal guidance.

Interaction energy flow paths analysis of PMSG-based wind power integrated systems during LVRT and its parameter adjustment strategy.

To solve the problem of oscillation instability in permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind power connected systems during low-voltage ride through (LVRT) process, a parameter adjustment strategy based on interaction energy path optimization is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a modular state-space model of PMSG under fault transient conditions is constructed, and the system is divided into five subsystems. Then, the dynamic energy function of subsystems reflecting the oscillation stability of the system is derived. Based on that, the dynamic energy flow path is described considering the introduction of LVRT control. On this basis, the interaction energy between LVRT control links and subsystems is analyzed, and the coupling mechanism of voltage support and damping characteristics in the LVRT process is explained. Further, aiming at the optimal change rate of the total interaction energy in the LVRT process, the adjustment strategy of LVRT control parameters is constructed to meet voltage and damping requirements. Finally, a PMSG-connected system model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to verify the effectiveness of the adjustment strategy. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the damping level under the fault transient condition, as well as supporting system voltage.

Fast and Fun: A Pilot Feasibility Study Using Dual Joystick-Operated Ride-on Toys for Upper Extremity Rehabilitation in Children with Hemiplegia.

AIM: Our study investigates the feasibility and utility of implementing a dual joystick-operated ride-on-toy navigation training (RNT) program within a 3-week intensive camp based on principles of modified constraint-induced movement therapy and bimanual training, to improve upper extremity (UE) function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). METHODS: We employed a single-group pretest posttest, mixed methods study design. Eleven 4-to-10-year-old children with UCP received RNT as part of camp activities. Sessions required children to use both arms together for navigation and completing gross and fine motor UE challenges. We collected exit questionnaires from children, caregivers, and clinicians to assess the feasibility, acceptance, enjoyment, and perceived efficacy of RNT. Videos of training sessions were coded using Datavyu behavioral coding software to assess children's facial expressions and affective states, indicative of their level of engagement during intervention sessions. RESULTS: We found high levels of child engagement during RNT sessions based on video data and stakeholder feedback. The RNT program was smoothly integrated into the camp. Stakeholders acknowledged the highly motivating nature of RNT. When combined with other camp activities, the program led to stakeholder-reported improvements in bimanual skills and spontaneous daily use of the affected UE. CONCLUSIONS: Our pilot study provides promising evidence for using joystick-operated ride-on toys as engaging therapy adjuncts. Our findings call for future studies to systematically assess the efficacy of these devices in improving UE function among children with UCP.

Development and Validation of the High-Voltage Direct-Current Modular Multilevel Converter (HVDC-MMC) Model for Converter Transformer Protection Studies.

The electrical protection of power networks with fault contribution from inverter-based power sources imposes new application challenges that have to be dealt with by protection engineers. This paper describes the development of a study case model of an HVDC-MMC link for testing the protection behaviour of connected converter transformers. The paper summarises the implementation and validation of the converter control as well as enhancements to provide Fault Ride-Through capability and fast fault current injection as required by the German Technical Connection Rules for HVDC. The grid code standard requires positive- and negative-sequence reactive current injection in the case of grid faults. A Doubled Decoupled Synchronous Reference Frame Phase Locked Loop (DDSRF-PLL) for Vector Current Control (VCC) is implemented. Additionally, a Fault Detection and Fault Ride-Through Reference Generator with a Current Limitation strategy is introduced. Though these techniques are well described in the literature, the DDSRF is improved for current control stability. The relationship between the parameters of the PLL and the control, as well as the behaviour of the protection system, are demonstrated. Grid faults with large voltage dips pose a significant challenge to the stability of the control system. Nevertheless, it is shown that with the developed model, it is possible to make general statements about the protection behaviour in an inverter-based environment.

Difference thresholds for primary and secondary ride of a vehicle on a 4-poster test rig.

Not only is it important to know how large the overall change in vibration should be for occupants to perceive an improvement in comfort, but also how large this change should be in specific frequency bands. Relative difference thresholds (RDT) of primary (0.5-4 Hz) and secondary (9-80 Hz) ride are estimated for 14 automotive engineers seated in a vehicle on a 4-poster test rig over two roads. Resulting stimuli differed in magnitude and spectral shape. The median RDTs estimated for primary and secondary ride were 16.68% and 13.82% on the smooth road, and 9.50% and 24.67% over the rough road. Statistically significant differences were found in the medians of the RDTs between (1) primary and secondary ride on the two roads and (2) the two roads for changes in the primary and secondary ride, suggesting that Weber's law does not hold.

Relative difference thresholds of primary and secondary ride are estimated that can be used to evaluate whether modifications to vehicle characteristics result in perceivable changes of vehicle vibration. Results suggest that Weber's law does not hold implying that relative difference thresholds should be used that closely match the stimuli characteristics.

A comparative analysis of risk factors in taxi-related crashes using XGBoost and SHAP.

Taxis play a crucial role in urban public transportation, but the traffic safety situation of taxi drivers is far from optimistic, especially considering the introduction of ride-hailing services into the taxi industry. This study conducted a comparative analysis of risk factors in crashes between traditional taxi drivers and ride-hailing taxi drivers in China, including their demographic characteristics, working conditions, and risky driving behaviors. The data was collected from 2,039 traditional taxi drivers and 2,182 ride-hailing taxi drivers via self-reported questionnaires. Four XGBoost models were established, taking into account different types of taxi drivers and crash types. All models showed acceptable performance, and SHAP explainer was used to analyze the model results. The results showed that for both taxi drivers, risk factors related to risky driving behaviors are more important in predicting property damage (PD) crashes, while risk factors related to working conditions are more important in predicting person injury (PI) crashes. However, the relative importance of each risk factor varied depending on the type of crashes and the type of taxi drivers involved. Furthermore, the results also validated certain interactions among the risk factors, indicating that the combination of certain factors generated a greater impact on crashes compared to individual factors alone. These findings can provide valuable insights for formulating appropriate measures to enhance road safety for taxi driver.

A Pilot Feasibility Study on the Use of Dual-Joystick-Operated Ride-on Toys in Upper Extremity Rehabilitation for Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy.

Children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) require task-oriented practice several hours per week to produce meaningful gains in affected upper extremity (UE) motor function. Clinicians find it challenging to provide services at the required intensity and sustain child engagement. This pilot study assessed the acceptance and utility of a child-friendly program using dual-joystick-operated ride-on toys incorporated into an intensive UE rehabilitation camp. Eleven children with UCP between four and 10 years received ride-on-toy navigation training for 20-30 min/day, five days/week, for three weeks as part of camp programming. We report session adherence and percent time children spent in task-appropriate attention/engagement across sessions. The overall effects of camp programming on children's motor function were assessed using the Shriner's Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) from pretest to posttest and using training-specific measures of bimanual UE use and navigational accuracy. Children showed excellent adherence and sustained task-appropriate engagement across sessions. The combined program led to improved navigational accuracy (p-values ≤ 0.007) as well as spontaneous affected UE use during bimanual activities outside the training context (p < 0.001). Our pilot study provides promising evidence for using modified, commercially available ride-on toys to incentivize rehabilitation and boost repetitive, task-oriented UE practice among children with UCP.

A Training Program Using Modified Joystick-Operated Ride-on Toys to Complement Conventional Upper Extremity Rehabilitation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Results from a Pilot Study.

The pilot study assessed the utility of a training program using modified, commercially available dual-joystick-operated ride-on toys to promote unimanual and bimanual upper extremity (UE) function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The ride-on-toy training was integrated within a 3-week, intensive, task-oriented training camp for children with CP. Eleven children with hemiplegia between 4 and 10 years received the ride-on-toy training program 20-30 min/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. Unimanual motor function was assessed using the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) before and after the camp. During ride-on-toy training sessions, children wore activity monitors on both wrists to assess the duration and intensity of bimanual UE activity. Video data from early and late sessions were coded for bimanual UE use, independent navigation, and movement bouts. Children improved their total and subscale QUEST scores from pretest to post-test while increasing moderate activity in their affected UE from early to late sessions, demonstrating more equal use of both UEs across sessions. There were no significant changes in the rates of movement bouts from early to late sessions. We can conclude that joystick-operated ride-on toys function as child-friendly, intrinsically rewarding tools that can complement conventional therapy and promote bimanual motor functions in children with CP.

Assessment of the impact of Uber system implementation on mortality from traffic injuries in Brazilian capital cities.

The rapid expansion of Uber Technologies, Inc.'s ride-sharing, courier service, and food delivery system and e-hailing applications has been transforming the logistics network and urban mobility around the world. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the Uber system on traffic injury (TI) mortality during its implementation in Brazilian capital cities. A quasiexperimental design of interrupted time series was used. The monthly mortality rates for TI standardized by age were analyzed. The date of availability of the Uber app, specific to each capital, was considered the start date. Data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. For the data analysis, from an interrupted time-series design, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models with a transfer function were fitted. In 92.6% (n = 25) of Brazilian capitals, there was no impact of Uber system implementation, 12 months after the start of its activities, on TI mortality. A reduction in mortality from this cause was observed after the system was implemented in Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro. The impact on TI mortality was progressive and continuous in both. More studies are needed to establish the factors associated with the inequalities observed in the impact of Uber system implementation between different locations and the heterogeneity of effects.

Evaluation of LVRT capability and stability analysis of VSC based advanced control approach for grid connected PV system under grid fault conditions.

Short circuit faults are a prevalent issue in power systems, causing disruptions to the grid's normal operation. Dynamic behaviours of the conventional power systems during short circuit faults have been extensively studied and understood. The bulk of ongoing research and development are focusing on the dynamic performance of grid-connected renewable energy systems under these fault conditions, due to changes in the grid code and a decrease in system inertia. The development of effective control strategies to enhance the system's reliability during fault conditions is of paramount importance. In this paper, a two-stages grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPV) having a rated power of 2 MW was created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The dynamic behaviour of the presented system was evaluated in two scenarios: steady state conditions and short circuit faults. A line-to-ground short circuit fault was created at the grid side, and its effect on the PV system's operation was observed. An advanced control system was designed to maintain stability during fault conditions. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the designated control system in minimizing the effects of short circuit faults on the GCPV system's function, and restoring the system promptly after the fault was cleared. Furthermore, considering modifications in grid regulations, the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the designed system was analysed and validated according to the UK standards. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) level at the common coupling point was also analysed for voltage and current, remaining below the acceptable level of 5% as specified in the IEEE Std. 519.

Investigating the Implications of Sexual Assaults with Ride-Sharing: A Call for Research.

Sexual assault rates are increasing with ride-shares. Sexual violence data are often underestimated due to sexual violence cases going unreported and can lead to negative health outcomes. There is no research on the phenomenon of sexual assaults among ride-share users. This manuscript investigates sexual assaults from two ride-share companies and the policies/procedures in place to prevent sexual assaults. The data from two ride-share companies' previous Safety Reports were compared to see an increase in sexual assaults. The researchers looked at policies and regulations that ride-share companies have to prevent sexual assault. There is a call for research to investigate more in-depth the sexual assaults that have occurred including demographic data, geographic location, global positioning system failure, and the effectiveness of the criminal background checks.

Analysis of modulations of mental fatigue on intra-individual variability from single-trial event related potentials.

BACKGROUND: Intra-individual variability (IIV), a measure of variance within an individual's performance, has been demonstrated as metrics of brain responses for neural functionality. However, how mental fatigue modulates IIV remains unclear. Consequently, the development of robust mental fatigue detection methods at the single-trial level is challenging. NEW METHODS: Based on a long-duration flanker task EEG dataset, the modulations of mental fatigue on IIV were explored in terms of response time (RT) and trial-to-trial latency variations of event-related potentials (ERPs). Specifically, latency variations were quantified using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to reconstruct latency-corrected ERPs. We compared reconstructed ERPs with raw ERPs by means of temporal principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, a single-trial classification pipeline was developed to detect the changes of mental fatigue levels. RESULTS: We found an increased IIV in the RT metric in the fatigue state compared to the alert state. The same sequence of ERPs (N1, P2, N2, P3a, P3b, and slow wave, or SW) was separated from both raw and reconstructed ERPs using PCA, whereas differences between raw and reconstructed ERPs in explained variances for separated ERPs were found owing to IIV. Particularly, a stronger N2 was detected in the fatigue than alert state after RIDE. The single-trial fatigue detection pipeline yielded an acceptable accuracy of 73.3%. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The IIV has been linked to aging and brain disorders, and as an extension, our finding demonstrates IIV as an efficient indicator of mental fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals significant modulations of mental fatigue on IIV at the behavioral and neural levels and establishes a robust mental fatigue detection pipeline.

The shareability potential of ride-pooling under alternative spatial demand patterns.

In In this study, we set out to explore how various spatial patterns of travel demand drive the effectiveness of ride-pooling services. To do so, we generate a broad range of synthetic, yet plausible demand patterns. We experiment with the number of attraction centres, the dispersion of destinations around these centres, and the trip length distribution. We apply a strategic ride-pooling algorithm across the generated demand patterns to identify shareability potential using a series of metrics related to ridepooling. Our findings indicate that, under a fixed demand level, vehicle-hour reduction due to ride-pooling can range between 18 and 59%. These results depend on the concentration of travel destinations around the centre and the trip length distribution. Ride-pooling becomes more efficient when trips are longer and destinations are more concentrated. A shift from a monocentric to a polycentric demand pattern is found to have a limited impact on the prospects of ride-pooling.