Influence of Scoring Systems on Mental Fatigue, Physical Demands, and Tactical Behavior during Soccer Large-Sided Games.

Constraints are common in soccer training to develop physical, technical-tactical, and mental training concurrently. This study examined how different scoring systems influence physical, tactical, and mental demands during large-sided games in soccer. Eighteen youth-elite male (17.39 ± 1.04 y) soccer players completed three 8 vs. 8 large-sided games where the different score systems were i) official score system (OSS; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal), ii) double the value of the goal-4 min (DVx4; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal from 0.00 to 7.59 min, and 1 goal = 2 goals from 8.00 to 12.00 min), and iii) double the value of the goal-8 min (DVx8; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal from 0.00 to 3.59 min, and 1 goal = 2 goals from 4.00 to 12.00 min). Physical demands and tactical behaviors were recorded during tasks using a global positioning system and video camera. Mental fatigue was recorded pre- and post-task using a visual analogue scale. Also, the ratio of perceived exertion and mental load were recorded after tasks were finished. Results reported the highest values of mental and physical demands in DVx4. Mental fatigue increased during all three large-sided games, although this increase was significantly higher in DVx4 compared with OSS (p = 0.006) and DVx8 (p = 0.027). Tactical behavior showed a trend towards more direct play during DVx4, which was less observed during DVx8, and not at all during OSS. In conclusion, changing the scoring system affects physical, tactical, and mental demands.

Protocol for the assessment of individual tactical behavior (padti) - validation and reproducibility: preliminary evidence / Protocolo de avaliação do desempenho tático individual (padti) - validação e reproditiblidade: evidências preliminares

ABSTRACT In order to carry out the process of validation and reproducibility of the Protocol for the Assessment of Individual Tactical Behavior of Soccer athletes (PADTI), a study was carried out divided into three stages: I) preparation of the PADTI; II) logical, content and construct validation and; III) reproducibility. The PADTI was developed based on the 8 fundamental tactical principles of soccer, which were inserted in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, used to collect, store and process the tactical actions of soccer players during the game. The PADTI validity process was performed by 8 professionals, using a spreadsheet to account for items using a Likert scale (5 points). Reproducibility was carried out in two moments with an interval of 15 days, using as a sample the tactical behaviors of the athletes of the Brazilian team, during a soccer match of the 2018 world cup. validity (IV) of 90%. There were no significant differences between the responses of the evaluators (χ² = 12.199; p = 0.094). The intraclass correlation (ICC) values were greater than 0.814 (CI: 95%: 0.251 - 0.954; p <0.001) and Cronbach's Alpha values were greater than α = 0.814. The results indicated that the PADTI is a valid and useful methodology for assessing the tactical performance of soccer players in a game situation.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de realizar o processo de validação e reprodutibilidade do Protocolo de Avaliação do Comportamento Tático Individual de atletas de Futebol (PADTI), foi realizado um estudo dividido em três etapas: I) elaboração do PADTI; II) validação lógica, de conteúdo e constructo e; III) reprodutibilidade. O PADTI foi elaborado com base nos 8 princípios táticos fundamentais do futebol, os quais foram inseridos em uma planilha do programa Microsoft Excel®, utilizada para coletar, armazenar e processar as ações táticas dos atletas de futebol durante o jogo. O processo de validade do PADTI, foi realizado por 8 profissionais, por meio de uma planilha para contabilizar os itens utilizando-se de uma escala likert (5 pontos). A reprodutibilidade foi realizada em dois momentos com intervalo de 15 dias, utilizando como amostra os comportamentos táticos dos atletas da seleção brasileira, durante uma partida de futebol da copa do mundo de 2018. O PADTI foi aprovado pela maioria dos avaliadores especialistas, com índice de validade (IV) de 90%. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre as repostas dos avaliadores (χ²=12,199; p = 0,094). Os valores de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foram superiores a 0,814 (IC: 95%: 0,251 - 0,954; p< 0,001) e os valores de Alpha de Cronbach foram superiores a α= 0,814. Os resultados indicaram que o PADTI é uma metodologia válida e útil para avaliação do desempenho tático de atletas de futebol em situação de jogo.

Applying Different Strategies of Task Constraint Manipulation in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games: How Do They Impact Physical and Tactical Demands?

This study aimed to investigate how different strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG). Ten recreational U-17 soccer players participated in this study (16.89 ± 0.11 years). We used different strategies of task manipulation to design two 4 vs. 4 SSCG: Structural SSCG and Functional SSCG. In Structural SSCG, pitch format and goal sizes were manipulated, while in Functional SSCG, players were allowed to kick the ball twice and at least 5 passes to shoot at the opponent's goal. Players participated in four Structural and Functional SSCG, of five minutes duration with a two-minute interval in between. Players' physical performance and tactical behavior were assessed using the WIMU PROTM inertial device. Structural SSCG stimulated players to cover more distance in sprinting (p = 0.003) and high-speed running (p < 0.001). Regarding tactical behavior, Structural SSCG stimulated players to explore game space better (p < 0.001). Moreover, Functional SSCG stimulated players to be closer to the ball, decreasing the effective playing space (p = 0.008). We conclude that these strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands of the game.

How Does Cognitive Effort Influence the Tactical Behavior of Soccer Players?

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between soccer players' cognitive effort and their tactical behavior. We assessed 52 young male soccer players from a first division Brazilian club, using FUT-SAT to evaluate tactical behavior efficiency and Mobile Eye Tracking-XG software and a video test protocol to measure pupillary behavior and cognitive effort. Following data collection, statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, and linear regression. We found a high inverse association between cognitive effort and tactical behavior efficiency; players with less cognitive effort during the task displayed higher values of tactical behavior efficiency on the field. We concluded that sustaining less cognitive effort in game situations helped players realize better tactical behavior and enabled better performance.

Maturation, signal detection, and tactical behavior of young soccer players in the game context.

This study examined the relationship between maturation and signal detection skills, as well as the effect of signal detection on the tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. Fifty-four male soccer players participated in the study (U-11, U-13, and U-15). Maturation was evaluated by the Khamis-Roche method, and peak height velocity was estimated. A computer-based test in the Vienna Test System® was used to assess signal detection skills, whereas tactical behavior efficiency was assessed using the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer. Descriptive analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Spearman bivariate correlation and the univariate analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) were performed. Effect sizes were reported as Cohen's d, and the significance level was set at p < .05. Relationships were observed between the percentage of predicted adult height and signal detection performance. Also, signal detection skills were found to affect the tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. It is concluded that the players, as seen more mature, can perceive the game faster and more effectively, and are able to provide quicker responses in the game context.

The influence of the offside rule on players' positional dynamics in soccer small-sided games.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on soccer small-sided games (SSGs) chose between with and without offside rule conditions without evidence-based criteria. The current study aimed to compare the positional dynamics of 3v3 SSGs with and without the offside rule. METHODS: Twenty-four Brazilian U-17 national-level soccer players were recruited. They were split into eight teams and played SSGs with and without the offside rule . Positional data were gathered by a Global Positioning System, and teams' length, width, the length per width ratio (LPWratio), stretch index and players' spatial exploration index were calculated. Data were compared between the experimental conditions by a paired t-test. RESULTS: Results showed that SSGs with the offside rule presented lower values of length (~16.63%, large effect), the LPWratio (~19.74%, large effect), and players' spatial exploration (~4.13%, small-to-moderate effect). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the offside rule impacts players' positional behavior in SSGs, inducing a less exploratory behavior mainly in the width axis. For this reason, we recommend caution when interpreting previous results on SSG when the offside rule was not applied since adopting this rule might elicit different responses to the players . Coaches can manipulate this rule aiming to achieve specific tactical goals for the training session.

What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga.

Soccer is a high-complexity sport in which 22 players interact simultaneously in a common space. The ball-holder interacts with their teammates by passing actions, establishing a unique communication among them in the development of the game in its offensive phase. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the pass action according to the trajectory of the ball receiver and the space for receiving the ball in terms of success at the end of play. Twenty La Liga 2018/2019 matches of two elite teams were analyzed. A system of notational analysis was used to create 11 categories based on context, timing and pass analysis. The data were analyzed using chi-squared analysis. The results showed that the main performance indicators were the efficiency of the pass, the zone of the field, the trajectory of the receiver and the reception space of the ball, which presented a moderate association with the end of play (p < 0.001). We concluded that receiving the ball on approach and in separation increased the probability of success by 5% and 7%, respectively, and a diagonal run increased the probability by 7%. Moreover, the combined analysis of these variables would improve the team performance.

Effects of Knowing the Task's Duration on Soccer Players' Positioning and Pacing Behaviour During Small-Sided Games.

The study aimed to identify how the manipulation of knowledge regarding a training task duration constrains the pacing and tactical behaviour of soccer players when playing small-sided games (SSG). Twenty professional and experienced soccer players participated in a cross-sectional field study using three conditions: not informed on the duration of the SSG, which ended after 20 min (Unknown Condition); briefed about playing the SSG for 10 min, but after they completed the 10-min game, they were requested to complete another 10 min (Partial Condition) and informed before that they would play for 20 min (Known Condition). A global positioning system was used to measure the total distance covered and distances of different exercise training zones (walking to sprinting) and to access the dynamic players positioning through the distance from each player to all the teammates and opponents. Additionally, approximate entropy was measured to identify the regularity pattern of each gathered individual variable. The results indicate that the first 10 min of each scenario presented a higher physical impact independently of the initial information. During this time, the tactical behaviour also revealed higher variability. An increase in the distance of the teammates during the second period of 10-min for the Known scenario was also found, which may result from a lower pacing strategy. This study showed that the prior knowledge of the task duration led to different physical and tactical behaviours of the players. Furthermore, the relationship between the physical impact and the regularity of team game patterns should be well analysed by the coach, because the physical impact may be harmful to the development of the collective organization of the team.

Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players.

The aim of this study was to explore how the use of temporary numerical imbalances during small-sided Game SSGs affects team's exploratory behaviors (i.e., variety and quantity of responses given in an ever-changing game context and its rate of change) in different age groups. Two different age groups (under-15 and under-23) of football players participated in the study. For each age group, three teams of five players played six small-sided games of 5 min duration in different conditions: (i) numerical balance (GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK); (ii) temporary numerical imbalance, which consisted of a numerical change of teammates and opponents every one minute. Latitude and longitude GPS coordinates were used to determine the positioning-derived variables. The dynamic overlap (i.e. the measure of average similarity of the game patterns that take place in increasingly larger time intervals) was used to provide information of the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior. The results revealed that the long-term exploratory breadth increased for the under-23 age group. Non-clear effects were found for the short-term rate of exploration, but with an increasing trend. In the under-15 group, the exploratory behavior was more likely to increase in the long term. The increase for the short-term rate of exploration was unclear, but it follows an increasing trend. These results suggest that the use of temporary numerical imbalances could offer coaches more dynamic training situations and different adaptive training environments similar to matches.

Changing Rules and Configurations During Soccer Small-Sided and Conditioned Games. How Does It Impact Teams' Tactical Behavior?

The present study aimed to investigate how team's tactical behavior varies within and between age categories in different Small-Sided and Conditioned Games' configurations and conditions. Twenty non-elite youth male soccer players (U15, n = 10, mean age = 13.5 ± 1.2 years; U17, n = 10, mean age = 16.3 ± 0.5 years) were selected. Thirty-six Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCG) were played in both categories, namely three Representative SSCG (R-SSCG), three Maintaining Ball Possession Games (MBPG) and three Progression to Target Games (PTG) performed for each configuration (Gk+3vs3+Gk and Gk+4vs4+Gk). Teams' tactical behavior was analyzed based on simple and composite performance indicators, as well as through Lag Sequential Analysis. Rules manipulation and SSCG configurations influenced teams' tactical behavior on both categories, but in different ways. Teams composed by younger players presented greater difficulties in MBPG played in smaller games configuration, while Gk+4vs4+Gk configuration can be used to enhance teams' tactical performance of younger players in R-SSCG and MBPG conditions. Moreover, increasing rules manipulations appeared to negatively impact on teams' exploratory behavior. Therefore, practitioners should carefully manipulate key constraints to adapt task demands to players' age category and training session's goals in order to enhance tactical performance.

How Does the Adjustment of Training Task Difficulty Level Influence Tactical Behavior in Soccer?

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate if player tactical skill level and age category influence team performance and player exploratory behavior in tasks with different difficulty levels. Method: In total, 48 youth male soccer players participated in the study (U15, n = 24, mean age = 13.06 ± 1.53 years; U17, n = 24, mean age = 16.89 ± 0.11 years). Player tactical skills were evaluated through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT), allowing them to be organized into three groups according to tactical efficiency: Higher tactical skill level (Group 01), Intermediate tactical skill level (Group 02), and Lower tactical skill level (Group 03). Next, Group 01 and Group 03 of both categories performed six Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCG) each, namely three High difficulty SSCGs and three Low difficulty SSCGs. Team performance and players' exploratory behavior were analyzed through the Offensive Sequences Characterization System and Lag Sequential Analysis, respectively. Results: We found that team performance and players' exploratory behavior were influenced both by the age and tactical skill level of the players, as well as by task difficulty level. Conclusion: Therefore, in an attempt to improve player performance, practitioners must carefully manipulate key task constraints to adapt training task difficulty levels to player age and tactical skill level.

Influence of Aerobic Power on Youth Players' Tactical Behavior and Network Properties during Football Small-Sided Games.

(1) Background: This study aimed to compare the incidence of tactical principles, the percentage of successful tactical principles, and the network properties between higher and lower aerobic power in young football players during small-sided games. (2) Methods: Eighteen Under-17 Brazilian players were recruited. Firstly, they performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, which was used to split them into two groups with higher and lower aerobic power. In the sequence, they played three vs three small-sided games within each group. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer was used to analyze the tactical behavior demonstrated by measuring the incidence of tactical principles and the percentage of successful principles, while the macro variables, density and clustering coefficient from social network analysis for team sports was used to analyze players' interactions. (3) Results: No differences were reported for the incidence of tactical principles (p > 0.05, small or small-to-moderate effect sizes), the percentage of successful offensive principles (p = 0.122, small-to-moderate effect size), or the network variables (p > 0.05; small effect sizes). The lower aerobic power group demonstrated a higher percentage of successful defensive tactical principles (p = 0.043; small-to-moderate effect size). (4) Conclusions: We concluded that aerobic power has a limited impact on player behavior, indicating that players' actions within a small-sided game are mostly constrained by other parameters.

Data-Driven Visual Performance Analysis in Soccer: An Exploratory Prototype.

In soccer, understanding of collective tactical behavior has become an integral part in sports analysis at elite levels. Evolution of technology allows collection of increasingly larger and more specific data sets related to sport activities in cost-effective and accessible manner. All this information is minutely scrutinized by thousands of analysts around the globe in search of answers that can in the long-term help increase the performance of individuals or teams in their respective competitions. As the volume of data increases in size, so does the complexity of the problem and the need for suitable tools that leverage the cognitive load involved in the investigation. It is proven that visualization and computer-vision techniques, correctly applied to the context of a problem, help data analysts focus on the relevant information at each stage of the process, and generally lead to a better understanding of the facts that lie behind the data. In the current study, we presented a software prototype capable of assisting researchers and performance analysts in their duty of studying group collective behavior in soccer games and trainings. We used geospatial data acquired from a professional match to demonstrate its capabilities in two different case studies. Furthermore, we successfully proved the efficiency of the different visualization techniques implemented in the prototype and demonstrated how visual analysis can effectively improve some of the basic tasks employed by sports experts on their daily work, complementing more traditional approaches.

Influência da eficiência do comportamento e da data de nascimento sobre o desempenho tático de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-13 / Influence of behavior efficiency and birthdate over tactical performance of U-13 youth soccer players / Influencia de la eficiencia del comportamiento y de la fecha de nacimiento en el rendimiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol de la categoría sub-13

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência da eficiência do comportamento (EC) e da data de nascimento (DN) sobre o desempenho tático (DT) de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-13. A amostra foi composta por 100 jogadores que fizeram 5.213 ações táticas. Usou-se o FUT-SAT para a coleta e análise dos dados. Foi usado o teste de regressão multinomial e adotou-se p < 0,05. Verificaram-se associações positivas entre a EC e o DN para os princípios "espaço", "contenção" e "equilíbrio" e entre a DN e o DT ofensivo para os jogadores do segundo quartil. Concluiu-se que uma melhor EC nos princípios "espaço", "contenção" e "equilíbrio", assim como a DN dos indivíduos, são fatores determinantes para o desempenho tático dos jogadores.

Abstract The aim of study was to analyze the influence of Tactical Behavior Efficiency (BE) and the Date of Birth over Tactical Performance (TP) of U-13 youth soccer players. The sample comprised 100 players who performed 5213 tactical actions. FUT-SAT have been used for data collection and analysis. Descriptive statistics were used as well as Multinomial Regression test with p < 0.05. Positive associations have been verified verified between BE and TP for the principles "Width and Length", "Delay" and "Balance", and between the date of Birth and offensive TP for players within the second quartile. It is concluded that a better BE for the principles "Width and Length", "Delay" and "Balance" as well as players' date of birth are determinant for tactical performance.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar la influencia de la eficiencia del comportamiento (EC) y la fecha de nacimiento (FN) en el rendimiento táctico (RT) de jugadores de fútbol de categoría sub-13. La muestra consistió en 100 jugadores que realizaron 5.213 acciones tácticas. Se utilizó el FUT-SAT para la recogida y análisis de datos. Se utilizó la prueba de regresión multinomial (p < 0,05). Se verificaron las asociaciones positivas entre la EC y el RT para los principios «espacio¼, «contención¼ y «equilibrio¼, y las asociaciones positivas entre la FN y el RT ofensivo de los jugadores del segundo cuartil. Se concluyó que una mejor EC en los principios «espacio¼, «contención¼ y «equilibrio¼, así como la FN de los jugadores fueron factores determinantes en el rendimiento táctico del jugador.

Exploring the effects of mental and muscular fatigue in soccer players' performance.

This study examined the effects of induced mental and muscular fatigue on soccer players' physical activity profile and collective behavior during small-sided games (SSG). Ten youth soccer players performed a 5vs5 SSG under three conditions: a) control, playing without any previous activity; b) muscular fatigue, playing after performing a repeated change-of-direction task; c) mental fatigue, playing after completing a 30 min Stroop color-word task. Players' positional data was used to compute time-motion and tactical-related variables. The muscular fatigue condition resulted in lower distances covered in high speeds (∼27%, 0.3; ±0.5) than the control condition. From the tactical perspective, the muscular fatigue condition resulted in lower distance between dyads and players spent ∼7% more time synchronized in longitudinal displacements than the control condition (0.3; ±0.3). Additionally, players spent ∼14% more time synchronized with muscular fatigue than with mental fatigue (0.7; ±0.3). The mental fatigue condition resulted in a very likely more predictable pattern in the distance between dyads than in muscular fatigue condition (0.4; ±0.2). Also, the mental fatigue possibly decreased the teams' stretch index when compared with control (0.2; ±0.3) and likely increased compared with muscular fatigue (0.5; ±0.5). The better levels of longitudinal synchronization after muscular fatigue, might suggest the usage of tactical-related tasks after intense exercise bouts. The lower physical performance and time spent longitudinally synchronized after mental fatigue, should alert to consider this variable before matches or training activities that aim to improve collective behavior.

Space Creation Dynamics in Basketball Small-Sided Games.

Space creation dynamics (SCDs) describe actions players perform to create a scoring opportunity. This study compared SCDs and types of offense during three different three versus three (3vs.3) basketball small-sided games (SSGs) played in half court: 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in half playing area (3vs.3HALF), 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in full playing area (3vs.3FULL), and 3vs.3 with reduced shot clock (3vs.3RT). We also investigated the efficacy of SCDs in all SSGs and the reliability of SCDs in 3vs.3HALF. While the efficacy of SCDs did not differ among these SSGs, 3vs.3RT presented significantly more "space creation with ball dribbled" and "shot clock violations," and less "on ball screens." 3vs.3FULL presented no differences in the SCDs and types of offense compared with 3vs.3HALF. Reliability within 3vs.3HALF was higher for "space creation with ball dribbled," "space creation without the ball," "set offenses," "fast breaks," and "loss of ball during passing or dribbling." We concluded that 3vs.3 basketball SSGs with different rules can be used for training different tactical behaviors important to formal games, especially since the 3vs.3HALF presented good reliability for many variables related to tactical behavior.

The influence of rules manipulation on offensive patterns during small-sided and conditioned games in football

Abstract This study analyzed the influence of rules manipulation on offensive patterns in different Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCGs). Fourteen young soccer players (13.82 ± 1.94 years) performed two different SSCG formats (6v6+Gk): Maintenance of Ball Possession Game (MPG) and Progression to the Target Game (PTG). Both games were played on a field 52 m long by 32 m wide. We used the Offensive Sequences Characterization System (OSCS) and SoccerEye software to analyze offensive sequences. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney test to compare variables that compose the OSCS between the two SSCGs, while the SDIS-GSEQ software allowed us to detect offensive patterns. We concluded that the rule manipulation of SSCGs influenced changes in teams' offensive patterns, in which they self-organized according to manipulation of key task constraints.

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DO COMPORTAMENTO TÁTICO DESEMPENHADO POR JOGADORES DE FUTEBOL DAS CATEGORIAS SUB-13 E SUB-15 / COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TACTICAL BEHAVIOR PERFORMED BY UNDER-13 AND UNDER-15 PLAYERS

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar as frequências dos comportamentos táticos desempenhados por jogadores de futebol das categorias Sub-13 e Sub-15. Foram realizadas 1.145 e 1.304 ações pelos jogadores das categorias Sub-13 e Sub-15, respectivamente. Para avaliar as ações táticas foi utilizado o instrumento de avaliação FUT-SAT. Utilizou-se o software SPSS for Windows(r), versão 19.0, para as análises descritivas, comparativas de frequência e percentual das ações táticas. Para a categoria Sub-13 os resultados indicaram maior frequência das ações táticas para os princípios ofensivos "Mobilidade" e "Unidade Ofensiva" e defensivamente, "Unidade defensiva" e "Contenção". Na categoria Sub-15, ofensivamente foram preponderantes diferenças para os princípios táticos "Espaço" e "Cobertura ofensiva", e defensivos, "Unidade defensiva" e "Contenção". Constatou-se que em ambas categorias, as equipes realizam um jogo ofensivo mais estático balizado por trocas de passes, e defensivamente, apoiam-se num jogo mais individual, em bloco baixo e desorganizado.

The present study wishes to analyse and compare frequency of tactical behaviour by football players of U-13 and U-15 category. 1.145 and 1.304 actions were accomplished by, respectively, to the U-13 and U-15 players. The evaluation instrument used was FUT-SAT to analysed tactical actions. Was used SPSS software for Windows(r), 19.0 version, to the descriptive analysis, comparative frequency and perceptual of tactical actions. To U-13 level the results shows a bigger frequency to tactical actions by offensive principles "Mobilit" and "Offensive Unit" and defensively, "Defensive Unit" and "Contention". Offensively at U-15 category were preponderant the difference of tactical principles "Space" and "Offensive Coverage" and defensively "Defensive Unit" and "Contention". In both categories was seen that the teams practiced a more static offensive game guided by passes, and defensively, they hold more an individual game, in an unorganized and low block.

Evidência de validade do teste de conhecimento tático processual para orientação esportiva - TCTP: OE / Validity evidence of procedural tactical knowledge test for sports guidance

Este estudo objetivou investigar a evidência de validade de conteúdo, de construto e confiabilidade do teste de conhecimento tático processual para orientação esportiva (TCTP: OE) de crianças e jovens nos jogos esportivos coletivos de invasão (basquetebol, futsal e handebol). No processo de validade de conteúdo participaram como juízes 11 técnicos, sendo três de basquetebol, quatro de futsal e quatro de handebol. Nos procedimentos empíricos a amostra foi composta por um total de 570 participantes. A média de idade dos participantes do estudo foi de 10,32 ± 1,45 anos. A validade de conteúdo foi determinada pelo cálculo do coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC). Utilizou-se análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) para a validade de construto. O método utilizado foi o de componentes principais com rotação ortogonal Varimax e normalização Kaiser. A Confiabilidade do TCTP: OE foi estabelecida, por meio do método teste re-teste em dias diferentes. A técnica usada foi a correlação intraclasse (ICC). Em relação à validade de conteúdo o CVC calculado para clareza da linguagem (CVCt = 0,83), pertinência prática (CVCt = 0,91) e relevância teórica (CVCt = 0,95) foi satisfatório. A análise fatorial exploratória confirmou a estrutura do modelo final com dois fatores, denominados de ataque e defesa, explicando em todos os casos acima de 66% da variância. Em relação à confiabilidade do instrumento o TCTP: OE apresentou valores satisfatórios e excelentes (ICC ≥ 0,4). Conclui-se que o TCTP: OE viabiliza a avaliação do jogador seja com mão/pé, o que determina uma avaliação condizente com os atuais preceitos da iniciação esportiva

This study aimed to investigate the evidence validate content, construct and test the reliability of procedural tactical knowledge for sporting orientation (TCTP: OE) of children and youth in sports games collective invasion (basketball, futsal and handball). In the process of content validity participated as judges 11 technicians, and 3 basketball, 4-five side indoor football, and 4 handball. In empirical procedures to sample comprised a total of 570 participants. The average age of study participants was 10.32 ± 1.45 years. Content validity was determined by calculating the coefficient of content validity (CVC). We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for construct validity. The method used was principal components with Varimax orthogonal rotation and Kaiser normalization. The reliability of the TCTP: EO was established through the test-retest method on different days. The technique used was the intraclass correlation (ICC). Regarding content validity of the CVC calculated for clarity of language (CVCt = 0.83), practical relevance (CVCt = 0.91) and theoretical relevance (CVCt = 0.95) was satisfactory. Factor analysis confirmed the structure of the final model with two factors, called attack and defense, explaining in all cases over 66% of the variance. Regarding the reliability of the instrument TCTP: OE showed satisfactory values and excellent (ICC ≥ 0.4). We conclude that the TCTP: OE enables the evaluation of the player is with hand / foot, which determines an assessment consistent with current precepts of sport initiation

Relação entre impulsividade e comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol Sub-11 / Relation between impulsivity and tactical behavior of Under-11 youth soccer players / Relación entre impulsividad y comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol Sub-11

O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar de que forma a impulsividade se relaciona com os comportamentos táticos de jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub- -11. A amostra foi composta por 30 jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-11. O instrumento utilizado para avaliar os comportamentos táticos foi o FUT-SAT, e, para avaliação da impulsividade, adotou-se a versão brasileira do Iowa Gambling Task (IGT-Br). Utili­zaram-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a distribuição dos dados e o teste de correlação de Pearson a fim de examinar a correlação entre as variáveis (p < 0,05). Verificou-se uma correlação negativa entre a impulsividade e a realização do princípio tático ofensivo de mobilidade. Dessa forma, jogadores menos impulsivos têm maiores chances de realizar comportamentos associados a esse princípio de maneira efetiva. Conclui-se que a impulsividade se relaciona com o comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-11, especificamente no princípio da mobilidade.

The aim of this study is to examine how impulsivity relates to the tactical behavior of under-11 youth soccer players. The sample comprised 30 Under-11 youth soccer players. FUT-SAT was used to assess the tactical behavior and the Iowa Gambling Task Brazilian version (IGT-Br) was used to evaluate impulsivity. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to verify data distribution and Pearson correlation was used to verify the correlation between the variables (p < 0.05). Negative correlation between impulsivity and the performance of the offensive tactical principle of depth mobility was verified. Therefore, less impulsive players are more likely to engage in behaviors associated with this principle. It was concluded that the impulsivity relate to the tactical behavior of Under-11 youth soccer players, specifically with the principle of depth mobility.

El objetivo del estudio es comprobar cómo la impulsividad se relaciona con el comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol Sub-11. La muestra consistió en 30 jugadores de fútbol Sub-11. El instrumento utilizado para evaluar los comportamientos tácticos fue el FUT-SAT y para evaluación de la impulsividad se utilizó el Iowa Gambling Task versión brasileña (IGT-Br). Se utilizó el teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificar la distribución de los datos y el teste de correlación de Pearson para comprobar la correlación entre las variables (p < 0,05). Se verificó una correlación negativa entre la impulsividad y la realización del principio táctico ofensivo de mobilidad. Así los jugadores menos impulsivos son más propensos a involucrarse en comportamientos asociados con este principio de manera efectiva. Se concluyó que la impulsividad se relación com el comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol Sub-11, específicamente el principio de la mobilidad.