Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Hematologic Malignancies: Innovations and Potential.

In this review we explore innovative approaches in the treatment of hematologic cancers by combining various therapeutic modalities. We discuss the synergistic potential of combining inhibitors targeting different cellular pathways with immunotherapies, molecular therapies, and hormonal therapies. Examples include combining PI3K inhibitors with proteasome inhibitors, NF-κB inhibitors with immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, and neddylation inhibitors with therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of small molecules and peptide inhibitors in hematologic cancer treatment. These multidimensional therapeutic combinations present promising strategies for enhancing treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance mechanisms. However, further clinical research is required to validate their effectiveness and safety profiles in hematologic cancer patients.

Exploring the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: An Educational Literature Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant challenge to global health. It is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration and increased rates of morbidity and mortality among older adults. Among the various pathophysiologies of AD, mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing conditions such as increased reactive oxygen production, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, and impaired mitochondrial dynamics, plays a pivotal role. This review comprehensively investigates the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, focusing on aspects such as glucose metabolism impairment, mitochondrial bioenergetics, calcium signaling, protein tau and amyloid-beta-associated synapse dysfunction, mitophagy, aging, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondria-localized microRNAs, genetics, hormones, and the electron transport chain and Krebs cycle. While lecanemab is the only FDA-approved medication to treat AD, we explore various therapeutic modalities for mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, including antioxidant drugs, antidiabetic agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (FDA-approved to manage symptoms), nutritional supplements, natural products, phenylpropanoids, vaccines, exercise, and other potential treatments.

Exploration of medicinal plants as potential therapeutics against COVID-19: molecular insights and drug development prospects with other significant medicinal information a retrospective exposition.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to explore the potential of medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents as effective inhibitors of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The focus is on investigating specific medicinal plants known for their pharmacological properties, such as: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, to determine their viability in developing COVID-19 treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involves a comprehensive study of medicinal plants, including: Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil), known for their beneficial health effects. Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess the interactions between phytoconstituents from these plants and SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The compounds' drug-like characteristics and safety profiles were also evaluated to determine their potential as therapeutic agents. RESULTS: The molecular docking studies revealed that the phytoconstituents from the studied medicinal plants exhibit favourable interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteins, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. These compounds demonstrated promising drug-like characteristics and safety profiles, indicating their suitability for further development as COVID-19-fighting medications. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that medicinal plants and their bioactive substances hold significant potential for developing therapies against COVID-19. The ability of these organic substances to interact with key viral proteins and provide various therapeutic benefits highlights their potential as multi-functional treatment options. However, further research is necessary to confirm these findings and to understand the full scope of their therapeutic efficacy and safety in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: Medicinal plants and their phyto-constituents represent a promising avenue for developing effective treatments for COVID-19. The favourable interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the promising drug-like characteristics observed in this study suggest that these natural compounds could be integral in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research and clinical trials are essential to fully validating their potential and translating these findings into practical medical applications.

Meeting proceedings of the 43rd Indian Association for Cancer Research (IACR).

The 43rd Annual Conference of the Indian Association of Cancer Research (IACR) was held between 19th and 22nd January 2024 at the Indian Institute of Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally; efforts have been made to understand and treat this deadly disease for several decades. The 43rd IACR, organised by Mayurika Lahiri, Kundan Sengupta, Nagaraj Balasubramanian, Mridula Nambiar, Krishanpal Karmodiya, and Siddhesh Kamat, highlighted recent advances in cancer research, with implications in therapeutics at the forefront of the discussions. The meeting proved to be a promising platform for cancer researchers ranging from graduate and postdoctoral students to subject experts in varied aspects of cancer biology to showcase their research, ideate with their peers, and form collaborations.

Research progress in tumor therapy of carrier-free nanodrug.

Carrier-free nanodrugs are a novel type of drug constructed by the self-assembly of drug molecules without carrier involvement. They have the characteristics of small particle size, easy penetration of various barriers, targeting tumors, and efficient release. In recent years, carrier-free nanodrugs have become a hot topic in tumor therapy as they solve the problems of low drug loading, poor biocompatibility, and low uptake efficiency of carrier nanodrugs. A series of recent studies have shown that carrier-free nanodrugs play a vital role in the treatment of various tumors, with similar or better effects than carrier nanodrugs. Based on the literature published in the past decades, this paper first summarizes the recent progress in the assembly modes of carrier-free nanodrugs, then describes common therapeutic modalities of carrier-free nanodrugs in tumor therapy, and finally depicts the existing challenges along with future trends of carrier-free nanodrugs. We hope that this review can guide the design and application of carrier-free nanodrugs in the future.

Prescribing Blood Flow Restricted Exercise: Limb Composition Influences the Pressure Required to Create Arterial Occlusion.

CONTEXT: As blood flow restriction gains popularity across different populations (eg, young and older adults) and settings (eg, clinical and sports rehabilitation), the accuracy of blood flow restricted percentage becomes crucial. We aimed to compare manually measured arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) among young adults to understand whether lower limb composition affects the pressure required to achieve AOP. The results will shed light on the adequacy of published calculations used to estimate AOP in practical and research settings. DESIGN: An observational cross-sectional study design was implemented to examine the relationship between lower limb composition, lower limb circumference, and measured AOP. METHODS: Twenty-two participants (12 males, 26 [4] y, 1.74 [0.07] m, 73.2 [12.5] kg) underwent a whole-body Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scan before AOP (in millimeters of mercury) and lower limb circumference (in centimeters) were determined. In a supine position, a 10-cm wide cuff was manually inflated on the dominant leg to the point where a pulse could no longer be detected by a Doppler ultrasound of the posterior tibial artery to determine AOP. Lower limb composition (fat, muscle, and bone mass [in grams]) was obtained from the Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scan. RESULTS: Lower limb muscle mass had a moderate negative relationship with AOP (r2 = .433, ß = -0.004) and a moderate positive relationship with lower limb circumference (r2 = .497, ß = 0.001). Lower limb circumference had the weakest relationship with AOP (r2 = .316, ß = 0.050) of all measures. CONCLUSIONS: The reported relationships between lower limb muscle mass, lower limb circumference, and AOP suggest that as muscle mass increases, lower limb circumference also increases, yet AOP decreases. This implies that limb circumference should not be used as the primary measure for calculating AOP within the sampled population. We recommend individually measuring AOP when implementing blood flow restriction in all exercise modalities.

Colorectal cancer screening: The value of early detection and modern challenges.

The screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) is pivotal for both the prevention and treatment of this disease, significantly improving early-stage tumor detection rates. This advancement not only boosts survival rates and quality of life for patients but also reduces the costs associated with treatment. However, the adoption of CRC screening methods faces numerous challenges, including the technical limitations of both noninvasive and invasive methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, socioeconomic factors such as regional disparities, economic conditions, and varying levels of awareness affect screening uptake. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further intensified these cha-llenges, leading to reduced screening participation and increased waiting periods. Additionally, the growing prevalence of early-onset CRC necessitates innovative screening approaches. In response, research into new methodologies, including artificial intelligence-based systems, aims to improve the precision and accessibility of screening. Proactive measures by governments and health organizations to enhance CRC screening efforts are underway, including increased advocacy, improved service delivery, and international cooperation. The role of technological innovation and global health collaboration in advancing CRC screening is undeniable. Technologies such as artificial intelligence and gene sequencing are set to revolutionize CRC screening, making a significant impact on the fight against this disease. Given the rise in early-onset CRC, it is crucial for screening strategies to continually evolve, ensuring their effectiveness and applicability.

Treatment modalities for granulomatous mastitis, seeking the most appropriate treatment with the least recurrence rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease with an unknown etiology that predominantly affects women of reproductive age. The definitive treatment of GM is currently controversial; an appropriate therapeutic strategy has yet to be identified, and the disease's high recurrence rate remains. This study aims to determine the recurrence rate for each GM treatment strategy to identify the most appropriate treatment modality. METHODS: The search for relevant articles was undertaken using three international databases, including Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles published in English until the end of 2021 evaluating the recurrence rate of GM were included. Using Stata 13.0, the pooled incidence and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the recurrence rate were determined. RESULTS: Sixty-five eligible studies were included in our study. The recurrence rates of systemic steroid use, topical steroid use, antibiotic use, methotrexate use, observation, drainage, excision, antibiotic use and surgery, steroid use and surgery, antibiotic and steroid use, methotrexate and steroid use were 24% (95% CI: 21-27%), 11% (95% CI: 6-21%), 18% (95% CI: 14-22%), 13% (95% CI: 7-22%), 11% (95% CI: 7-17%), 65% (95% CI: 50-78%), 13% (95% CI: 10-16%), 23% (95% CI: 14-36%), 7% (95% CI: 5-11%), 11% (95% CI: 6-18%), and 4% (95% CI: 2-8%), respectively. Drainage had the highest recurrence rate, while combined methotrexate and steroid treatment had the lowest rate. CONCLUSION: The optimal treatment strategy for GM depends on the disease's severity, consequences, and the patient's features. The study results indicate that combination therapy is preferable for minimizing the risk of relapse and reducing treatment complications.

A Review on Novel Therapeutic Modalities and Evidence-based Drug Treatments against Allergic Rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated atopic disease that occurs due to inhaled antigens in the immediate phase. Misdiagnosis, insufficient treatment, or no treatment at all are frequent problems associated with the widespread condition known as chronic allergic rhinitis. AR symptoms include runny, itchy, stuffy, and sneezing noses. Asthma and nasal polyps, for example, sometimes occur simultaneously in patients. In order for people living with AR to be as comfortable and productive as possible, treatment should center on reducing their symptoms. The online sources and literature, such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Medline, were reviewed to gather information regarding therapeutic modalities of AR and evidence-based treatments for the disease as the objectives of the present study. An increasing number of people are suffering from AR, resulting in a heavy financial and medical burden on healthcare systems around the world. Undertreating AR frequently results in a decline in quality of life. Treatment compliance is a critical challenge in the administration of AR. Innovative therapies are needed for RA to provide patients with symptom alleviation that is less expensive, more effective, and longer duration of action. Evidence-based guidelines are helpful for managing AR illness. Treating AR according to evidence-based standards can help in disease management. AR treatment includes allergen avoidance, drug therapy, immunotherapy, patient education, and follow-up. However, AR treatment with intranasal corticosteroids is more popular. Hence, in this review article, treatment options for AR are discussed in depth. We also discussed the incidence, causes, and new treatments for this clinical condition.

Cutting-Edge Therapies for Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains a formidable global health challenge that necessitates inventive strategies to improve its therapeutic outcomes. The conventional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have demonstrated limitations in achieving sustained responses. Therefore, exploring novel approaches encompasses a range of interventions that show promise in enhancing the outcomes for patients with advanced or refractory cases of lung cancer. These groundbreaking interventions can potentially overcome cancer resistance and offer personalized solutions. Despite the rapid evolution of emerging lung cancer therapies, persistent challenges such as resistance, toxicity, and patient selection underscore the need for continued development. Consequently, the landscape of lung cancer therapy is transforming with the introduction of precision medicine, immunotherapy, and innovative therapeutic modalities. Additionally, a multifaceted approach involving combination therapies integrating targeted agents, immunotherapies, or traditional cytotoxic treatments addresses the heterogeneity of lung cancer while minimizing its adverse effects. This review provides a brief overview of the latest emerging therapies that are reshaping the landscape of lung cancer treatment. As these novel treatments progress through clinical trials are integrated into standard care, the potential for more effective, targeted, and personalized lung cancer therapies comes into focus, instilling renewed hope for patients facing challenging diagnoses.

Medication Adherence in Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Review.

Cancer is a complex disease that can affect different parts of the body. The rates of cancer have shown an increasing trend in the past decade. A majority of cancers are detected late, therefore becoming untreatable and resulting in significant mortality. Additionally, the lack of awareness about cancers, their risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and preventive measures contributes to increased burden among people. Despite significant developments in the therapeutic and comprehensive management of cancers, the cause for concern is the lack of medication adherence. This is majorly attributed to the adverse effects of the medication, the cost of the drugs, and other reasons. This review comprehensively discusses various aspects of cancer medication adherence that include therapeutic modalities for treating cancers, factors influencing medication adherence, barriers, and facilitators to medication adherence.

Targeting Gut Dysbiosis and Microbiome Metabolites for the Development of Therapeutic Modalities for Neurological Disorders.

The gut microbiota, composed of numerous species of microbes, works in synergy with the various organ systems in the body to bolster our overall health and well-being. The most well-known function of the gut microbiome is to facilitate the metabolism and absorption of crucial nutrients, such as complex carbohydrates, while also generating vitamins. In addition, the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Host genetics, including specific genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The gut microbiome dysbiosis also plays a role in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative disorders, thus perturbing the gut-brain axis. Overproduction of certain metabolites synthesized by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and p-cresyl sulfate, are known to interfere with microglial function and trigger misfolding of alpha-synuclein protein, which can build up inside neurons and cause damage. By determining the association of the gut microbiome and its metabolites with various diseases, such as neurological disorders, future research will pave the way for the development of effective preventive and treatment modalities.

Interactions Between Biologic Therapies and Other Treatment Modalities.

Biologic therapies are becoming increasingly utilized by veterinarians. The literature regarding the interaction of biologic therapies with other therapeutics is still in its infancy. Initial studies have examined the effects of exercise, stress, various pharmaceutical interventions, extracorporeal shockwave, therapeutic laser, and hyperbaric oxygen on biologic therapies. Continued research is imperative as owners and veterinarians increasingly choose a multimodal approach to injury and illness. Further, understanding the effects of concurrently administered treatments and pharmaceuticals as well as the health status of the horse is imperative to providing the optimal therapeutic outcome.

Nanotheranostics: The Fabrication of Theranostics with Nanoparticles and their Application to Treat the Neurological Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Theranostics is a method that focuses on providing patient-centred care and is evolving as a targeted, safe, and effective pharmacotherapy. Nanotheranostics combines diagnosis and therapeutic modalities that bridge traditional treatment and personalised medicine. Theranostics provides novel ideas for nanotechnology. This review describes the current state of nanotechnology-based therapies used to treat neurological illnesses. Some patents on theranostics are also discussed in this review. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide a more comprehensive review of the diagnosis and therapeutic properties of nanotheranostics, the present state of nanotechnology-based treatment of neurological disorders, and the future potential of theranostics. METHOD: The phrase "theranostics" refers to a treatment strategy that integrates therapeutics and diagnostics to monitor treatment response and enhance drug efficacy and safety. Theranostics is a crucial component of personalised medicine and calls for significant advancements in predictive medicine. The term "theranostics" refers to a diagnosis that screens patients for potential adverse drug reactions and targets drug delivery depending on the test results. Theranostics treats neurological disorders (like brain tumours (glioma), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and neurovascular diseases). Many review articles on Google Scholar, PubMed, Google Patents, and Scopus were used to gather information for this review. Data acquired from many sources was compiled in this review to provide more information on theranostics. RESULT: The role of various nanocarrier systems as theranostic agents for neurological illnesses and the fabrication of nanomaterials for theranostics are discussed in this article after evaluating a substantial number of review articles. CONCLUSION: The distinctive intrinsic features of nanoparticles make them useful for functionalization and imaging. Theranostics in nuclear medicine include diagnostic imaging and therapy using the same molecule that is radiolabeled differently or the same medication at various doses. It is possible to determine if a patient will benefit from a given treatment by visualising potential targets. Targeted nuclear therapy has been shown to be beneficial in patients if chosen carefully and has a good safety profile.

Recently Approved Drugs for Lowering and Controlling Intraocular Pressure to Reduce Vision Loss in Ocular Hypertensive and Glaucoma Patients.

Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention.

Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Increased Hamstring Mobility.

CONTEXT: Limited research reveals that the use of different soft tissue mobilization techniques increases tissue mobility in different regions of the body. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference between administering instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and therapeutic cupping (TC) on hamstring tightness. DESIGN: Subjects attended one session wherein treatment and leg order were randomized before attending the session. A statistical analysis was completed using a 2 (intervention) × 2 (time) repeated-measures analysis of variance at α level ≤ .05. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three subjects between the age of 18-35 years old with bilateral hamstring tightness participated in this study. INTERVENTIONS: The IASTM and TC were administered on different legs for 5 minutes and over the entire area of the hamstring muscles. One TC was moved over the entire treatment area in a similar fashion as the IASTM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The intervention measurements included soreness numeric rating scale, Sit-n-Reach (single leg for side being tested), goniometric measurement for straight-leg hip-flexion motion, and superficial skin temperature. The timeline for data collection included: (1) intervention measurements for the first randomized leg, (2) 5-minute treatment with the first intervention treatment, (3) intervention measurements repeated for postintervention outcomes, and (4) repeat the same steps for 1 to 3 with the contralateral leg and the other intervention. RESULTS: There was a main effect over time for Sit-n-Reach, measurement (pre-IASTM-29.50 [8.54], post-IASTM-32.11 [8.31] and pre-TC-29.67 [8.21], post-TC-32.05 [8.25]) and goniometric measurement (pre-IASTM-83.45 [13.86], post-IASTM-92.73 [13.20] and pre-TC-83.76 [11.97], post-TC-93.67 [12.15]; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Both IASTM and TC impacted hamstring mobility during a single treatment using only an instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization technique without any additional therapeutic intervention.

Effectiveness of Dry Cupping as a Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis: A Critically Appraised Topic.

CLINICAL SCENARIO: Plantar fasciitis is a very common pathology experienced by a wide array of individuals in the United States. Patients most commonly experience tightness and pain along the plantar aspect of their foot and on the medial side of the heel. A variety of treatment methods have been used to improve the pain levels and function of patients with plantar fasciitis. An emerging treatment method for plantar fasciitis is dry cupping, where negative pressure is created to increase blood flow to the injured area and facilitate the healing process. CLINICAL QUESTION: Is there evidence to suggest dry cupping is effective at improving pain and function for patients experiencing plantar fasciitis when compared with therapeutic exercise or electrical stimulation? SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS: Three studies examining the effectiveness of dry cupping for the treatment of plantar fasciitis were included in this review. Two studies compared dry cupping to therapeutic exercises and stretching, and 1 study used electrical stimulation. CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE: There is moderate evidence to support the use of dry cupping to improve pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: There is level B evidence to support dry cupping as an effective treatment method for improving pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis as compared with therapeutic exercise and electrical stimulation.

Effectiveness of conservative therapeutic modalities for temporomandibular disorders-related pain: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of conservative different therapeutic modalities for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE (PubMed) database to identify the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published between 2001 and 2021. The following, simple or multiple conjunctions, search keywords were selected: TMD pain, TMD management or conservative treatment or treatment strategies and TMD pain, therapeutic modalities or interventions and TMD. Studies included must have patients older than 18 years, with painful TMD, which diagnosis was performed by Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD or Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Outcome variables were pain relief and post treatment pain intensity reduction. Data were analysed with non-parametric tests and the level of significance was set at p<.05. RESULTS: Out of 1599 articles obtained, 28 RCTs fulfilled all selection criteria and were included. The results of this study show that there was a significant decrease in short-term post-treatment TMD pain with the use of occlusal splint alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities when compared with the control group. Statistically significant differences were also detected between laser and photobiomodulation group and the control, in short-term treatment TMD-related pain. CONCLUSIONS: The primary findings of the present systematic review showed that the occlusal splint alone or combined with other therapeutic intervention presented positive effect on short-term TMD pain reduction. Secondary outcome suggests that laser and photobiomodulation therapy had, also, a significant role in short term pain relief.

Comprehensive view on genetic features, therapeutic modalities and prognostic models in adult T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.

Adult T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that differs from pediatric T-LBL and has a worse prognosis. Due to its rarity, little is known about the genetic and molecular characteristics, optimal treatment modalities, and prognostic factors of adult T-LBL. Therefore, we summarized the existing studies to comprehensively discuss the above issues in this review. Genetic mutations of NOTCH1/FBXW7, PTEN, RAS, and KMT2D, together with abnormal activation of signaling pathways, such as the JAK-STAT signaling pathway were described. We also discussed the therapeutic modalities. Once diagnosed, adult T-LBL patients should receive intensive or pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia regimen and central nervous system prophylaxis as soon as possible, and cranial radiation-free protocols are appropriate. Mediastinal radiotherapy improves clinical outcomes, but adverse events are of concern. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be considered for adult T-LBL patients with high-risk factors or those with relapsed/refractory disease. Besides, several novel prognostic models have been constructed, such as the 5-miRNAs-based classifier, 11-gene-based classifier, and 4-CpG-based classifier, which have presented significant prognostic value in adult T-LBL.

Vitiligo and the Role of Newer Therapeutic Modalities.

Our understanding of the etiology of vitiligo, which is now categorically recognized as an autoimmune illness characterized by the occurrence of chalky-white patches over the skin as a consequence of focal melanocyte loss, has made significant strides in recent years. The notion that vitiligo results from a mix of etiologic factors that affect melanocyte functionality rather than solely due to underlying mutations, melanocytes reacting to chemical or radiation exposure, or hyperreactive T cells, has undoubtedly remained consistent. Since then, new research has contributed to our understanding of gradual depigmentation. The next stage of vitiligo research-the expansion of efficient therapeutic modalities-will be propelled by knowledge of the relative significance of such etiologic aspects and a thorough evaluation of the most targetable pathways. Although vitiligo is frequently written off as a cosmetic issue, it can have terrible psychological implications and significantly interfere with daily activities. A patient's interpersonal and social conduct may be impacted by their perception of stigmatization, which ultimately raises their chance of developing depression. This review is a summary of various theories of the pathogenesis of vitiligo as well as an overview of the therapeutic modalities that are currently available for the same.