Process Optimization and Characterization of Polysaccharides with Potential Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity from Cissus repens.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Cissus repens polysaccharides (CRPs) was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum CRPs yield (16.18%) was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extraction time 72 min, extraction temperature 74 ℃, extraction power 240 W. Then three-phase partitioning (TPP) method combined with gradient alcohol precipitation was used to obtained CRP20, CRP40, CRP60 and CRP80 from CRPs, and CRP80 has a higher purity than others. The primary chemical and structural characteristics of CRP80 were investigated by UV, FT-IR, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). CRP80 is mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose, with a molecular weights of approximately 2.95 kDa. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and hypoglyceamic activity of CRP80 in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that CRP80 had strong scavenging activities on ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, as well as high scavenging activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our research provided an efficient method for the extraction of polysaccharides from C. repens and CRP80 has potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agent for the functional food and medicinal industries.

Effect of ultrasonic and conventional extraction on bioactive components, glucosinolate content and antidiabetic activity of Crambe tataria.

This study was conducted to determine and compare the phenolic compounds, glucosinolate contents and antidiabetic effects of the extracts obtained by ultrasonic and conventional extraction method of the leaves and flowers of the Crambe tataria. The highest antioxidant activity (12.95 mg/mL IC50 value) and total phenolic content (1313.57 mg GAE/100 g fw) were detected in the ultrasonic flower extract. In total flavonoid results, extracts obtained from the flower part of C. tataria had higher values than that of extracts obtained from the leaf part. The most abundant phenolic component in the flower extract was catechin. The highest catechin content in all samples was detected in the ultrasonic flower extract with a value of 374.37 mg/kg. Rutin was the dominant phenolic component in the leaf extract. Rutin values were 654.38 mg/kg and 757.30 mg/kg for conventional and ultrasonic extraction, respectively. In glucosinolate analysis, the highest glucoraphanin content was obtained in flower samples and by conventional extraction method (3466.84 mg/kg). The highest contents of sinigrin (689.97 mg/kg), glucotropaeolin (420.89 mg/kg), glucoerucin (357.27 mg/kg), glucoraphasatin (181.11 mg/kg) and gluconasturtin (66.07 mg/kg) were detected in ultrasonic flower extracts. The highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition effects belonged to the ultrasonic flower extract with values of 3.70 mg/mL and 4.89 mg/mL, respectively. As a result, this study determined for the first time that ultrasonic extraction of C. tataria flowers has much higher bioactive components and antidiabetic effects, revealing the potential use of this plant in the fields of medicine, pharmacology and chemistry.

Green Approaches for the Extraction of Banana Peel Phenolics Using Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Banana peels, comprising about 35% of the fruit's weight, are often discarded, posing environmental and economic issues. This research focuses on recycling banana peel waste by optimizing advanced extraction techniques, specifically microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), for the isolation of phenolic compounds. A choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with glycerol in a 1:3 ratio with a water content of 30% (w/w) was compared to 30% ethanol. Parameters, including sample-to-solvent ratio (SSR), extraction time, and temperature for MAE or amplitude for UAE, were varied. Extracts were analyzed for hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using FRAP and ABTS assays. DES outperformed ethanol, with HCA content ranging from 180.80 to 765.92 mg/100 g and flavonoid content from 96.70 to 531.08 mg/100 g, accompanied by higher antioxidant activity. Optimal MAE conditions with DES were an SSR of 1:50, a temperature of 60 °C, and a time of 10 min, whereas an SSR of 1:60, time of 5 min, and 75% amplitude were optimal for UAE. The polyphenolic profile of optimized extracts comprised 19 individual compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. This study concluded that DESs, with their superior extraction efficiency and environmental benefits, are promising solvents for the extraction of high-value bioactive compounds from banana peels and offer significant potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparative study of polyphenol extraction using physical techniques and water as a solvent: a sustainable approach for the valorization of apple pomace.

Apples are among the most commonly cultivated fruits globally. Approximately 65% of annual apple production is transformed into apple juice concentrate generating a large amount of waste material named apple pomace, which includes seeds, skin, and other components. Disposing of apple by-products directly into the environment constitutes a source of environmental pollution due to its high-water content and easily fermentable nature. Apple pomace is rich in polyphenols that can be utilized as active components in cosmetic, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical products. The present study aims to describe and compare different physical methods for the extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace. Water was used as the extraction solvent in thermal-stirred extraction (TSE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The best extraction conditions were identified in terms of solid to solvent ratio, temperature, power, and time through a kinetic study. The best extraction parameters were compared environmentally on a pilot scale through a life cycle assessment (LCA). All the results demonstrated the MAE is the best technique to extract polyphenol from apple pomace in terms yield and environmental impact proving that it is possible to transform waste into a sustainable source of bioactive ingredients.

Optimised phycoerythrin extraction method from Porphyridium sp. combining imidazolium-based ionic liquids.

Phycoerythrin (PE) extraction from Porphyridium sp. was studied employing ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with aqueous mixtures of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) simultaneously, marking a significant novelty. A face-centred central composite design and response surface optimised PE yield (EPE), considering the effects of ionic liquid concentration (IL), [Emim][EtSO4]/[Bmim][EtSO4] mass ratio (E/B), biomass concentration (BM), and time (t). Improvements in EPE by 300 % and 115 % were achieved compared to a phosphate buffer solution and the freeze-thaw method, respectively. Temperature and pH effects were examined independently, leading to the determination of optimal operating conditions: BM = 10 mg mL-1, IL = 18.6 wt%, E/B = 0.78/0.22, t = 10 min, T = 35 °C, and pH = 7.5. Results indicated the potential for reusing the ILs for at least five consecutive extraction cycles, maintaining an EPE of 94.2 % compared to fresh ones. This underscores the success and innovation of the developed technology in enhancing PE extraction from Porphyridium sp.

Valorizing date seeds through ultrasonication to enhance quality attributes of dough and biscuit, Part-1: Effects on dough rheology and physical properties of biscuits.

In the present study, non-conventional and green technology (ultrasonication) was utilized to recover bioactive compounds from the small, medium and large sized defatted date seed powder (DDSP) particles. Bioactive compounds recovered from DDSP and the remaining fiber-rich residue were incorporated as functional ingredient in the biscuit dough to enhance the functionality and the quality characteristics of the dough and biscuit. The polyphenolic extract and 2.5 %, 5 % and 7.5 % substitution levels of fiber-rich extraction residue were incorporated in formulations followed by investigating the effect on rheological, physical and microstructural properties of dough and biscuit. Loss and storage moduli, G'' and G', respectively, of dough increased with decreasing particle size and increasing substitution level while tan δ decreased with increasing substitution level of fiber-rich extraction residue. The smallest particles at 7.5 % substitution level resulted in the lowest creep strain value in dough. Hardness of the dough and biscuit increased with decreasing particle size and increasing substitution level of the residue. The 7.5 % substitution level of the smallest particle size resulted in the darkest dough and biscuit. Spread ratio and diameter of the biscuit decreased with increasing substitution level of the residue. The smallest diameter of 50.61 mm and spread ratio of 8.36 was observed in the biscuits substituted with the largest particle size with 7.5 % substitution level. Microstructural images of dough and biscuit revealed that the continuity of the gluten network was disrupted by the incorporation of the fiber-rich extraction residue. This study provided valuable insights into extracting bioactive components from date by-products using green ultrasonication technique and utilizing such compounds to improve functional attributes of bakery products, as a sustainable approach for valorizing date by-products.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves with ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvents.

Background: In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were used to extract bioactive compounds from the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Methods: The FT-IR method was used to analyze the structural characteristics of the DESs, and the extraction efficiencies of the DESs for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were evaluated. The stability of the extracts under high temperature and UV radiation was assessed, and their antioxidant activity was investigated after undergoing in vitro simulated digestion. Results: The results show that the seven DESs extracted more TPC and TFC than did the 70% ethanol (36.27 ± 1.58 mg GAE/g, 23.09 ± 1.47 mg RT/g), and the extraction process of UAE-DES was optimized by selecting choline chloride: citric acid as the DES solvent, which has the highest extraction of TPC (86.92 ± 1.34 mg GAE/g) and TFC (49.73 ± 0.85 mg RT/g). The stability results indicated that the DES phenolic extracts were less stable when exposed to high temperature and UV radiation, indicating that DES extracts have better bioactivity. Moreover, after in vitro simulated digestion, the DES extract shows a higher DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (12.79 ± 3.88 mmol Trolox/g of DES extracts, 6.99 ± 4.02 mmol Trolox/g of ethanol extracts) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (62.61 ± 1.71 mmol Trolox/g of DES extracts, 55.07 ± 1.66 mmol Trolox/g of ethanol extracts) than ethanol extracts. Conclusion: This study confirmed that DESs are a new and environmentally friendly solvent that can be used for the extraction of phenolic compounds.

Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts from Frozen, Freeze-Dried, and Oven-Dried Jostaberries Grown in Moldova.

In this paper, the qualitative and quantitative profile is evaluated of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (AA), microbiostatic properties, as well as the color parameters of jostaberry extracts, obtained from frozen (FJ), freeze-dried (FDJ), and oven-dried berries (DJ). The optimal extraction conditions by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were selected after determination of the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antocyanin content (TA), AA by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), and the free radical cation 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonates (ABTS). Non-conventional extraction methods are less destructive to anthocyanins, while drying the berries reduced TA, regardless of the extraction method. The oven-drying process reduced the concentration of TA in DJ extracts by 99.4% and of ascorbic acid by 92.42% compared to FJ. AA was influenced by the jostaberry pretreatment methods. The DPPH and ABTS tests recorded values (mg Trolox equivalent/g dry weight) between 17.60 and 35.26 and 35.64 and 109.17 for FJ extracts, between 7.50 and 7.96 and 45.73 and 82.22 for FDJ, as well as between 6.31 and 7.40 and 34.04 and 52.20 for DJ, respectively. The jostaberry pretreatment produced significant changes in all color parameters. Mutual information analysis, applied to determine the influence of ultrasound and microwave durations on TPC, TFC, TA, AA, pH, and color parameters in jostaberry extracts, showed the greatest influence on TA (0.367 bits) and TFC (0.329 bits). The DPPH and ABTS inhibition capacity of all FJ' extracts had higher values and varied more strongly, depending on pH, heat treatment, and storage time, compared to the AA values of FDJ' and DJ' extracts. A significant antimicrobial effect was observed on all bacterial strains studied for FJP. FDJP was more active on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. DJP was more active on Salmonella Abony and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antifungal effect of DJP was stronger compared to FDJP. Jostaberry extracts obtained under different conditions can be used in food production, offering a wide spectrum of red hues.

A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products.

Supply chain waste gives rise to significant challenges in terms of disposal, making upcycling a promising and sustainable alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds from by-products. Lignocellulosic by-products like STF231, which are derived from the medicinal plant extract industry, offer valuable compounds such as polyphenols and iridoids that can be recovered through upcycling. In an unprecedented study, we explored and compared conventional hydroethanolic extraction, ultrasound hydroethanolic extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents-ultrasound extraction methods on STF231 to obtain extracts with antioxidant activity. The extraction profile of total polyphenols (TPCs) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested with FRAP and DPPH assays. HPLC-UV was employed to quantify the phenolic and iridoid markers in the extracts. Additionally, the sustainability profile of the process was assessed using the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), AGREEprep, and analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) frameworks. Our findings indicate that a choline chloride and lactic acid mixture at a 1:5 ratio, under optimal extraction conditions, resulted in extracts with higher TPC and similar antioxidant activity compared with conventional hydroethanolic extracts. The innovative aspect of this study lies in the potential application of sustainable upcycling protocols to a previously unexamined matrix, resulting in extracts with potential health applications.

A Comparative Analysis on Impact of Extraction Methods on Carotenoids Composition, Antioxidants, Antidiabetes, and Antiobesity Properties in Seagrass Enhalus acoroides: In Silico and In Vitro Study.

Enhalus acoroides, a tropical seagrass, is known for its significant contribution to marine ecosystems and its potential health benefits due to bioactive compounds. This study aims to compare the carotenoid levels in E. acoroides using green extraction via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and to evaluate the biological properties of these extracts against oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity through in silico and in vitro analyses. E. acoroides samples were collected from Manado City, Indonesia, and subjected to UAE and MAE. The extracts were analyzed using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS to identify carotenoids, including ß-carotene, lutein, lycopene, ß-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. In silico analysis was conducted to predict the compounds' bioactivity, toxicity, and drug-likeness using WAY2DRUG PASS and molecular docking with CB-Dock2. The compounds C3, C4, and C7 demonstrated notable interactions, with key metabolic proteins and microRNAs, further validating their potential therapeutic benefits. In vitro assays evaluated antioxidant activities using DPPH and FRAP assays, antidiabetic properties through α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, and antiobesity effects via lipase inhibition and MTT assay with 3T3-L1 cells. Results indicated that both UAE and MAE extracts exhibited significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities. MAE extracts showed higher carotenoid content and greater biological activity compared to UAE extracts. These findings suggest that E. acoroides, mainly when extracted using MAE, has promising potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for developing marine-based antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity agents. This study supplements existing literature by providing insights into the efficient extraction methods and the therapeutic potential of E. acoroides carotenoids.

Optimization and component identification of ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compounds from waste blackberry (Rubus fruticosus Pollich) seeds.

BACKGROUND: Blackberry seeds, as a by-product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed. RESULTS: The optimal conditions were material-to-liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL-1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g-1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g-1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g-1, respectively. The delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, paeoniflorin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 µg g-1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 µg g-1. CONCLUSION: These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from longan seeds powder: Kinetic modelling and process optimization.

Investigating the extraction of bioactive compounds represents a hopeful direction for maximizing the value of longan fruit byproducts. This study explored the influence of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters-specifically ultrasonic power ratios, temperatures, and exposure times-utilizing water as a green solvent on several properties of the longan seeds extract (LSE). These properties encompassed the energy consumption of the UAE process (EC), extraction yield (EY), total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH). Additionally, the study sought to optimize the conditions of UAE process and examine its thermodynamic properties. A three-level, three-factor full factorial design was utilized to assess the effects of different factors on LSE properties. Results indicated that EC, EY, TPC, TFC, and DPPH were significantly influenced by power ratios, temperatures, and exposure time. Moreover, the proposed models effectively characterized the variations in different properties during the extraction process. The optimized extraction conditions, aimed at minimizing EC while maximizing EY, TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, were demonstrated as an ultrasonic power ratio of 44.4 %, a temperature of 60 °C, and an extraction time of 17.7 min. Optimization led to 563 kJ for EC, 7.85 % for EY, 47.21 mg GAE/mL for TPC, 96.8 mg QE/mL for TFC, and 50.15 % for DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results emphasized that the UAE process exhibited characteristics of endothermicity and spontaneity. The results provide valuable insights that could inform the enhancement of extraction processes, potentially benefiting industrial utilization and pharmaceutical formulations.

Screening factors to affect ultrasound-assisted extraction of (poly)phenols from date palm seeds.

The aim of the current work was to compare the (poly)phenol profile (free, soluble-conjugate, and insoluble-bound) and antioxidant activity of date palm seed flour using different extraction methods (conventional vs. ultrasound-assisted extraction [UAE]) and to determine the most critical variables in the extraction of (poly)phenols through UAE using the Plackett-Burman design experiment. Using the Plackett-Burman design, seven factors, namely, ethanol concentration, liquid:solid ratio (mL/g), sonotrode, amplitude (%), extraction time, extractant pH, and extraction cycle, were studied. After the factors were studied using conventional extraction methods, 23 compounds were quantified, with protocatechuic acid and catechin being the predominant (poly)phenols. Furthermore, the distribution of (poly)phenols within the cell varied, with glycosylated quercetins and caffeoyl shikimic acids predominantly found in free forms. Ultrasound-assisted extraction demonstrated efficiency in extracting free and soluble-conjugate (poly)phenols. However, it showed limitations in extracting insoluble-bound (poly)phenols. Nevertheless, similar amounts of total (poly)phenols were shown after conventional extraction and UAE, that is, 259.69 ± 43.54 and 189.00 ± 3.08 mg/100 g date seed flour, respectively. The Plackett-Burman design revealed the liquid-solid ratio as a crucial factor affecting (poly)phenol extraction, with higher ratios yielding better results. The sonotrode choice also influenced the extraction efficiency, highlighting that the sonotrode with a smaller diameter but higher displacement amplitude showed the best polyphenol recovery and antioxidant activity values. The nature of (poly)phenols influenced the studied extraction variables differently, emphasizing the complexity of the extraction process. In this line, pure water was sufficient to extract flavan-3-ols after UAE, whereas ethanol was a crucial factor in extracting quercetin. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing extraction methods for maximizing (poly)phenol recovery from date palm seed flour for various applications in food and pharmacology industries.

Effect of conventional and novel techniques on extraction yield, chemical characterisation and biological activities of proteins from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia).

The study investigates the effect of conventional and novel extraction techniques on the protein extraction yield from bitter gourd seeds (Momordica charantia). Ultrasound assisted-extraction (UAE) treatment for 30 min at 4 °C using a 20 kHz ultrasound probe resulted in the highest extraction yield of crude proteins. After purification, 9.08 ± 0.23 g of protein with 82.69 ± 0.78% purity was obtained from 100 g of M. charantia seeds on a dry basis. Mass spectrometry identified proteins with reported antidiabetic activity. Antidiabetic assays showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity for the purified protein (81.10 ± 2.64%) compared to the crude protein (32.59 ± 2.76%). In vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed minimal cytotoxicity levels at concentrations <200 µg.mL-1. Overall, UAE was effective to obtain crude protein from M. charantia seeds and a subsequent purification step enhanced antidiabetic activity. However, further research is required to demonstrate in-vivo antidiabetic activity.

Ultrasonic extraction and antioxidant evaluation of oat saponins.

The aim of this study is to optimize the extraction process of oat saponins (Os) and to evaluate their antioxidant potential. Single factor experiment, response surface optimization design, and orthogonal test were employed to optimize the process of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Os, and the optimal extraction conditions were as followed: ethanol volume fraction of 80 %, material-solvent ratio of 1:14, ultrasonic power of 400 W, ultrasonic time of 25 min, extraction temperature of 60℃, extraction time of 180 min, and the extraction rate of Os was 0.317 %±0.105 %. Using the method, the crude extract of Os was prepared and its abilities of scavenging radicals in vitro and inhibiting protein oxidation in pork were determined, with ascorbic acid (Vc) as the control. Results revealed that the scavenging ability of Os against DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide anion (O2-) increased with the concentration of Os. Interestingly, the scavenging abilities of Os against DPPH and O2- were far lower than that of Vc, but its scavenging ability against ·OH was very close to that of Vc, reaching 84.59 % and 96.33 %, respectively. Furthermore, the experiments of pork storage and Fenton oxidation system showed that Os with 0.09-0.72 mg/mL could reduce the production of carbonyl (8.49 %-50.05 %) and the oxidation of total sulfhydryl (1.29 %-25.86 %), and effectively inhibit the oxidation of protein in pork by 7.82 %-22.53 %. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of oat saponins as a natural anti-protein oxidant in meat processing and storage.

Deep Eutectic Solvents-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Honeysuckle Dew Samples.

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) with the ability to change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic was designed and synthesized and applied to the determination of organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in honeysuckle dew samples. Choline chloride, phenol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used as the hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrogen bond donor, and demulsifier, respectively. Eight OPP pesticides were extracted by DES coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UA) and then chromatographed by GC-MS. DES used as an extract solvent has the advantages of high extraction efficiency, low cost, and environmental protection. Furthermore, DES is compatible with GC-MS. The single factor experiment design and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were applied to the optimization of experimental factors, including the type and composition of extraction solvent, type of demulsifier solvent, the volume of DES and THF, pH of sample solution, and ultrasonic time. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the high degree of linearity from 0.1 to 20.0 ng mL-1 (R2 ≥ 0.9989), the limits of detection from 0.014 to 0.051 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), and the recoveries of analytes from 81.4 to 104.4% with relative standard deviation below 8.6%. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of OPPs on DES was explored by adsorption kinetic studies. These results have demonstrated that the present method has offered an effective, accurate, and sensitive methodology for OPP pesticides in honeysuckle dew samples, and this method provides a reference for the detection of pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine.

Green extraction of phenolic compounds from the by-product of purple araçá (Psidium myrtoides) with natural deep eutectic solvents assisted by ultrasound: Optimization, comparison, and bioactivity.

The recovery of bioactive compounds is a promising approach for obtaining rich extracts from fruit by-products. This study investigated the influence of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) on the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro antidiabetic activity of Psidium myrtoides by-product. Among eight NADES evaluated based on choline chloride, NADES ChCl:Gly (1:2) was selected for its efficiency in extracting total phenolic compounds (TPC) with high antioxidant capacity. The optimized conditions were 61 °C, a solid-liquid ratio of 100 mg 5 mL-1, and a 60-minute extraction time. ChCl:Gly exhibited superior TPC recovery (2.6-fold greater effectiveness) compared to the 60 % hydroethanolic solution. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were identified, including significant levels of catechin (336.48 mg g-1) and isoquercetin (26.09 mg g-1). Phenolic acids, such as p-anisic acid (5.47 mg g-1) and methoxyphenylacetic acid (0.23 mg g-1), were identified for the first time in the purple araçá by-product. The ChCl:Gly extract demonstrated the highest bioactivity, showcasing antioxidant and antidiabetic capacities. This study introduces an innovative and sustainable alternative for recovering phenolic compounds from fruit by-products, offering enhanced recovery efficiency and/or selectivity compared to organic solvents.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction, optimisation using response surface methodology and HPLC-DAD phenolic compounds quantification from Passiflora edulis S. peels cultivated in Tunisia.

A new ultrasound-assisted extraction method was developed for the determination of phenolic compounds extracted from Passiflora edulis Sims peels cultivated in Tunisia. Several extraction variables including: extraction time, temperature, liquid/solid ratio and pH have been studied using response surface methodology. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the total phenolics; flavonoids and antioxidants content. The highest values of the studied response were observed after 9.78 min at 49.64 °C in a liquid-to-solid ratio 22.07 ml/g and in pH (5.54). The individual phenolic compounds content of the optimum extract peels of the Passiflora edulis Sims have been analysed using HPLC-DAD. The results revealed the presence of gallic followed by caffeic acids, while the apigenin-7-glucoside and rutin have been quantified as the abundant flavonoid compounds (0.653 and 0.488 mg/ml, respectively). This green procedure should be a promising option to guide industrial design for the production of phenolic-rich plant extracts.

RSM and ANN-Based Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Functional Components from Olive Fruit (cv Arbequina): Assessment of Antioxidant Attributes and GC-MS Metabolites Profiling.

The current study devises an optimized ethanolic extraction for efficient recovery of high-value components from Pakistani olives (cv. Arbequina) using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networking (ANN). Four factors such as time, temperature, solvent concentration, and solute weight (g/100 mL) were evaluated as independent variables for determining the response (% yield). The results obtained under optimum extraction conditions such as duration (25 min), temperature (45 °C), solvent concentration (65 %; ethanol: water v/v), and solute (7.50 g/100 mL) offered bioactives extract yield of 40.96 % from Arbiquina olives. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the RSM model showed significant p-values and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9960, confirming model's reliability. The results of ANN, which employed the multilayer perceptron design, were fairly in line with the findings of the experiments. The antioxidant characteristics and GC-MS metabolite profile of the obtained extracts were examined. Arbequina olive extract (AOE) demonstrated very good antioxidant ability in terms of total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and DPPH radical scavenging. The GC-MS analysis of AOE confirmed the presence of several bioactives, including oleic acid (36.22 %), hydroxytyrosol (3.95 %), tyrosol (3.32 %), ß-sitosterol (2.10 %), squalene (1.10 %), sinapic acid (0.67 %), α-tocopherol (0.66 %), vanillic acid (0.56 %), 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (0.31 %), and quercetin (0.21 %). The suggested optimized extraction method can be employed to efficiently extract a wide variety of high-value components from olives with potential for nutraceutical applications.

Ultrasonic extraction of Inula viscosa: Enhancing antioxidant bioactivity and its application in sunflower oil as an antioxidant.

The objective of this study was to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Inula viscosa, focusing on the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity and to evaluate its antioxidant effect in sunflower oil (SFO) storage. A water-ethanol binary solvent system was applied to extract bioactive components sustainably. Extraction parameters (temperature, time, ethanol concentration, and solvent-to-solid ratio) were optimized using a central composite rotatable design, achieving high accuracy (R2 > 0.974). Optimum conditions were 54 % (v/v) ethanol concentration, 60 °C, 31 min, and a 15 (mL/g) solvent-to-solid ratio resulting in a yield of 24.72 g/g (%), TPC of 489.54 mg gallic acid/g, TFC of 149.81 mg quercetin/g, and IC50 of 18.21 µg/mL. UAE outperformed Soxhlet extraction in yield, bioactive compound composition, and antioxidant capacity. Strong correlations were found between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity, with TFC having a more significant impact. I. viscosa extract was found to be a potent antioxidant and delay the oxidation of SFO during accelerated storage due to peroxide value and oxidative induction time analysis. Microstructural analysis illuminated the structural changes induced by the extraction methods. In conclusion, this study not only optimized UAE of I.viscosa, showing superior efficiency and antioxidant capacity, but also demonstrated the practical application of I.viscosa in enhancing sunflower oil shelf life, thereby providing valuable insights for the field of food engineering and antioxidant research.