Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Kinetic Studies and Molecular Docking.

A dozen of phosphonic and phosphinic acid derivatives containing pyridine moiety were synthesized and its inhibitory activity toward mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. Moreover, molecular docking of these compounds to the active site of the enzyme was performed. All the compounds (1-10) demonstrated the inhibitory effect with the IC50 and inhibition constants ranging millimolar concentrations. The obtained results indicate that the compounds show different types of inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, mixed), but all of them are reversible inhibitors. The obtained outcomes allowed to make the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Compound 4 ([(benzylamino)(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]phenylphosphinic acid) revealed the lowest IC50 value of 0.3 mm and inhibitory constant of Ki 0.076 mm, with noncompetitive type and reversible mechanism of inhibition. According to SAR analysis, introducing bulky phenyl moieties to phosphonic and amino groups plays an important role in the inhibitory potency on activity of mushroom tyrosinase and could be useful in design and development of a new class of potent organophosphorus inhibitors of tyrosinase. Combined results of molecular docking and SAR analysis can be helpful in designing novel tyrosinase inhibitors of desired properties. They may have broad application in food industry and cosmetology.

Kinetic resolution of racemic α-hydroxyphosphonates by asymmetric esterification using achiral carboxylic acids with pivalic anhydride and a chiral acyl-transfer catalyst.

A practical protocol is developed to directly provide chiral α-acyloxyphosphonates and α-hydroxyphosphonates from (±)-α-hydroxyphosphonates utilizing the transacylation process to generate the mixed anhydrides from acid components and pivalic anhydride in the presence of organocatalysts (s-value = 33-518).

Phosphopeptidomimetic substance libraries from multicomponent reaction: enantioseparation on quinidine carbamate stationary phase.

In the present contribution we report a HPLC enantioseparation method for a library of amido-aminophosphonate structures generated by a novel Ugi-multicomponent reaction. The enantioseparation of these novel potentially bioactive molecules was achieved by means of HPLC on cinchona-carbamate based chiral anion-exchangers under polar organic elution conditions. The compounds were synthesized with the aim of offering a wide degree of heterogeneity in terms of structural elements to evaluate the influence of various structural motifs on enantioselectivity. The resultant compound library allows to derive structure-enantioselectivity relationships useful for understanding the chiral recognition process. As part of the study mobile phase characteristics such as concentration and type of counterion, mobile phase composition, apparent pH and temperature were investigated with regards to their effect on the separation performances. Employing a single mass spectrometry-compatible mobile phase, 23 compounds out of a pool of 42 racemic amido-aminophosphonate structures reached full baseline separation (Rs>1.5) and 5 were almost baseline separated (1

Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of free α-, ß- and γ-aminophosphonic acids employing cinchona-based chiral zwitterionic ion exchangers.

We report a chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation method for free α-aminophosphonic, ß-aminophosphonic, and γ-aminophosphonic acids, aminohydroxyphosphonic acids, and aromatic aminophosphinic acids with different substitution patterns. Enantioseparation of these synthons was achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography on CHIRALPAK ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(-) (cinchona-based chiral zwitterionic ion exchangers) under polar organic chromatographic elution conditions. Mobile phase characteristics such as acid-to-base ratio, type of counterion, and solvent composition were systematically varied in order to investigate their effect on the separation performance and to achieve optimal separation conditions for the set of analytes. Under the optimized conditions, 32 of 37 racemic aminophosphonic acids studied reached baseline separation when we employed a single generic mass-spectrometry-compatible mobile phase, with reversal of the elution order when we used (+) and (-) versions of the chiral stationary phase.

Comparison of chiral separations of aminophosphonic acids and their aminocarboxylic acid analogs using a crown ether column.

Crown ethers are capable of complexing with primary amines and have been utilized in chromatography to separate amino acid racemates. This application has been extended to resolve (1-amino-1-phenylmethyl)phosphonic acid and (1-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid racemates, along with their aminocarboxylic acid analogs (2-phenylglycine and alanine, respectively), via a ChiroSil RCA crown ether based chiral stationary phase. Effects of the organic modifier, temperature, and acid type and concentration on retention and selectivity were also investigated. Trends in retention and selectivity varied between aminophosponic acids and their aminocarboxylic analogs. Computer modeling and (1)H NMR analyses were performed to potentially gain a better understanding of interactions of the aforementioned molecules with the ChiroSil RCA chiral stationary phase. Theoretical predictions of the most stable conformations for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers were compared to elution order; it was found that the elution order agreed with molecular modeling such that the longest retention correlated with the predicted most stable complex between the enantiomer and crown ether. (1)H NMR demonstrated interactions of aminophosphonic and aminocarboxylic racemates with (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid in solution and was utilized to determine enantiomeric excess of (1-amino-1-phenylmethyl)phosphonic acid after its enantioenrichment via crystallization through diastereomeric salt formation with the crown ether followed by filtration.

Orthophosphate and metaphosphate ion removal from aqueous solution using alum and aluminum hydroxide.

The removal of orthophosphates (10(-2) kg P m(-3)), condensed phosphates (10(-2) kg P m(-3)), and mixtures of both (5 x 10(-3) kg P m(-3) as orthophosphate and 5 x 10(-3) kg P m(-3) as metaphosphate) in aqueous solution is studied using alum and aluminum hydroxide. The effects of coagulant dose, pH, temperature, aging of aluminum hydroxide, and presence of different ions are investigated. On the basis of the experimental results, alum is much more efficient in phosphorus removal than aluminum hydroxide even if, in both cases, at the conditions studied, the active coagulant form is Al(OH)(3). The differences then could be due to the higher activity of the in situ formed hydroxide. Orthophosphates and metaphosphates seem to have similar behavior vs pH variation: maximum removal is achieved at pH values 5-6 in all cases. On the other hand, in the simultaneous presence of both P forms, orthophosphate and metaphosphate ions have different affinities for the surface sites of aluminum hydroxide, since for both alum and aluminum hydroxide, orthophosphates are preferentially removed compared to metaphosphates, due probably to orientation effects and the charge per P atom. The presence of sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and magnesium, at the concentrations studied and for a pH value of 6, does not influence P removal. Temperature variation, between 25 and 60 degrees C, does not affect alum efficiency but both P forms are increasingly removed with increasing temperature, probably due to polymer Al(OH)(3) breaking, producing new surfaces for adsorption. Aging decreases sorption capacity of Al(OH)(3), while crystallites of increasing size are formed. Finally adsorption of both P forms is best described by the Freundlich isotherm [[K(F)=(49.1-69.1) x 10(-3) (m(3)kg(-1))(1/N), 1/N: 0.14-0.19 for T=25-60 degrees C] and [ K(F)=(1.58-2.79) x 10(-3) (m(3)kg(-1))(1/N), 1/N: 2.17-2.47 for T=25-60 degrees C] for orthophosphate and metaphosphate, respectively.