Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Use of MCT Oil and a Ketogenic Diet.

Recently, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported to be strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is partly due to insulin resistance in the brain. Insulin signaling and the number of insulin receptors may decline in the brain of T2DM patients, resulting in impaired synaptic formation, neuronal plasticity, and mitochondrial metabolism. In AD patients, hypometabolism of glucose in the brain is observed before the onset of symptoms. Amyloid-ß accumulation, a main pathology of AD, also relates to impaired insulin action and glucose metabolism, although ketone metabolism is not affected. Therefore, the shift from glucose metabolism to ketone metabolism may be a reasonable pathway for neuronal protection. To promote ketone metabolism, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and a ketogenic diet could be introduced as an alternative source of energy in the brain of AD patients.

Red Palm Oil: A Review on Processing, Health Benefits and Its Application in Food.

This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physicochemical properties and extraction processes of red palm oil, its nutritional properties and applications in food. Crude palm oil is firstly extracted from the fruit mesocarp and processed into red palm oil using pre-treatment of crude palm oil, with deacidification steps, and deodorization via short-path distillation. These processes help to retain ß-carotene and vitamin E in red palm oil. Palmitic, stearic and myristic acids are the saturated fatty acids in red palm oil, while the unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. It is reported to overcome vitamin A deficiency, promote heart health and have anti-cancer properties.

Safety and Neuroprotective Efficacy of Palm Oil and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Several natural products have been reported to elicit beneficial effects against neurodegenerative disorders due to their vitamin E contents. However, the neuroprotective efficacy of palm oil or its tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from the pre-clinical cell and animal studies have not been systematically reviewed. METHODS: The protocol for this systematic review was registered in "PROSPERO" (CRD42019150408). This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) descriptors of PubMed with Boolean operators were used to construct keywords, including ("Palm Oil"[Mesh]) AND "Nervous System"[Mesh], ("Palm Oil"[Mesh]) AND "Neurodegenerative Diseases"[Mesh], ("Palm Oil"[Mesh]) AND "Brain"[Mesh], and ("Palm Oil"[Mesh]) AND "Cognition"[Mesh], to retrieve the pertinent records from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect from 1990 to 2019, while bibliographies, ProQuest and Google Scholar were searched to ensure a comprehensive identification of relevant articles. Two independent investigators were involved at every stage of the systematic review, while discrepancies were resolved through discussion with a third investigator. RESULTS: All of the 18 included studies in this review (10 animal and eight cell studies) showed that palm oil and TRF enhanced the cognitive performance of healthy animals. In diabetes-induced rats, TRF and α-tocotrienol enhanced cognitive function and exerted antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, while in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal model, TRF enhanced the cognitive function and reduced the deposition of ß-amyloid by altering the expression of several genes related to AD and neuroprotection. In cell studies, simultaneous treatment with α-tocotrienols and neurotoxins improved the redox status in neuronal cells better than ϒ- and δ-tocotrienols. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment with α-tocotrienol relative to oxidative insults were able to enhance the survival of neuronal cells via increased antioxidant responses. CONCLUSIONS: Palm oil and its TRF enhanced the cognitive functions of healthy animals, while TRF and α-tocotrienol enhanced the cognitive performance with attenuation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in diabetes-induced or transgenic AD animal models. In cell studies, TRF and α-tocotrienol exerted prophylactic neuroprotective effects, while α-tocotrienol exerted therapeutic neuroprotective effects that were superior to those of ϒ- and δ-tocotrienol isomers.

The Pharmacological Potential of Oil Palm Phenolics (OPP) Individual Components.

The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) from the family Arecaceae is a high oil-producing agricultural crop. A significant amount of vegetation liquor is discarded during the palm oil milling process amounting to 90 million tons per year around the world. This water-soluble extract is rich in phenolic compounds known as Oil Palm Phenolics (OPP). Several phenolic acids including the three isomers of caffeoylshikimic acid (CFA), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), protocatechuic acid (PCA) and hydroxytyrosol are among the primary active ingredients in the OPP. Previous investigations have reported several positive pharmacological potentials by OPP such as neuroprotective and atheroprotective effects, anti-tumor and reduction in Aß deposition in Alzheimer's disease model. In the current review, the pharmacological potential for CFA, PHBA, PCA and hydroxytyrosol is carefully reviewed and evaluated.

A phase I single-blind clinical trial to evaluate the safety of oil palm phenolics (OPP) supplementation in healthy volunteers.

Plant phenolics are being increasingly consumed globally with limited scientific and clinical evidence pertaining to safety and efficacy. The oil palm fruit contains a cocktail of phenolics, and palm oil production results in high volumes of aqueous by-products enriched in phenolics and bioactives. Several lines of evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal studies confirmed that the aqueous extract enriched in phenolics and other bioactives collectively known as oil palm phenolics (OPP) is safe and has potent bioactivity. A phase one clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and effects of OPP in healthy volunteers. In this single-blind trial, 25 healthy human volunteers were supplemented with 450 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/day of OPP or control treatments for a 60-day period. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected at days 1, 30 and 60. Medical examination was performed during these trial interventions. All clinical biochemistry profiles observed throughout the control and OPP treatment period were in the normal range with no major adverse effect (AE) or serious adverse effect (SAE) observed. Additionally, OPP supplementation resulted in improvement of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, compared to the control treatment. The outcomes support our previous observations that OPP is safe and may have a protective role in reducing cholesterol levels.

Palm vitamin E reduces locomotor dysfunction and morphological changes induced by spinal cord injury and protects against oxidative damage.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs following different types of crushes. External and internal outcomes of SCI are including paralysis, cavity, and cyst formation. Effects of dietary derived antioxidants, such as palm vitamin E on central nervous system (CNS) encourage researchers to focus on the potential therapeutic benefits of antioxidant supplements. In the present study, experiments were carried out to evaluate the neuro-protective effect of the palm vitamin E on locomotor function and morphological damages induced SCI. Seventy-two male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were randomly divided into four groups: sham (laminectomy); control (supplemented with the palm vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day); untreated-SCI (partial crush, 30-33% for 20 sec); treated-SCI (partial crush, 30-33% for 20 sec supplemented with the palm vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day). The treatment with the palm vitamin E significantly improved the hind limb locomotor function, reduced the histopathological changes and the morphological damage in the spinal cord. Also, the palm vitamin E indicated a statistically significant decrease in the oxidative damage indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the treated-SCI compared to the untreated-SCI.

Estabilidad del D-004 ingrediente activo en frascos de polietileno de alta densidad / Stability of D-004 active ingredient in high density polyethylene flasks

Introducción: el D-004 es un ingrediente farmacéutico activo obtenido de los frutos de la palma real cubana (Roystonea regia), compuesto fundamentalmente por una mezcla de ácidos grasos libres entre 8 y 18 átomos de carbono, con potencialidades en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Objetivo: determinar la vida útil del D‒004 en frascos de polietileno de alta densidad en las zonas climáticas IV y II. Métodos: muestras de tres lotes pilotos de D-004, envasadas en frascos blancos de polietileno de alta densidad y protegidos por cajas de cartón, se colocaron en las condiciones de las zonas climáticas IV (30 ºC/70 % HR) y II (25 ºC/60 % HR). Se determinaron las características organolépticas y los contenidos de material insaponificable, ácidos grasos y microbiológicos desde el tiempo inicial hasta los 36 meses, y se determinaron gráficamente los tiempos de vida útil en ambas zonas. Resultados: en las dos zonas climáticas el D‒004 cumplió con los parámetros de estabilidad evaluados durante los primeros 33 meses, pero a los 36 meses el contenido de ácidos fue inferior al límite establecido en varias de las muestras. Los análisis de regresión permitieron determinar tiempos de vida útil del D‒004 en las zonas IV y II. Conclusiones: se demostró que el ingrediente activo D‒004 que se obtuvo a escala piloto, se envasa en frascos de polietileno de alta densidad y protegido por un envase secundario (caja de cartón), presenta una vida útil de 30 y 32 meses en las zonas climáticas IV y II, respectivamente(AU)

Introduction: D­004 is a pharmaceutical active ingredient obtained from the Cuban royal palm fruits (Roystonea regia), mainly composed by a mixture of free fatty acids between 8 and 18 carbon atoms, potentially useful to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Objective: to determine the shelf life of D­004 in high-density polyethylene flasks in climatic zones IV and II. Methods: samples of three pilot batches of D­004, packed in white high-density polyethylene flasks and protected by cardboard boxes, were placed under conditions of the climatic zones IV (30 ºC/70 % RH) and II (25 ºC / 60 % RH). Organoleptic characteristics and unsaponifiable matter, fatty acids and microbiological contents were determined from the initial time till 36 months, and shelf lives were graphically determined in both zones. Results: in the two climatic zones, the D­004 fulfilled the tested stability parameters during the first 33 months, but at the month 36th, the acid content in several samples was lower than the set limit. The regression analyses allowed determining the shelf lives of D­004 in climatic zones IV and II. Conclusions: it was demonstrated that the active ingredient D­004, obtained at pilot scale, packed in high density polyethylene flasks and protected by a secondary container (cardboard box), exhibits a shelf life of 30 and 32 months in the climatic zones IV and II, respectively(AU)

Caracterización de snacks extruídos de ocumo-maíz enriquecidos con aceite de palma parcialmente refinado como ingrediente funcional / Characterization extruded snacks of taro-corn enriched with partially refined palm oil as a functional ingredient

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar algunas características físicas, químicas, nutricionales y sensoriales de snacks extruídos compuestos de maíz (90-100%) y ocumo (5-10%), enriquecidos con aceite de palma parcialmente refinado como ingrediente funcional. Se probaron tres formulaciones de cobertura, compuestas por la mezcla de aceite y saborizantes (polvo de queso cheddar, sal, glutamato monosódico), y se adicionaron a los extruídos en un homogeneizador. Los snacks fueron sacados, empacados, sellados y almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Las formulaciones presentaron diferencias significativas en el contenido de tocoferoles y beta-caroteno con promedios entre 20 y 31 ppm en g-tocoferol, 1.6-4.9 ppm en a-tocoferol, y 1.2-5.4 ppm en a-caroteno. Los snacks extruídos de 90% maíz-10% ocumo cubiertos con la Formulación 2, fue el más aceptado significativamente en color y sabor (a=0.05). La preferencia global de todas las formulaciones fue catalogada como ¨buena¨. Los snacks recubiertos con aceite de palma semirefinado rico en vitamina E y provitamina A, son considerados como alimentos funcionales(AU)

The objective of this work was to study some physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory of extruded snacks compounds of corn (90-100%) and taro (5-10%), enriched with partially refined palm oil as a functional ingredient. We tested three formulations of coverage, consisting of a mixture of oil and flavoring (cheddar cheese powder, salt, monosodium glutamate), and were added to the extruded using a homogenizer. The snacks were removed, packaged, sealed and stored at room temperature. The formulations showed significant differences in the content of tocopherols and beta-carotene with averages between 20 and 31 ppm in a-tocopherol, 1.6-4.9 ppm g-tocopherol, and 1.2-5.4 ppm in a-carotene. Extruded snacks 90% corn-10% taro covered with Formulation 2 was significantly more accepted in color and flavor (a = 0.05). Global preference of all formulations was catalogued as ¨good¨. Snacks coated with semi refined palm oil rich vitamin E and provitamin A, are considered as functional foods(AU)