RESUMO
The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Crescimento , Intestinos , Lactobacillaceae , Desnutrição , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2 , Animais , Camundongos , Parede Celular/química , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Vida Livre de Germes , Transtornos do Crescimento/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/terapia , Insulina/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Intestinos/fisiologia , Lactobacillaceae/fisiologia , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Desnutrição/terapia , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/metabolismo , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Crescimento/fisiologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Wnt signaling is a positive regulator of bone formation through the induction of osteoblast differentiation and down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation. We previously reported that muramyl dipeptide (MDP) increases bone volume by increasing osteoblast activity and attenuating osteoclast activity in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoporotic model mice. In this study, we investigated whether MDP could alleviate post-menopausal osteoporosis through Wnt signaling regulation in an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced mouse osteoporosis model. MDP-administered OVX mice exhibited higher bone volume and bone mineral density than mice of the control group. MDP significantly increased P1NP in the serum of OVX mice, implying increased bone formation. The expression of pGSK3ß and ß-catenin in the distal femur of OVX mice was lower than that in the distal femur of sham-operated mice. Yet, the expression of pGSK3ß and ß-catenin was increased in MDP-administered OVX mice compared with OVX mice. In addition, MDP increased the expression and transcriptional activity of ß-catenin in osteoblasts. MDP inhibited the proteasomal degradation of ß-catenin via the down-regulation of its ubiquitination by GSK3ß inactivation. When osteoblasts were pretreated with Wnt signaling inhibitors, DKK1 or IWP-2, the induction of pAKT, pGSK3ß, and ß-catenin was not observed. In addition, nucleotide oligomerization domain-containing protein 2-deficient osteoblasts were not sensitive to MDP. MDP-administered OVX mice exhibited fewer tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells than did OVX mice, attributed to a decrease in the RANKL/OPG ratio. In conclusion, MDP alleviates estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis through canonical Wnt signaling and could be an effective therapeutic for the treatment of post-menopausal bone loss. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Assuntos
Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa , Osteoporose , Humanos , Feminino , Camundongos , Animais , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/metabolismo , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose/etiologia , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Densidade Óssea , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/prevenção & controle , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/patologia , Estrogênios/metabolismoRESUMO
Antitumor activities of L-MTP-PE (Liposome entrapped myuramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine) in the combination treatment with chemo- or immune-therapeutic antitumor agents against various syngeneic tumors were tested.Against Meth A fibrosarcoma solid tumor system, L-MTP-PE showed slight but statistically significant elongation of survival days against 5-FU monotherapy in spite of its non-effect on tumor growth, when combined with 5-FU. Against liver metastasis model of M5076 carcinoma, L-MTP-PE showed a tendency of elongation of survival days by its single drug treatment, however, elongation with statistical significance was observed in the combination treatment with 5-FU in comparison with control group.These data suggest that L-MTP-PE seems to elongate the survival days of the solid tumor bearing mice and the liver metastasis model basically due to its saving effect on chemotherapeutic drug-induced immunosuppression. In the combination with an immunotherapeutic agent in mice, TNF production induced by another biological response modifier OK-432 was potentiated when primed with L-MTP-PE. L-MTP-PE also potentiate the antitumor effect of OK-432 possibly through the enhanced production of TNF-α. Combination of L-MTP-PE and OK-432 is considered to be a candidate for a new treatment model for cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hepáticas , Fosfatidiletanolaminas , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Portadores de Fármacos , Fluoruracila , Fatores Imunológicos , Agentes de Imunomodulação , Lipossomos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/farmacologia , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , PicibanilRESUMO
The significance of monocytes has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the therapeutic challenges is developing medications that induce mild immunomodulation that is solely targeting specific monocyte subsets without affecting microglia. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates the NOD2 receptor, and systemic MDP administrations convert Ly6Chigh into Ly6Clow monocytes. Here, we report selective immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of MDP on cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. MDP treatment exerted various therapeutic effects in EAE, including delaying EAE onset and reducing infiltration of leukocytes into the CNS before EAE onset. Of great interest is the robust beneficial effect of the MDP treatment in mice already developing the disease several days after EAE onset. Finally, we found that the NOD2 receptor plays a critical role in MDP-mediated EAE resistance. Our results demonstrate that MDP is beneficial in both early and progressive phases of EAE. Based on these results, and upon comprehensive basic and clinical research, we anticipate developing NOD2 agonist-based medications for MS in the future.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/prevenção & controle , Agentes de Imunomodulação/uso terapêutico , Esclerose Múltipla/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/agonistas , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Adjuvante de Freund/toxicidade , Agentes de Imunomodulação/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/imunologia , Esclerose Múltipla/induzido quimicamente , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/toxicidade , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The immunomodulator mifamurtide plus a chemotherapy regimen has been shown to significantly improve the outcome in non-metastatic osteosarcoma patients. We report the results of the addition of mifamurtide to chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with osteosarcoma. METHODS: A total of 36 children with osteosarcoma without detectable metastasis were treated between November 2010 and April 2018 at the Ankara University Department of Pediatric Oncology. Mifamurtide was added to the chemotherapy regimen in 17 patients while the remaining 19 did not receive mifamurtide. The probabilities of metastasis and overall survival were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The 43-month survival rate was 87.5% and 89.9% in the patients who received and did not receive mifamurtide, respectively (p=0.65). Common side effects of mifamurtide were chills and fever. The addition of mifamurtide in the high-risk group with ≤95% necrosis tended to decrease the probability of distant metastasis (36.4% vs. 58.3%) (p=0.39). The time to metastasis in the group with positive surgical margins (4 months in one patient in the non-mifamurtide group, 7 and 20 months in the mifamurtide group) was also longer in the mifamurtide group. During the 43-month follow up period, median time to metastasis was longer in the mifamurtide group (20 vs. 5 months). In addition, mifamurtide plus chemotherapy decreased the risk of metastasis in the cases with primary site relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of mifamurtide to chemotherapy might improve event-free survival by decreasing the probability of distant metastasis in bad histologic responders, and also by increasing the time to distant metastasis in the surgical margin positive group. Additional clinical studies are necessary to determine the long-term effects of mifamurtide on metastatic disease.
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Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/efeitos adversos , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , Metástase Neoplásica , Osteonecrose/induzido quimicamente , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/efeitos adversos , RecidivaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The controversial results on the mifamurtide efficacy associated with chemotherapy, issued from the American INT-0133-study, in localised osteosarcomas, and the underpowered analysis performed separately in metastatic patients, should be clarified to homogenise international use of this promising drug. The European Commission has granted a marketing authorisation to mifamurtide combined with postoperative chemotherapy in localised osteosarcomas but not in metastatic patients, while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has denied this authorisation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Sarcome-13/OS2016 trial is a multicentre randomised open-label phase II trial evaluating the survival benefit of mifamurtide administered during 36 weeks in combination with postoperative chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone, in patients >2 and ≤50 years with newly diagnosed high-risk localised or metastatic osteosarcoma. The main objective is to evaluate the impact on event-free survival (EFS) of mifamurtide on intention-to-treat population. The secondary objectives are to evaluate the impact of mifamurtide on overall survival, to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of the planned treatment, to correlate biology/immunology with the mifamurtide efficacy/toxicity. With a total of 126 enrolled patients and 51 events, the power is 80% if mifamurtide is associated with an 18% improvement of the 3-year EFS (52%vs70%, equivalent to an HR=0.55), with a one-sided logrank test alpha=10%. As relevant historical data are available (aggregate treatment effect from the INT-0133 trial and individual data from the control group of the Sarcome-09/OS2006 trial), a Bayesian analysis is also planned. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the 'Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France I' (12/06/2018), complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and French laws and regulations, and follows the International Conference on Harmonisation E6 Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. The trial results, even if they are inconclusive, as well as biological ancillary studies will be presented at appropriate international congresses and published in international peer-review journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: EudraCT 2017-001165-24, NCT03643133.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto , França , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Osteossarcoma/mortalidade , Osteossarcoma/cirurgia , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Performing well-powered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of new treatments for rare diseases is often infeasible. However, with the increasing availability of historical data, incorporating existing information into trials with small sample sizes is appealing in order to increase the power. Bayesian approaches enable one to incorporate historical data into a trial's analysis through a prior distribution. METHODS: Motivated by a RCT intended to evaluate the impact on event-free survival of mifamurtide in patients with osteosarcoma, we performed a simulation study to evaluate the impact on trial operating characteristics of incorporating historical individual control data and aggregate treatment effect estimates. We used power priors derived from historical individual control data for baseline parameters of Weibull and piecewise exponential models, while we used a mixture prior to summarise aggregate information obtained on the relative treatment effect. The impact of prior-data conflicts, both with respect to the parameters and survival models, was evaluated for a set of pre-specified weights assigned to the historical information in the prior distributions. RESULTS: The operating characteristics varied according to the weights assigned to each source of historical information, the variance of the informative and vague component of the mixture prior and the level of commensurability between the historical and new data. When historical and new controls follow different survival distributions, we did not observe any advantage of choosing a piecewise exponential model compared to a Weibull model for the new trial analysis. However, we think that it remains appealing given the uncertainty that will often surround the shape of the survival distribution of the new data. CONCLUSION: In the setting of Sarcome-13 trial, and other similar studies in rare diseases, the gains in power and accuracy made possible by incorporating different types of historical information commensurate with the new trial data have to be balanced against the risk of biased estimates and a possible loss in power if data are not commensurate. The weights allocated to the historical data have to be carefully chosen based on this trade-off. Further simulation studies investigating methods for incorporating historical data are required to generalise the findings.
Assuntos
Teorema de Bayes , Simulação por Computador , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/métodos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Algoritmos , Grupos Controle , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Tamanho da AmostraRESUMO
The role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of almost all human diseases shown in recent decades, increase in antibiotic resistance and secondary immunodeficiency, aging of the population and widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs and procedures suggest a wider use of immunomodulators in current clinical practice, but the use of most of them limits the lack of knowledge. The most promising compounds for the development as immunomodulating agents and adjuvants for a wide range of vaccines are low molecular weight fragments of peptidoglycan - muramylpeptides. The article describes the mechanisms of action of muramylpeptides, their biological effects and properties of medicines developed on their basis. Special emphasis is placed to glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide registered in the Russian Federation under the trade name Likopid, which is currently the best - studied drug in its group. The results of Likopid studies when used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for infections of various localization in adults and children, for oncological diseases and complications of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, psoriasis, atopic and other diseases are presented. It is emphasized that in diseases associated with human papillomavirus and plaque psoriasis, according to current criteria of evidence - based medicine, Likopid should be classified as drug with level A efficacy (high efficiency in 80-100% of patients). High safety of Likopid in adults and children, including newborns, is noted.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/tratamento farmacológico , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido , Federação RussaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Immunomodulators are used as part of a comprehensive therapy of respiratory tract diseases. The systematization of the accumulated data on the use of glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP) has great scientific and practical interest. PURPOSE: To study the data on the effectiveness and safety of GMDP in the treatment of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature search was carried out in Scientific Electronic Library (elibrary.ru), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library, Pubmed/MEDLINE and search engines. The level of evidence reliability and methodological quality of researches were assessed. RESULTS: 17 full-text publications were selected based on the results of 13 prospective clinical trials with acceptable methodological quality (including one blind placebo-controlled trial). The effectiveness of GMDP in acute respiratory viral infections, influenza, recurrent respiratory tract infections, rhinosinusitis and chronic tonsillitis was demonstrated. DISCUSSION: An important advantage is that a significant part of the studies was performed with the participation of the child population. Since the use of GMDP in multiple therapy significantly reduces antibiotic consumption (often unjustified). It seems reasonable to estimate the pharmacoeconomic costs of managing adult patients with respiratory tract diseases. Further research can improve understanding of the role of GMDP in the treatment of various medical conditions. CONCLUSION: The use of GMDP in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases makes it possible to faster achieve a clinical effect, reduce the number of relapses, lengthen the relapse-free period, as well as to potentiate the effect of antibacterial therapy (if necessary), reducing the need for antibiotics.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Antibacterianos , Infecções Respiratórias , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Salutaxel (3) is a conjugate of docetaxel (7) and a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogue. Docetaxel (7) has been recognized as a highly active chemotherapeutic agent against various cancers. MDP and its analogues are powerful potentiators of the antitumor actions of various tumor-necrotizing agents. This article documents the discovery of compound 3 and presents pharmacological proof of its biological function in tumor-bearing mice. Drug candidate 3 was superior to compound 7 in its ability to prevent tumor growth and metastasis. Compound 3 suppressed myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice and decreased various serum inflammatory cytokines levels. Furthermore, compound 3 antagonized the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 1 (NOD1) signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/química , Docetaxel/química , Metástase Neoplásica/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Docetaxel/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Camundongos , Células Supressoras Mieloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/patologia , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/antagonistas & inibidores , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma mostly occurs during the period of rapid bone growth in children and adolescents as high-grade osteosarcomas. Current treatment recommended for high-grade non-metastatic and metastatic and/or relapsed osteosarcoma involves neoadjuvant multiagent conventional chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection of macroscopically detected tumor and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. However, residual micrometastatic deposits that develop following surgery have shown resistance to postoperative/adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a critical need for more effective and innovative therapeutic approaches such as immune stimulatory agents. The most extensively studied immune stimulatory agent in the treatment of osteosarcoma is mifamurtide. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of mifamurtide in addition to standard chemotherapy on survival outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To present the best available evidence on the treatment of high-grade non-metastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma with mifamurtide in addition to standard chemotherapy. INCLUSION CRITERIA TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: All populations of patients regardless of age, gender or ethnicity with high-grade, resectable, non-metastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma based on histological diagnosis. TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS AND COMPARATORS: This review focused on intravenous infusion of either of the pharmaceutical formulations of mifamurtide (MTP-PE or L-MTP-PE) in addition to standard chemotherapy, and the comparator was chemotherapy alone. TYPES OF STUDIES: This review considered any experimental study design including randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials and quasi-experimental studies. OUTCOMES: The primary outcomes of interest were event-free survival, overall survival and recurrence of osteosarcoma. Secondary outcomes that were considered included health-related quality of life and any mifamurtide-related adverse events. SEARCH STRATEGY: A search for published and unpublished literature in English was undertaken (seven published literature databases, four unpublished literature databases, and three government agency and organizational websites were searched). Studies published between 1990 to June 2016 were considered. A three-step strategy was developed using MeSH terminology and keywords to ensure that all relevant studies were included related to this review. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: The methodological quality of included studies was assessed by two reviewers, who appraised each study independently, using a standardized Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. DATA EXTRACTION: Data was extracted from the studies that were identified as meeting the criteria for methodological quality using the standard JBI data extraction tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Due to the heterogeneity of populations and interventions in available studies, meta-analysis was not possible and results are presented in narrative form. RESULTS: Three papers outlining two studies involving 802 patients evaluated the effectiveness of mifamurtide in addition of chemotherapy. Results indicated no significant difference in event-free survival between the addition of mifamurtide to standard chemotherapy regimen and chemotherapy alone, both in non-metastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma patients. There was a significant difference in progression-free survival favoring the addition of mifamurtide in pulmonary metastatic and/or relapsed osteosarcoma. There was no significant difference in overall survival between the addition of mifamurtide and chemotherapy alone in metastatic osteosarcoma; however there was a significant difference favoring the addition of mifamurtide in non-metastatic osteosarcoma patients. The addition of mifamurtide resulted in a significant difference in survival after relapse in pulmonary metastatic and/or relapsed osteosarcoma patients. Both studies reported on mifamurtide-related adverse events - the first was reported as toxicity which included haematological, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac, rhythm and nervous system disorders, ear disorders and others (infection, fever; and performance status) in metastatic osteosarcoma patients. Results were similar across all combined treatment regimens. Although no statistical analysis was undertaken, the figures suggest there were no significant differences between the treatment regimens. In the other study, mifamurtide-related adverse events were reported as clinical toxic effects of mifamurtide in relapsed osteosarcoma, which included chills, fever and headache for the initial dose of mifamurtide, while for the subsequent doses of mifamurtide all patients reported toxicity as delayed fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence on the effectiveness of mifamurtide in addition to a standard chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of high-grade osteosarcoma is limited and therefore no definitive conclusions can be made.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , HumanosRESUMO
The mortality and progression rates in osteosarcoma differ depending on the presence of metastasis. A decision model would be useful for estimating long-term effectiveness of treatment with limited clinical trial data. The aim of this study was to explore the lifetime effectiveness of the addition of mifamurtide to chemotherapy for patients with metastatic and nonmetastatic osteosarcoma. The target population was osteosarcoma patients with or without metastasis. A Markov process model was used, whose time horizon was lifetime with a starting age of 13 years. There were five health states: disease-free (DF), recurrence, post-recurrence disease-free, post-recurrence disease-progression, and death. Transition probabilities of the starting state, DF, were calculated from the INT-0133 clinical trials for chemotherapy with and without mifamurtide. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) increased upon addition of mifamurtide to chemotherapy by 10.5 % (10.13 and 9.17 QALY with and without mifamurtide, respectively) and 45.2 % (7.23 and 4.98 QALY with and without mifamurtide, respectively) relative to the lifetime effectiveness of chemotherapy in nonmetastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma, respectively. Life-years gained (LYG) increased by 10.1 % (13.10 LYG with mifamurtide and 11.90 LYG without mifamurtide) in nonmetastatic patients and 42.2 % (9.43 LYG with mifamurtide and 6.63 LYG without mifamurtide) in metastatic osteosarcoma patients. The Markov model analysis showed that chemotherapy with mifamurtide improved the lifetime effectiveness compared to chemotherapy alone in both nonmetastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma. Relative effectiveness of the therapy was higher in metastatic than nonmetastatic osteosarcoma over lifetime. However, absolute lifetime effectiveness was higher in nonmetastatic than metastatic osteosarcoma.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Tratamento Farmacológico , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Cadeias de Markov , Modelos Estatísticos , Metástase Neoplásica , Osteossarcoma/patologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to demonstrate an immunostimulatory and adjuvant effect of new apyrogenic lipophilic derivatives of norAbuMDP and norAbuGMDP formulated in nanoliposomes. METHODS: Nanoliposomes and metallochelating nanoliposomes were prepared by lipid film hydration and extrusion methods. The structure of the liposomal formulation was studied by electron microscopy, AF microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Sublethal and lethal γ-irradiation mice models were used to demonstrate stimulation of innate immune system. Recombinant Hsp90 antigen (Candida albicans) bound onto metallochelating nanoliposomes was used for immunisation of mice to demonstrate adjuvant activities of tested compounds. RESULTS: Safety and stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity were demonstrated on rabbits and mice. The liposomal formulation of norAbuMDP/GMDP was apyrogenic in rabbit test and lacking any side effect in vivo. Recovery of bone marrow after sublethal γ-irradiation as well as increased survival of mice after lethal irradiation was demonstrated. Enhancement of specific immune response was demonstrated for some derivatives incorporated in metallochelating nanoliposomes with recombinant Hsp90 protein antigen. CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal formulations of new lipophilic derivatives of norAbuMDP/GMDP proved themselves as promising adjuvants for recombinant vaccines as well as immunomodulators for stimulation of innate immunity and bone-marrow recovery after chemo/radio therapy of cancer.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Imunidade Adaptativa/efeitos dos fármacos , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/administração & dosagem , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/química , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangue , Antígenos de Fungos/imunologia , Feminino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/imunologia , Lipossomos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Microscopia de Força Atômica , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Estrutura Molecular , Nanopartículas , Coelhos , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/imunologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used for decades as an immune stimulant to treat cancer. Early work by Fidler and Kleinerman identified muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as a critical component of the BCG cell wall which retained most of the immunostimulatory properties of the native BCG. Addition of a peptide to MDP resulted in muramyl tripeptide (MTP) which allowed incorporation into liposomal membranes. The resulting pharmaceutical, liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine (L-MTP-PE or mifamurtide) showed activity in preclinical models of human cancers. Phase I studies documented the safety of the compound for human administration. These trials did not reach a maximally tolerated dose (MTD), and the dose chosen for phase II trials was a biologically optimized dose, not an MTD. Phase II studies showed decreased risk of further recurrence in patients who received mifamurtide after surgical ablation of metastatic osteosarcoma. A phase III prospective randomized trial demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the risk of death from osteosarcoma when MTP was added to systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of localized osteosarcoma. The same trial allowed treatment of patients who presented with initially metastatic disease. While the overall and event-free survival was improved in patients with metastatic osteosarcoma who received L-MTP-PE, the sample size was small and the improvement did not achieve conventional statistical significance. From 2008 to 2012, patients with metastatic and recurrent osteosarcoma were given L-MTP-PE in an expanded access trial, and the results suggest a decreased risk of subsequent recurrence and death with the inclusion of L-MTP-PE in the treatment strategy for these high-risk patients.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Lipossomos/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/química , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias Ósseas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Composição de Medicamentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Osteossarcoma/mortalidade , Osteossarcoma/secundário , Osteossarcoma/cirurgia , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/química , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Mifamurtide is an immune macrophage stimulant that when added to standard chemotherapy has demonstrated survival benefit for newly diagnosed osteosarcoma. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cost-effectiveness of adding mifamurtide to standard three- or four-agent chemotherapy for high-grade, resectable, nonmetastatic osteosarcoma following surgical resection and the issues of obtaining robust cost-effectiveness estimates for ultra-orphan drugs, given the shortage of data. METHODS: An economic evaluation was conducted from the perspective of the UK's National Health Service as part of the manufacturer's submission to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The disease process was simplified to a transition through a series of health states, modeled by using a Markov approach. Data to inform the model were derived from patient-level data of Study INT-0133, published literature, and expert opinion. The final efficacy measure was life-years gained (LYG), and utilities were used to obtain quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS: For a 60-year time frame and a discount rate of 3.5% for outcomes, patients receiving mifamurtide benefited from an average additional 1.57 years of life and 1.34 QALYs, compared with patients receiving chemotherapy alone, giving an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £58,737 per LYG and £68,734 per QALY. Because treatment effects were both substantial in restoring health and sustained over a very long period, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence changed its guidance to allow a discount of 1.5% for outcomes to be applied in these special circumstances. By using this discount factor, it was found that patients receiving mifamurtide had an average additional 2.58 years of life and 2.20 QALYs compared with patients receiving chemotherapy alone, resulting in an ICER of £35,765 per LYG and £41,933 per QALY. CONCLUSION: Mifamurtide's ICER is cost-effective compared with that of other orphan and ultra-orphan drugs, for which prices and corresponding cost-effectiveness estimates are high.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/economia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/economia , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/administração & dosagem , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/economia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Cadeias de Markov , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Pathomorphological changes in the organs of animals intranasally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae were studied under conditions of immunotropic therapy added to antibiotic therapy. The pathomorphosis in the lungs, spleen, and thymus in animals treated with likopid, tinrostim, and roncoleukin was described. A positive time course of the pathological process in experimental animals in comparison with intact animals and animals receiving no immunotropic drugs was demonstrated.
Assuntos
Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/tratamento farmacológico , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Animais não Endogâmicos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Aza/farmacologia , Compostos Aza/uso terapêutico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/imunologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fluoroquinolonas , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Interleucina-2/uso terapêutico , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/microbiologia , Camundongos , Moxifloxacina , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/imunologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Baço/imunologia , Baço/patologia , Streptococcus pneumoniaeRESUMO
The aim of the study was to assess likopid effectiveness in complex treatment of oral dysbiosis. The study included 76 patients: 23 patients receiving antifungal and antimicrobial treatment, eubiotics and bacteriophages and 53 patients in which the above mentioned therapy was combined with licopid as immunocorrective agent. Laser flow cytometry was used to examine oral fluid bacteriostatic properties. The results of the study confirm licopid to be useful for complex treatment of oral dysbiosis.
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Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Doenças da Boca/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Boca/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças da Boca/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologiaRESUMO
Despite the great efforts put into their development, the list of clinically approved immunological adjuvants is still very short. Evolution of the knowledge of the immune system has enabled for rational design of novel adjuvants and has led to the conclusion that more than one type of adjuvant will be required. Derivatives of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal immunomodulatory structure of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, have gained considerable attention in the past decades, because of their potent adjuvant effects. Murabutide is a safe derivative of MDP, which interacts with cells of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, and exerts its effect through activation of Nod2. The transcriptional response of murabutide-stimulated macrophages revealed enhanced expression of genes coding for various proteins such as immune mediators and their receptors, transcription factors and kinases, ion channels/transporters and proteins involved in cell metabolic activity, thus reflecting a broad spectrum of biological effects. In addition to its well recognized adjuvant effect, murabutide has also been shown to enhance the host's resistance against microbial infections, nonspecific resistance against tumors and the induction of cytokines and chemokines implicated in enhancing the immune response and hematopoesis. This article provides an insight into the mechanism of action of murabutide and its interactions with the cells of the immune system in vitro and in vivo. On account of its numerous biological effects, murabutide has been the subject of several clinical studies. Many of these have confirmed its potential to synergize with cytokines of therapeutic interest in potentiating the tumoricidal activity of macrophages or targeting chronic viral diseases, as well as reducing the cytokine dosage needed to achieve a therapeutic effect. This review covers the findings of all relevant studies and focuses on the role of murabutide and its potential in the treatment of several microbial diseases.
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Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/análogos & derivados , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/química , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/farmacologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Hanseníase/tratamento farmacológico , Vacinas/química , Vacinas/farmacologia , Vacinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis. The minimal components of bacterial cell walls are recognized by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (Nod), which is important for host defense--a mechanism manifested in human corneal cells. We aimed to examine whether Nod stimulation is associated with CNV. METHODS: Three groups of mice with alkali-induced CNV were topically treated with tripeptide L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid (Tri-DAP, a Nod1 agonist), muramyl dipeptide (a Nod2 agonist), or phosphate-buffered saline twice daily for 8 days. The time course responses were quantified using biomicroscopic examinations and immunohistochemistry. Angiogenic factor expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. To confirm the involvement of Nod1 signaling in CNV, RICK (an essential molecule in Nod signaling)-knockout mice treated with Tri-DAP were examined biomicroscopically and immunohistochemically 8 days after injury. RESULTS: According to the biomicroscopic camera images and histology, Tri-DAP and muramyl dipeptide promoted CNV. Significantly, Tri-DAP increased the number and size of the neovascularized areas. The messenger RNA expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor was elevated in the Tri-DAP-treated mice after alkali injury. Compared with wild-type mice, CNV was attenuated in RICK-deficient mice treated with Tri-DAP. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Nod1 stimulation is an important inducer of CNV and that Nod1 might be useful in the development of CNV therapies.
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Neovascularização da Córnea/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/fisiologia , Acetilmuramil-Alanil-Isoglutamina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Neovascularização da Córnea/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Diaminopimélico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Diaminopimélico/uso terapêutico , Expressão Gênica , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/agonistas , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/agonistas , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/fisiologia , Oligopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
It was analysed the fascinating and metabolic phagocytic activity of neutrophilis (cationic-protein, myeloperoxidase and latex tests, NST-test: spontaneous and stimulated, stimulation index) in patients with often recurrent acute respiratory infections on the base of immunodeficiency disorders who received sublingual drug Licopid in dose of 1 mg/daily (30 patients) and 3 mg/daily (30 patients) during 14 days. It was found that Licopid in the daily dose of 3 mg could lead to more rapid regression of clinical symptoms of acute respiratory disease, more intensive strengthening neutrophils absorption capacity, metabolic and protease activity, activated by myeloperoxidase and cationic proteins. To improve of neutrophils phagocytic activity in patients with frequent acute respiratory diseases on the base of immunodeficiency disorders it could be recommended to increase the total dose of Licopid to 3 mg/daily and the frequency of repeated courses during the year, especially for patients of immunocompromised group.