Bronchoalveolar carcinoma as an unsuspected cause for worsening shortness of breath in a patient with metastatic breast cancer.

A 70-year-old woman with lung metastases from a breast cancer presented with worsening cough and dyspnoea. She recently had a pleurodesis for a malignant pleural effusion. Chest CT scans demonstrated various radiological changes leading to diagnostic challenges. Differential diagnoses included empyema, pleural disease progression, pulmonary oedema, pneumonitis, lymphangitis and atypical infections. She deteriorated despite a multimodality treatment strategy. Postmortem examination confirmed that lung changes were consistent with a bronchoalveolar carcinoma unrelated to the known metastatic breast cancer. The eventual knowledge of this diagnosis was reassuring to the treating medical team and a comfort to the relatives who witnessed the lack of response to standard treatment.

Middle lobe syndrome: An exceptional presentation of concomitant lepidic adenocarcinoma and bronchial anthracofibrosis.

Lepidic adenocarcinoma previously known as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a non-small cell lung cancer with an indolent presentation. Bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF) is caused by long-standing exposure to biomass fuel smoke often in poorly ventilated kitchen. Middle lobe syndrome (MLS) due to BAF is not uncommon however, lepidic adenocarcinoma then known as BAC, presenting as MLS has been documented only once before in the Polish literature. A 68-year-old never-smoker female with biomass fuel smoke exposure presented with cough and breathlessness. Imaging revealed MLS. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy visualised bluish-black hyperpigmentation with narrowing and distortion of right middle lobe bronchus suggestive of BAF. Transbronchial biopsy confirmed presence of lepidic adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of lepidic adenocarcinoma and BAF presenting as MLS.

[Difficulties in the radiodiagnosis of lung injuries in phthisiatric practice].

The paper describes clinical cases of concomitant lung and intrathoracic lymph node involvements as evidenced by conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT). It shows difficulties in the differential diagnosis of different nosological entities in pulmonary tuberculosis. The x-ray semiotics of concomitant lung injuries is also depicted.

The use of octreotide to manage symptoms of bronchorrhea: a case report.

Octreotide, a synthetic analogue of the hormone somatostatin, is primarily used in palliative medicine because of its antisecretory effect and has been shown to be effective in the management of bowel obstruction, nausea, and diarrhea. Octreotide also has been successfully used for the management of bronchorrhea in both inpatient and outpatient settings. We report the case of a 47-year-old female with a history of bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma whose copious bronchial secretions were controlled with octreotide. Octreotide should be further evaluated as a first-line treatment for bronchorrhea.

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation with associated mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in a neonate.

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of lung is a rare hamartomatous disorder characterized by abnormal branching morphogenesis of the lung. We report an unusual case of a 2-day-old male newborn with a pulmonary cystic lesion and lobectomy revealed a CCAM of the lung that has overlapping features of type 1 and type 2, complicating with multifocal mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The case indicates that malignant transformation can occur in very early stage of the infancy in the patients with CCAM of lung.

Prognostic validation of the body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index in inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the prognostic utility of the body mass index, severity of airflow obstruction, measures of exertional dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with inoperable NSCLC and performance status 0 to 3 completed pulmonary function testing, the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, a 6-minute walk test, and body mass index-the multidimensional 10-point BODE index. Cox proportional models were used to estimate the risk of all-cause mortality according to the BODE index with or without adjustment for traditional prognostic factors. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 31.5 months; 61 deaths (61%) were reported during this period. There was a significant univariate association between the BODE index score and mortality (adjusted p(trend) = 0.027). Compared with patients with a BODE index of 0, the adjusted hazard ratio for risk of death was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-2.55) for a BODE index of 1, 1.22 (95% CI, 0.45-3.25) for a BODE index of 2, and 2.44 (95% CI, 1.19-4.99) for a BODE index more than 2. The BODE index provided incremental prognostic information beyond that provided traditional markers of prognosis (adjusted p(trend) = 0.051). Every one-point increase in the BODE index, the risk of death increased by 25% (hazard ratio = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.27-4.64). CONCLUSIONS: The BODE index is a strong independent predictor of survival in inoperable NSCLC beyond traditional risk factors. Use of this multidimensional tool may improve risk stratification and prognostication in NSCLC.

Prognostic impact of malignant pleural effusion at presentation in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Despite its common occurrence, the influence of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) on the outcomes of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with distant metastasis (M1b) is unknown. We evaluated the clinical characteristics associated with MPE at presentation and the prognostic impact of MPE at presentation in patients with stage M1b NSCLC. METHODS: We extracted data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry from patients with NSCLC diagnosed between 2004 and 2005. Odds-ratio estimates were calculated using logistic regression, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate whether MPE was an independent risk for outcome. RESULTS: Among the 57,685 patients, MPE was present in 9170 (15.9%), including 3944 out of 31,506 (12.5%) without distant metastases and 5226 (20.0%) out of 26,179 with M1b. The probability of MPE was higher in patients with larger tumors, mediastinal lymph node involvement, and adenocarcinoma, NSCLC not otherwise specified, or large-cell histology. In patients with stage M1b, median overall survival (3 months versus 5 months), estimated 1-year survival (12.6% versus 24.8%), and 2-year survival (5.4% versus 11.3%) were significantly lower in patients with MPE compared with those without MPE (hazards ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.44-1.54, p < 0.0001). MPE was also an independent factor for worse survival in multivariate analysis (hazards ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval1.30-1.43, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MPE is a common complication in patients with NSCLC and is associated with decreased survival in patients with distant metastases. If these data are validated, subsequent studies in patients with advanced NSCLC may consider stratification according to the MPE status.

Case of thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy for lung cancer with tracheal bronchus and a pulmonary vein variation.

A 58-year-old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of an abnormal chest shadow. Chest CT showed an 18-mm ground-glass opacity in the right upper lobe, which became enlarged over time, and lung cancer was suspected. At the same time, a tracheal bronchus originating directly from the trachea was observed. She underwent thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. During surgery, in addition to the tracheal bronchus, a pulmonary vein variation was seen running dorsal to the pulmonary artery. Her postoperative course was uneventful. Tracheal bronchus is a rare anomaly, with an incidence of 0.1%-5%. Since tracheal bronchus is often accompanied by pulmonary vessel variations and may be associated with repeated previous infections, care should be taken when performing thoracoscopic lung resection.

[Lung cancer accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis].

We report 2 patients with lung cancer accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis. Case1 was a 82-year-old woman with stage I A bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and tuberculosis in right upper lobe. Right upper lobectomy was performed after the histological diagnosis of lung cancer by intraoperative frozen section. Case2 was a 69-year-old man with papillary adenocarcinoma in right lower lobe and tuberculosis in bilateral upper lobe. Partial resection in right lower lobe was performed for diagnosis of lung cancer. Smear-positive tuberculosis was diagnosed by sputum examination after the operation. Post-operative anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was added in both patients.

'Flooding' of the lungs and severe dyspnea in a patient with bronchoalveolar carcinoma.

In this case report, we describe a patient with bronchoalveolar carcinoma that experienced severe bronchorrhea and dyspnea after inhalation of N-acetylcysteine. The adverse reactions occurred both after oral and nebulized administration of N-acetylcysteine, resulting in severe dyspnea and the feeling of 'drowning'. Bronchorrhea has previously been reported as an uncommon but serious complication of bronchoalveolar carcinoma. We strongly suspect the administration of N-acetylcysteine to be implicated, as the complications occurred immediately after administration of this drug. As the patient suffered from hyperhomocysteinemia, we speculate that an additive or synergistic interaction with homocysteine may have been involved as well.

Acute interstitial pneumonia (Hamman-Rich syndrome) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bronchoalveolar carcinoma: a case report.

AIM: Acute interstitial pneumonia is characterized by rapid progressive dyspnoea degenerating into respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are separate clinic/pathological entities although overlap may be present. It is well-known that patients with IPF have increased risk of lung carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma in connection with IPF is less common. Moreover the subtype of adenocarcinoma, diffuse bronchoalveolar carcinoma has not yet been described. CASE REPORT: We report the case of 45 yr old former hockey player with increased bilateral reticular shadowing on chest radiograph, dyspnoea, velcro-like crackles, restrictive respiratory disease and mixed high-resolution computed tomography finding. During brief in-patient treatment the patient developed acute respiratory failure accompanied by multiorgan failure and disseminated coagulopathy. Deterioration of the microcirculation was followed by loss of peripheral vascular resistance, which was irreversible even with normalization of the blood gases achieved by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. At autopsy, bronchoalveolar carcinoma in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) combined with areas of alveolar damage with hyaline membranes was found. CONCLUSION: This case alerts clinicians to unusual idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis manifestations and its complications. Close collaboration between clinicians, pathologists and laboratory physicians is highly recommended for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

[Simultaneously treated thymoma and lung cancer; report of a case].

A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital in order to treat a mediastinal mass and 2 ground-glass attenuations in the right upper lobe detected by chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT). Partial resection of right lung and thymectomy were performed. The mediastinal mass and 2 ground-glass attenuations in the right upper lobe proved to be thymoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, respectively by pathology.

A case of primary pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary tumor.

A 64-year-old female with a 9-year history of primary pulmonary hypertension developed a solid pulmonary tumor. Partial lung resection was planned for diagnosis. Although prostacyclin was increased to 8 ng/kg/min, she did not tolerate the decubitus position and one-lung ventilation, and her pulmonary arterial pressure rose to 110/45 mmHg. While she underwent partial resection under two-lung ventilation in the decubitus position, bleeding occurred from the suture line closed by a linear stapler and was controlled by additional sutures. She was discharged home without postoperative complications on postoperative day 15. The pathological examination revealed a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. If pulmonary resection becomes necessary in a similar patient, we will plan a partial resection with the patient in a supine position to prevent elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure.

The clinical application value of PET/CT in adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma features.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to demonstrate the clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) features, through evaluating the relationship between the intrathoracic lymph node metastases and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), tumor size of the primary tumor and the ratio of BAC component and analysing the correlation of SUVmax, tumor size and the ratio of BAC component. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Forty-five patients with focal peripheral lung adenocarcinoma with BAC features were included in this study and underwent the PET/CT scan. Twenty-one patients were women and 24 were men. None of the patients had insulin-dependent diabetes and the serum glucose levels in all patients just before (18)F-FDG was injected were less than 120 mg/dl. The diagnosis of the lesion was made by surgical histopathology. RESULTS: All patients underwent successful surgery, and pathologic examination confirmed that 34 of 118 excised nodal groups in 18 patients were proved to be positive for malignancy. Univariate analysis revealed 3 potential factors related to intrathoracic lymph node metastases: SUVmax (P = 0.002); the ratio of BAC component (P = 0.002); maximum dimension of a tumor on mediastinal window setting images (mDmax, P = 0.025). The maximum dimension of a tumor on pulmonary window setting images (pDmax, P = 0.373) had no significance. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based on SUVmax, mDmax and the ratio of BAC component was constructed, the area under curve (AUC) was 85.2, 70.3 and 81.5% separately. There was no statistical significance between AUC of SUVmax and AUC of the ratio of BAC component (Z = 0.901, P = 0.368). The AUC of SUVmax and AUC of the ratio of BAC component were significantly higher than AUC of mDmax (Z = 2.112, P = 0.035; Z = 2.016, P = 0.042).The SUVmax and the ratio of BAC component had significant inverse correlation (r = -0.85, P < 0.01). The mDmax and the ratio of BAC component had significant inverse correlation (r = -0.69, P < 0.01). The SUVmax and mDmax had significant correlation (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT would be clinically useful for adenocarcinoma with BAC features, because SUVmax obtained by PET/CT can predict the incidence of intrathoracic lymph node metastases at preoperative stages and even for inoperable patients.