Platelet Depletion after Thoraco-Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Endovascular Repair is Associated with Clinically Relevant Hemorrhagic Complications.

BACKGROUND: Thoraco-abdominal endovascular aortic repair (TA-EVAR) can be associated with platelet depletion (PD); the present study aims to evaluate PD incidence after TA-EVAR and to investigate its possible predictors and its influence on hemorrhagic complications and mortality. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all TA-EVAR from 2010 to 2021 was performed to identify patients with PD, (reduction > 60%). Spontaneous hemorrhages considered were: intracranial or any hemorrhages requiring surgery. Risk factors for PD, correlation with hemorrhagic complications and 30-day mortality were investigated by uni/multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 158 TA-EVAR were considered, 35(22%) female, 86(54%) extended thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) (Crawford type I, II, III), 79(50%) staged procedure, 31(20%) urgent treatment (symptomatic/ruptured). PD was identified in 42 (27%) patients and correlated to female sex, thrombus-free aortic lumen > 50mm, urgent treatment, extensive TAAA, blood transfusion >3 units and staged procedure at the univariate analysis. The multivariate analysis confirmed a significant correlation between PD and thrombus-free aortic lumen > 50mm, urgent treatment, blood transfusion > 3 units and staged procedure (odds ratio [OR]: 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-7.0), P = 0.04, OR 3.2 (95% CI 1.01-8.6), P= 0.03, OR 3.16 (95% CI 1.23-7.7), P = 0.03 and OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.2-6.2), P= 0.04, respectively). Overall, 13 hemorrhagic complications occurred (8 intracranial and 5 peripheral); PD was associated with higher risk of hemorrhagic complications (9/42 - 21% vs. 4/116 - 3%, OR: 7.6 [95% CI: 2.2-26.3], P= 0.001) and a higher risk of 30-day mortality in elective cases 4/25 - 16% vs. 3/101 - 3%, OR: 6.2 (95% CI: 1.3-29.8), P= 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: PD is a relatively common event after TA-EVAR and is associated with thrombus-free aortic lumen > 50mm, urgent treatment, blood transfusion > 3 units and staged procedure. Hemorrhagic complications and mortality are increased under these circumstances.

Retrospective observational study evaluating zinc plasma level in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair and its correlation with outcome.

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair is related to a relevant morbidity and in-hospital mortality rate. In this retrospective observational single-center study including serum zinc levels of 33 patients we investigated the relationship between zinc and patients' outcome following TAAA repair. Six patients died during the hospital stay (18%). These patients showed significantly decreased zinc levels before the intervention (zinc levels before intervention: 60.09 µg/dl [survivors] vs. 45.92 µg/dl [non-survivors]). The post-interventional intensive care SOFA-score (Sepsis-related organ failure assessment) (at day 2) as well as the SAPS (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) (at day 2) showed higher score points in case of low pre-interventional zinc levels. No significant correlation between patient comorbidities and zinc level before intervention, except for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which was significantly correlated to reduced baseline zinc levels, was observed. Septic shock, pneumonia and urinary tract infections were not associated to reduced zinc levels preoperatively as well as during therapy. Patients with adverse outcome after TAAA repair showed reduced pre-interventional zinc levels. We speculate that decreased zinc levels before intervention may be related to a poorer outcome because of poorer physical status as well as negatively altered perioperative inflammatory response.

Impact of Lymphocyte-Related Blood Parameters on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Lymphocyte-related blood parameters (LRBP), including neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, could reflect a patient's overall inflammatory status. We aimed to clarify the association between preoperative LRBP and outcomes of type B aortic dissection (TBAD) patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). A total of 841 patients were enrolled from 2010 to 2017. Twenty-six (3.1%) patients died during hospitalization and 71 (8.7%) patients died after a median follow-up of 47.3 months. Multivariate analyses showed that the NLR was the only independent predictor for in-hospital death (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.22; P < .001); 4.1 was identified as the optimum threshold for NLR after applying the X-tile program. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to diminish bias and yielded 174 matched pairs. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio >4.1 was demonstrated to be independently associated with follow-up mortality before (hazard ratio [HR], 2.53; 95% CI, 1.44-4.43; P = .001) and after PSM (HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.35-7.15; P = .008). The relationship between LRBP and follow-up reintervention or stroke were not significant (P > .05 for both). Elevated NLR was an independent indicator for in-hospital and follow-up mortality in patients with TBAD undergoing TEVAR; this might provide additional risk stratification.

Aggrecan: a new biomarker for acute type A aortic dissection.

Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) constitutes a life-threatening aortic pathology with significant morbidity and mortality. Without surgical intervention the usual mortality rate averages between 1 and 2% per hour. Thus, an early diagnosis of ATAAD is of pivotal importance to direct the affected patients to the appropriate treatment. Preceding tests to find an appropriate biomarker showed among others an increased aggrecan (ACAN) mRNA expression in aortic tissue of ATAAD patients. As a consequence, we investigated whether ACAN is a potential biomarker for diagnosing ATAAD. Mean ACAN protein concentration showed a significantly higher plasma concentration in ATAAD patients (38.59 ng/mL, n = 33) compared to plasma of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms (4.45 ng/mL, n = 13), patients with myocardial infarction (11.77 ng/mL, n = 18) and healthy volunteers (8.05 ng/mL, n = 12). Cardiac enzymes like creatine kinase MB and cardiac troponin T showed no correlation with ACAN levels in ATAAD patients. Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for ATAAD patients versus control subjects an optimum discrimination limit of ACAN plasma levels at 14.3 ng/mL with a corresponding sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 81%. According to our findings ACAN is a reliable potential biomarker in plasma samples to detect ATAAD with high sensitivity and specificity.

Changes in Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Systems During the Perioperative Period of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

BACKGROUND: Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) has a high risk of perioperative bleeding and often requires extensive blood product infusions. Analysis of the changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis is both helpful for proper treatment and an improved prognosis. The present study investigated the changes in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems during the perioperative period of ATAAD. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with ATAAD were included in this study. After diagnosis, all patients underwent ascending aorta replacement, aortic arch replacement, and implantation of a special stented endovascular graft. The control group included 25 patients undergoing elective aortic surgery. Baseline preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected in both groups. Venous blood samples of all subjects were collected at five time points, after admission (T1), before surgery (T2), after protamine reversal (T3), postoperative 6 h (T4), and postoperative 24 h (T5), measuring the concentrations of platelet factor 4 (PF4), prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1+2), tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), plasminogen activator (PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS: The average age of the ATAAD group was 49.9±12.5 years old, while that of the control group was 57.0±12.1 years old. There were more patients with a smoking history, and the cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction were higher in the ATAAD group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, preoperative fibrin degradation products (FDP) and preoperative D-dimer were higher in the ATAAD group than in the control group (P < 0.05). However, time from onset to operation, intraoperative core temperature, preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter in the ATAAD group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, however, the proportion of abnormal bicuspid aortic valves in the control group was higher (P < 0.05). TF in the ATAAD group was significantly higher at T1 (7.9±3.7 ng/mL versus 0.9±0.7 ng/mL, P < 0.05). The TFPI in the ATAAD group was higher than that in the control group at T1 and T2 (P < 0.05). Additionally, PA in the ATAAD group was higher than that in the control group at T1, T2, T3, and T5 (P < 0.05), while PA in the control group was significantly higher at T3 than at T1 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in PAI-1 between the two groups before surgery (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, both groups reached their peak value at T3. The platelet count and fibrinogen (FBG) in the ATAAD group decreased significantly from T1 to T2 and continued to decrease after cardiopulmonary bypass. F1+2 and TAT in the ATAAD group were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05); however, they peaked at T3. The PF4 in the ATAAD group slightly increased at T1, while PF4 at T3 was significantly higher than at T1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in the ATAAD group before surgery were very significant, which caused a large amount of fibrinogen and platelet consumption. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and a lower intraoperative core temperature exacerbated the coagulation and fibrinolysis disorder, and the pro-coagulant function of the platelets was activated after surgery. Maintaining the normal concentration of fibrinogen was helpful to correct the coagulation function disorder.

Trigger and Target for Fibrinogen Supplementation Using Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in Patients Undergoing Open Thoraco-Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the value of fibrinogen assessed by the FIBTEM clot amplitude at 10 minutes (A10 FIBTEM) measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and the amount of drainage output at 24 hours, to investigate whether the A10 FIBTEM predicts severe bleeding (SB), and to define A10 FIBTEM thresholds to prevent (trigger) and treat (target) severe bleeding by fibrinogen supplementation. METHODS: In a single centre, retrospective observational study, 166 patients underwent elective open thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair between March 2016 and January 2019. Exclusion criteria were emergency, congenital, or acquired coagulopathy, or administration of P2Y12 inhibitor antiplatelet agents in the five days before surgery. All patients were managed intra-operatively and post-operatively according to a rotational thromboelastometry driven transfusion protocol. The principal endpoint was a composite outcome, which included bleeding, large volume transfusion, and re-operation. RESULTS: FIBTEM clot amplitude after 10 minutes measured on ICU admission and post-operative bleeding at 24 hours showed an inverse linear relationship (R2 = .03; p = .026). Performance of A10 FIBTEM in predicting SB evaluated by Receiving Operating Curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.63 (95% CI 0.56 - 0.70; p = .026) with a best cutoff of 9 mm. An A10 FIBTEM of 3 mm was the cutoff associated with a positive predictive value of 50%, while an A10 FIBTEM of 9 mm showed a negative predictive value of 92%. On multivariable analysis, an A10 FIBTEM ≤ 3 mm remained independently associated with SB. CONCLUSION: The present investigation shows for the first time in a population undergoing open TAAA repair that an A10 FIBTEM ≤ 3mm on ICU admission is associated with post-operative severe bleeding. Trigger and target values for fibrinogen supplementation, based on A10 FIBTEM, have been provided. The transferability and reliability of these cutoff values require further study.

Admission Values of Plasma Biomarkers Predict the Short-Term Outcomes in Acute Aortic Dissection.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is an emergency disease with high misdiagnosis rate and mortality. The aim of the present study is to explore the impact of blood-related biomarkers, specifically D-dimer, on in-hospital outcomes of patients with AAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 345 patients in our hospital from December 2013 to April 2017 were included. The cutoff value for D-dimer and LDL-C were set as 5.9mg/l and 1.45 mg/l, respectively. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the independently prognostic predictors. RESULTS: The results showed that patients with type A AAD had higher risk of in-hospital mortality compared with those with type B disease. Moreover, results revealed the type A AAD (OR 6.382, 95%CI: 2.423 to 16.812), D-dimer (OR 2.160, 95%CI: 1.072 to 4.350), and LDL-C (OR 0.373, 95%CI: 0.148 to 0.940) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analysis suggested that D-dimer (OR 2.295, 95%CI: 1.140 to 4.622) was an independently prognostic factor in type A AAD. CONCLUSION: In summary, D-dimer ≥5.9 mg/L and type A AAD were independently associated with in-hospital mortality in AAD patients. Moreover, subgroup analysis proved that the elevated D-dimer was related to poor prognosis in type A AAD.

Elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts early adverse outcomes in uncomplicated type B aortic dissection undergoing TEVAR.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) of uncomplicated type B aortic dissection (uTBAD) has favorable long-term outcomes but higher early adverse events compared with the optimal medical treatment. Recently, clinical evidence concerning vascular surgery indicates that elevated preoperative systemic inflammatory response predicts adverse clinical events. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and early outcomes of uTBAD patients undergoing TEVAR. RESULTS: 216 patients diagnosed with uTBAD were included in this retrospective study between January 2015 and December 2018. The median (IQR) follow-up period was 21 (15-33) months. An early adverse event was defined as occurring within 2 years after the procedure. Median patient age was 60 (IQR, 48-68) years and 78.7 % were male. Early adverse events occurred in 24 patients (11.1 %). In the multivariable analysis, preoperative NLR (HR per SD, 1.98; 95 % CI, 1.14-3.44; P = 0.015) was associated with 2-year adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: NLR is an independent predictive factor of early adverse events in uTBAD patients undergoing TEVAR.

Development and Validation of a Simplified Probability Assessment Score Integrated With Age-Adjusted d-Dimer for Diagnosis of Acute Aortic Syndromes.

Background When acute aortic syndromes (AASs) are suspected, pretest clinical probability assessment and d-dimer (DD) testing are diagnostic options allowing standardized care. Guidelines suggest use of a 12-item/3-category score (aortic dissection detection) and a DD cutoff of 500 ng/mL. However, a simplified assessment tool and a more specific DD cutoff could be advantageous. Methods and Results In a prospective derivation cohort (n=1848), 6 items identified by logistic regression (thoracic aortic aneurysm, severe pain, sudden pain, pulse deficit, neurologic deficit, hypotension), composed a simplified score (AORTAs) assigning 2 points to hypotension and 1 to the other items. AORTAs≤1 and ≥2 defined low and high clinical probability, respectively. Age-adjusted DD was calculated as years/age × 10 ng/mL (minimum 500). The AORTAs score and AORTAs≤1/age-adjusted DD rule were validated in 2 patient cohorts: a high-prevalence retrospective cohort (n=1035; 22% AASs) and a low-prevalence prospective cohort (n=447; 11% AASs) subjected to 30-day follow-up. The AUC of the AORTAs score was 0.729 versus 0.697 of the aortic dissection detection score (P=0.005). AORTAs score assessment reclassified 16.6% to 25.1% of patients, with significant net reclassification improvement of 10.3% to 32.7% for AASs and -8.6 to -17% for alternative diagnoses. In both cohorts, AORTAs≥2 had superior sensitivity and slightly lower specificity than aortic dissection detection ≥2. In the prospective validation cohort, AORTAs≤1/age-adjusted DD had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 48.6%, and an efficiency of 43.3%. Conclusions AORTAs is a simplified score with increased sensitivity, improved AAS classification, and minor trade-off in specificity, amenable to integration with age-adjusted DD for diagnostic rule-out.

Serum Cystatin C Level as a Biomarker of Aortic Plaque in Patients with an Aortic Arch Aneurysm.

AIM: During surgery for an aortic arch aneurysm, aortic plaque in the descending aorta should be evaluated, but there are currently no suitable biomarkers for it. Surgeons should be especially aware of cerebral embolism from femoral perfusion and of peripheral embolism from stent graft deployment. Cystatin C is a known useful marker of renal dysfunction with a role as a biomarker for severity of coronary artery disease. In the absence of a suitable biomarker for aortic plaque in the descending aorta, we examine cystatin C as a candidate. METHODS: In all, 75 patients who underwent surgery for an aortic arch aneurysm were enrolled. They were divided into two groups, depending on whether they had chronic kidney disease or not. The serum cystatin C value and creatinine value were evaluated preoperatively. The aortic plaque volume ratio and components in the descending aorta were calculated from preoperative enhanced computed tomography. RESULTS: The soft plaque volume ratio was higher in patients with chronic kidney disease than in patients without it. Cystatin C positively correlated with the total aortic plaque volume ratio in all cases, and it positively correlated with the soft plaque volume ratio in both groups. Creatinine had no correlation with any type of plaque volume ratio in either group. In patients without chronic kidney disease, the soft plaque volume ratio was higher in patients with higher cystatin C levels than in patients with normal levels. CONCLUSION: The preoperative serum cystatin C level could be a biomarker of aortic plaque in the descending aorta in patients with an aortic arch aneurysm.

Perioperative risk factors predict one-year mortality in patients with acute type-A aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyze perioperative risk factors to predict one- year mortality after operation for acute type A aortic dissection (AAD). METHODS: A total of 121 consecutive patients undergoing Stanford type A AAD surgery in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were enrolled. Preoperative clinical and laboratory data from patients were collected. RESULTS: Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that significant factors associated with increased one-year mortality were elder age (year) (hazard ratio (HR) 1.0985; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0334-1.1677), intraoperative blood transfusion ≥2000 mL (HR 8.8081; 95% CI 2.3319-33.2709), a higher level of serum creatinine (µmol/L) at postoperative one day (HR 1.0122; 95% CI 1.0035-1.0190) and oxygenation index (OI) < 200 (mmHg) at the end of surgery (HR 5.7575; 95% CI 1.1695-28.3458). CONCLUSION: In this study, perioperative risk factors to predict one-year prognosis are age, intraoperative blood transfusion ≥2000 mL, postoperative OI < 200 mmHg and level of postoperative serum creatinine. The results aid in the comprehension of surgical outcomes and assist in the optimization of treatment strategies for those with perioperative risk factors to decrease one-year mortality.

Acute kidney injury in patients operated on for type A acute aortic dissection: incidence, risk factors and short-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a relatively common complication after an operation for type A acute aortic dissection and is indicative of a poor prognosis. We examined the risk factors for and the outcomes of developing AKI in patients being operated on for thoracic aortic diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 712 patients with acute type A dissection who had deep hypothermic circulatory operations from January 2014 to December 2018, emphasizing those who developed AKI. Logistic regression models were used to identify predisposing factors for the postoperative development of AKI. RESULTS: Among all enrolled patients, 359 (50.4%) had AKI; of these, 133 were diagnosed as stage 1 (18.7%), 126 were stage 2 (17.7%) and 100 were stage 3 (14.0%). Postoperative haemodialysis was required in 111 patients (15.9%). The development of AKI after aortic surgery contributed to the higher mortality rate within 30 days after surgery (P < 0.001), longer stay in the intensive care unit (P = 0.01) and longer hospital stay (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative cystatin C levels [odds ratio (OR) 2.615, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.139-6.002; P = 0.023] and postoperative ventilation time (OR 1.019, 95% CI 1.005-1.034; P = 0.009) were independent risk factors for developing AKI. Multiple ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that the preoperative cystatin C level (OR 2.921, 95% CI 1.542-5.540; P = 0.001) was an independent risk factor associated with the severity of AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that the development of AKI after surgery for type A acute aortic dissection was common and associated with an increased short-term mortality rate. The preoperative cystatin C level was identified as an indicator for the occurrence and severity of AKI postoperatively. Furthermore, we discovered that longer postoperative ventilation time was also associated with the development of AKI.

The Association between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Chinese Population.

OBJECTIVE: To shed light on the association between hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). METHODS: From July 2013 to March 2017, we conducted a matched case-control study involving individuals who presented to the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital and underwent thoracoabdominal magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography. A total of 73 patients with TAAAs were enrolled in the case group, and 219 sex-matched subjects without TAAAs were included in the control group. We then examined the relationship between HHcy and TAAAs by logistic regression models and subgroup as well as interaction analyses. RESULTS: Serum total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations and the proportion of HHcy were significantly higher in the patients with TAAAs than in those without TAAAs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate logistic regression models indicated that participants with HHcy had a 2.14-fold higher risk of TAAAs than those with a normal serum tHcy level (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-4.56). Similarly, each 1 µmol/L increase in the serum tHcy concentration was associated with a 4% higher risk of TAAAs (adjusted OR, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.07). Subgroup analyses indicated that HHcy tended to be associated with a greater risk of TAAAs in all stratified subgroups (adjusted ORs > 1). Furthermore, the interaction analyses revealed no interactive role in the association between HHcy and TAAAs. CONCLUSIONS: The present case-control study suggests that HHcy is an independent risk factor for TAAAs. Larger prospective cohort studies are warranted to validate these findings.

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and short-term mortality in acute aortic dissection: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and rapid treatment. There is a paucity of data on the role of biomarkers in risk stratification of patients with AAD. HYPOTHESIS: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is associated with short-term mortality in AAD patients. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline and Scopus to identify all observational cohort studies published before January 2020 that compared outcome (short-term mortality) in patients with AAD with high vs low levels of baseline NT-proBNP combining terms "brain natriuretic peptide" and "aortic dissection." A meta-analysis was conducted using the generic inverse variance method. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using the Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistic. RESULTS: Four studies were included in final analysis including a total of 950 patients, and 105 (11%) patients died. Baseline NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in nonsurvivors (median 2240 pg/mL, range 1678-16 347 pg/mL) when compared to survivors (665 pg/mL, 328-1252 pg/mL). Elevated NT-proBNP values were significantly associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality (odds ratio 4.13, 95% CI [confidence interval] 2.33-7.33), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 8.77%, Cochran Q = 2.19, P = .33), and no publication bias. The pooled standardized mean difference between groups was 1.28 (95% CI 0.99-1.56), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 38.73%, Cochran Q = 3.26, P = .19). CONCLUSION: Elevated NT-proBNP levels on admission are associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality in AAD.

Long Noncoding RNAs CARMN, LUCAT1, SMILR, and MALAT1 in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Validation of Biomarkers in Clinical Samples.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relative expression of lncRNAs CARMN, LUCAT1, SMILR, and MALAT1 was tested in clinical aortic tissue and blood plasma samples from TAA and non-TAA patients using the qRT-PCR method. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare ΔCt values between the study groups. ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma lncRNAs. RESULTS: We found significantly reduced CARMN (p = 0.033) and LUCAT1 (p = 0.009) expression in aortic tissue samples from TAA patients. Relative expression of MALAT1 (p = 0.117) and SMILR (p = 0.610) did not differ in aortic tissue between the TAA and non-TAA groups. Expression of both LUCAT1 and SMILR was significantly decreased in TAA patients' blood plasma compared to controls (p = 0.018 and p = 0.032, respectively). However, only LUCAT1 showed the ability to discriminate aneurysmal disease in patients' blood plasma (AUC = 0.654, 95%CI = 0.534-0.775, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that the expression of lncRNAs CARMN and LUCAT1 is reduced in dilated aortic tissue and that the LUCAT1 and SMILR expression is lower in the blood plasma of TAA patients. Decreased LUCAT1 expression in TAA patients' blood plasma may have diagnostic potential in discriminating patients with TAA.

Efficacy of interleukin-6 in combination with D-dimer in predicting early poor postoperative prognosis after acute stanford type a aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: We studied early poor postoperative prognosis in acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) patients and investigated the predictive effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) combined with D-dimer in the early poor postoperative prognosis after ATAAD. METHODS: Data on 141 ATAAD patients, who underwent emergency surgery between January 2018 and December 2018 at our hospital, were studied. We analyzed early postoperative prognosis using two patient groups. Patients with good prognosis were included in group A and those with poor prognosis were in group B. Univariate logistic and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed for poor early postoperative prognosis. RESULTS: Preoperative IL-6 level was lower (57.8 ± 39.0 vs 211.0 ± 153.7 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and the D-dimer was also lower (7.3 ± 6.1 vs. 16.7 ± 5.8 µg/mL, p < 0.001) in group A than in B. The cut-off points, determined by the ROC curve, were preoperative IL-6 > 108 pg/mL (area under the curve: AUC = 0.901) and D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL (AUC = 0.817). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that IL-6 > 108 pg/mL, D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL, prothrombin time > 15 s, creatinine > 135 mmol/mL, and operation time > 306 min for ATAAD appeared to be early postoperative risk factors of poor prognosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that IL-6 > 108 pg/mL and D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL were early postoperative risk factors for poor prognosis after ATAAD, and the odds ratios (ORs) of IL-6 > 108 pg/mL and D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL were 24.937 (6.837, 90.931) and 18.757 (5.094, 69.075), respectively. When IL-6 was > 108 pg/mL (AUC = 0.901), the sensitivity and specificity of predicting early postoperative prognosis after ATAAD were 79.4 and 89.7%, respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.839 to 0.963). When D-dimer was > 14.0 g/mL (AUC = 0.817), the sensitivity and specificity were 82.4 and 84.1%, respectively (95% CI 0.731 to 0.903). When combined with D-dimer (AUC = 0.936) (95% CI 0.793 to 0.979), the AUC values were more predictive than those for the individual marker. CONCLUSION: IL-6 > 108 pg/mL and D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL is of high predictive value for the assessment of early poor postoperative prognosis after ATAAD. And IL-6 > 108 pg/mL in combination with D-dimer > 14.0 µg/mL is of higher predictive value.

C-Reactive Protein and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Values in Predicting Inhospital Death in Patients with Stanford Type A Acute Aortic Dissection.

BACKGROUND: Aortic dissection is a cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing emergent surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection. METHODS: Patients operated for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection between January 2010 and December 2018 were included in the study. Patients without in-hospital mortality were classified as Group 1, and patients with mortality were classified as Group 2. RESULTS: One-hundred-eighteen patients were involved in the study. Patient mean age was 57 ± 11.7 years, and 89 patients (75.4%) were male. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil counts, and C-reactive protein (CRP) values at the time of admission also were found to be high in Group 2 (P = .001, .021, < .001, < .001 respectively). Total perfusion times (TPt), antegrade cerebral perfusion time (ACPt), cross-clamp time (CCt), and intensive care unit (ICU) stay periods significantly were higher in the mortality group (P < .001, < .001, = .01, and < .001, respectively). In receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, a cut-off level of 23 mg/L was determined for CRP levels that predict progression to mortality (area under the curve (AUC): 0.879, P < .001, 75.0% sensitivity and 58.0% specificity). Similarly, a cut-off level of 8.8 was found for NLR that predicts progression to mortality (AUC: 0.835, P < .001, 76.0% sensitivity and 61.0% specificity). CONCLUSION: As a result, we can use CRP and NLR values, which easily can be measured or calculated from blood tests to predict mortality in patients with aortic dissections, which may have serious mortal consequences.

MicroRNAs in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) is characterized by the dilation of the aorta and is fatal if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. The underlying genetic mechanisms have not been completely delineated, so better knowledge of the physiopathology of TAAs is needed to improve detection and therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and are known to be involved in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The current study aimed to identify miRNAs that can be used as possible biomarkers for the early diagnosis of patients with ascending TAAs (ATAAs). MiRNA expression was profiled by NanoString nCounter technology using 12 samples including tissue and pre- and post-surgical plasma from ATAA patients. Four miRNAs were selected and further validated by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 22 plasma samples from which three miRNAs (hsa-miR140-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p and hsa-miR-214-3p) showed significant expression level differences between the two types of plasma samples. Further analyses of the corresponding predicted target genes by these miRNAs, revealed two genes (Myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4) and Phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit ß (PPP1CB)) whose expression was inversely correlated with the expression of their respective miRNAs. Overall, in this pilot study, we identified three miRNAs that might serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in ATAA.

Upregulated sulfatase and downregulated MMP-3 in thoracic aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) formation is accompanied by degradation of extracellular matrix components (EMC). Numerous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the process, but the involvement of MMP-3 remains unclear. Additionally, the changes in proteoglycan (PG) structure can alter the signal transduction pathways in TAA, though the enzymatic systems which originate them are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: To measure MMP-3 and sulfatase levels in aneurysmal tissue, comparing them with non-aneurysmal vessels, and to investigate possible correlations with patients' serum levels in order to evaluate their potential usefulness in aiding aneurysm detection and monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 74 patients (TAA: n = 42; control group: n = 32). Sulfatase activity was measured colometrically and MMP-3 levels were measured immunoenzymatically. RESULTS: Sulfatase activities were higher (p = 0.03) and MMP-3 concentrations lower (p = 0.014) in aneurysmal tissue than in normal aortic tissue. Medium-sized dilatations were associated with lower tissue MMP-3 concentrations than small dilatations (p = 0.033). No differences in sulfatase activity or MMP-3 concentration in the serum of TAA patients were observed in comparison with the controls. The serum and tissue levels of MMP-3 were correlated (r = 0.41; p < 0.001). The serum levels of MMP-3 were significantly lower in the female patients than in the male patients (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our studies confirmed the lower MMP-3 levels in aneurysmal tissue, but the lack of a statistically confirmed reduction of MMP-3 in the blood serum seems to preclude its usefulness for diagnostic purposes. Our study points to the differences in MMP-3 behavior between TAA and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Significantly higher sulfatase activity in TAA tissue suggests a possible impact of sulfatase on signal transduction pathways involved in aneurysm formation.