Current status of ruminant anaplasmosis in Algeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease that is being recognised all over the world, with impact on animal health.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the rate infection of Anaplasma spp. infection in Algerian ruminants. Three databases were searched to identify eligible studies for the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The 'meta' package in the R software was used for the meta-analysis, and the random effects model was chosen to pool the data. Meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning 19 years (2004-2023), out of an initial pool of 737 articles retrieved from various databases. The study included a total of 1515 cattle, 190 sheep, and 310 goats, and the overall Anaplasma infection rate was estimated at 28% (95% CI, 17-41%). The analysis revealed varying infection rates among species, with cattle at 20%, sheep at 30%, and goats at 61%. Five classified species and two unclassified strains belonging to Anaplasma genus were identified in ruminants, which are A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-like strains, and A. platys-like strains. Among these, A. marginale was prevalent in ten out of eleven cattle studies. The data also revealed regional variations, with Northeastern Algeria showing a higher infection rate (26%) compared to North-central Algeria (9%). In the subgroup analysis, clinically healthy cattle had a higher infection rate (28%) compared to suspected disease cattle (16%). Molecular biology screening methods yielded a significantly higher infection rate (33%) than microscopy (12%). Gender analysis suggested slightly higher infection rates among male cattle (19%) compared to females (16%). Age analysis indicated that Anaplasma infection was more common in cattle less than 12 months (14%) compared to those over 12 months (9%). This systematic review provides valuable insights, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and potential preventive strategies in different regions and among different animal populations in Algeria.

Histopathological Study of Breast Cancer at the Oran University Hospital Center on a Population from Western Algeria.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide and also in Algeria. Despite therapeutic progress, it remains a cancer with serious physical and psychological consequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The objective of this study was to perform a histological analysis on 244 patients from the western Algerian population who were receiving treatment at the Oran University Hospital. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The findings of our study indicates that women are more likely to be affected, with a predominance of tumors in the right breast (77%), we also found that (72%) of patients had a personal history risk of developing breast cancer. The majority of the cases that were examined were in the age range of 40 to 50. In addition, we noticed that unemployed and married women were the most affected, with (86% and 95%, respectively). Total of (63%) patients used contraceptives known to be endocrine disruptors and (68%) of cases were breast-feeding.Our results revealed that the most frequent histological type is the infiltrative ductal carcinoma (77%) followed by the ductal carcinoma in situ which is (13%), on the other hand the infiltrative lobular carcinoma presents a very low percentage (9%). The SBR II grade is the most dominant with (81%) followed by the SBRIII grade (18%) and no cases of SBR I grade were observed. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer is one of the most complex and difficult to control diseases, especially in developing countries. Breast cancer screening remains a powerful way of improving early detection and survival rate. The Findings of our study demonstrate that histopathological analysis provides an important prognostic information and, if the grading protocol is followed consistently, reproducible results can be obtained for a favorable prognosis and management of breast cancer to reduce the burden of the disease. KEY WORDS: Breast cancer, risk factor, histopathology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Microscopic and molecular prevalence and associated risk factors with Toxocara and Blastocystis infection in dogs and cats in Mitidja, Algeria.

Domestic dogs and cats can serve as a source of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. and Blastocystis spp., and this represents a neglected public and veterinary health problem. We assessed the microscopic and molecular prevalence of these species in a locality in Algeria and identified the associated risk factors. The faeces of 225 dogs and 78 cats were collected in Mitidja between March and July 2022. The samples were analysed by coproscopy and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and Small Subunit Ribosomal (SSU-RNA) of T. canis and Blastocystis spp. respectively. The overall microscopic prevalence of Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats was 9.78 ± 1.98% and 12.82 ± 7.42%, respectively. The rate of Blastocystis spp. was 15.11 ± 2.39% and 15.38 ± 4.08% in dogs and cats, respectively while the molecular prevalence of T. canis in dogs was 4.89 ± 1.44% and in cats 1.28 ± 1.27%; the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. was 41.78 ± 3.29% and 34.62 ± 5.39% in dogs and cats, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses identified the presence of the H1 subtype of T. canis in dogs, and the ST1 subtype of Blastocystis in dogs and cats. Dogs with clinical signs were more likely to be infected with T. canis (OR 6.039, P < 0.05) than healthy dogs. This study demonstrates that dogs and cats are carriers of Toxocara spp. and Blastocystis spp. and are therefore a source of environmental contamination. Veterinarians and human health professionals should work together to implement control strategies as part of a "One Health" approach to improving animal health and reducing the risk of transmission to humans.

Modeling the sediment yield and estimating the best management practices in the Seybouse basin, Northeastern Algeria.

Identifying vulnerable areas to erosion within the watershed and implementing best management practices (BMPs) are crucial steps in mitigating watershed degradation by minimizing sediment yields. The present study evaluates and identifies the BMPs in the Seybouse basin, northeastern Algeria, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. After successful calibration and validation, the model demonstrated a satisfactory ability to simulate monthly discharge and sediment. Then, the calibrated model was employed to evaluate the efficacy of diverse management practices in sediment control. In the SWAT, three soil and conservation practices, as well as vegetated filter strips (VFSs), grade stabilization structures (GSSs), and terracing were evaluated. The average annual sediment yield in the Seybouse watershed is determined to be 14.43 t/ha year, constituting 71% of the total soil loss. VFS demonstrated a sediment reduction of 37.30%, GSS 20.40%, and terracing 42.30%. Among these strategies, terracing results in the greatest reduction, followed by VFS. The results of this study area can be useful for informed decision-making regarding optimal watershed management strategies.

Factors associated with therapeutic non-adherence in renal transplant patients: a bicentric study in Algeria / Facteurs associés à la non-observance thérapeutique chez les patients greffés rénaux : une étude bicentrique en Algérie

Introduction: Medication non-adherence is a global concern, particularly in the context of renal transplantation, where it leads to graft failures, increased hospitalizations, diminished quality of life for patients, and higher healthcare costs. The aim of this study was to assess the level of therapeutic adherence among Algerian kidney transplant recipients and identify potential influencing factors. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional bicenter study was conducted among kidney transplant patients receiving outpatient care at two specialized medical centers in Algeria: the Urology Department of the Hospital Establishment for Urology, Nephrology, and Renal Transplantation in Constantine, and the Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Department of the University Hospital Center (CHU) in Blida, spanning from January to December 2022. Therapeutic adherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky questionnaire, while the level of knowledge was analyzed through a 12-item questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with non-adherence to therapy. Results: This study included 130 patients with an average age of 47 years and a sex ratio of 1.7. The results revealed therapeutic non-adherence in 40.8% of the patients. Multivariate analysis identified several potentially associated factors, including residence, unemployment status, lack of affiliation with a health insurance fund, the use of a therapeutic regimen involving triple therapy, the occurrence of adverse effects, limited education level, and insufficient disease knowledge. Furthermore, non-adherence was associated with an increased risk of graft rejection. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight concerning therapeutic adherence among kidney transplant recipients, emphasizing the crucial importance of therapeutic education to improve treatment adherence and underscoring the need to integrate these factors into clinical patient management.

Introduction: La non-observance thérapeutique est un problème mondial préoccupant, notamment dans le contexte de la transplantation rénale où elle entraîne des échecs de greffe, une augmentation des hospitalisations, une détérioration de la qualité de vie des patients et des coûts de santé accrus. Cette étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer le niveau d'observance thérapeutique chez les transplantés rénaux algériens et d'identifier les facteurs qui pourraient l'influencer. Méthodes: Une étude descriptive transversale bicentrique a été menée auprès de patients transplantés rénaux suivis en ambulatoire dans deux centres médicaux spécialisés en Algérie : le service d'urologie de l'Établissement hospitalier spécialisé (EHS) en urologie, néphrologie et transplantation rénale de Constantine ainsi que le service de néphrologie et transplantation rénale du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Blida, sur une période allant de janvier à décembre 2022. L'observance thérapeutique a été évaluée à l'aide du questionnaire à 8 items de Morisky, tandis que le niveau de connaissance a été analysé à travers un questionnaire de 12 items. La régression logistique a été utilisée pour identifier les facteurs associés à la non-observance thérapeutique. Résultats: Cette étude a inclus 130 patients présentant un âge moyen de 47 ans et un sex ratio de 1,7. Les résultats ont révélé une non-observance thérapeutique chez 40,8 % des patients. L'analyse multivariée a permis d'identifier plusieurs facteurs potentiellement associés à cette non-observance, notamment le lieu d'habitation, le statut de chômage, l'absence d'affiliation à une caisse d'assurance maladie, l'utilisation d'un schéma thérapeutique incluant une trithérapie, la survenue d'effets indésirables, le niveau d'éducation limité et une connaissance insuffisante de la maladie. En outre, la non-observance a été associée à un risque accru de rejet de greffe. Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude révèlent une observance thérapeutique préoccupante chez les transplantés rénaux, soulignant l'importance cruciale de l'éducation thérapeutique afin de l'améliorer et mettant en évidence la nécessité d'intégrer ces facteurs dans la gestion clinique des patients.

Who was the first to visualize the malaria parasite?

Human malaria, an ancient tropical disease, is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Our understanding of human malaria parasites began officially in 1880 with their discovery in the blood of malaria patients by Charles Louis Alphonse Lavéran (1845-1922), a French army officer working in Algeria. A claim for priority was made by Philipp Friedrich Hermann Klencke (1813-1881) in 1843, who wrote a chapter entitled: "Marvellous parallelism between the manifestations of vertigo and the presence of animalcule vacuoles in living blood." We should not lose sight of this old controversy, which is rarely mentioned in historical reviews on malaria.

Prevalence and characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales among inpatients and outpatients in Skikda, Algeria.

INTRODUCTION: The spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) has become a significant concern in Algeria, with limited data available on their presence in community settings. This research investigated the resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CREs) collected from hospitals and the community in Skikda city, Algeria, between December 2020 and June 2022. METHODOLOGY: The study collected Enterobacterales strains resistant to ertapenem from inpatient and outpatient populations. An automated system was used for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. ß-lactamase production was evaluated through phenotypic tests and confirmed by standard PCR. Lastly, the carbapenemase genes were sequenced using the Sanger method. RESULTS: 17 CRE were isolated, with 9 from inpatients and 8 from outpatients. These isolates belonged to four species: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Escherichia coli (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 1), and Proteus mirabilis (n = 1). Of 15 CPEs, 11 were extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) positive, 5 were plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase (AmpC) positive, and 1 harbored all three ß-lactamases. All metallo-ß-lactamase-producing strains carried the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene (blaNDM), including 5 NDM-1 and 7 NDM-5 variants. The presence of blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-244 was observed in one outpatient strain each. NDM was associated with Cefotaximase Munich (CTX-M) ESBL in 8 isolates, while Cephamycinase (CMY) was detected in 3 NDM-5-producing E. coli. CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights the rising prevalence of carbapenemases NDM-1 and NDM-5 among inpatients and outpatients and supports the notion that OXA-48 is becoming increasingly widespread beyond Algerian hospitals.

Synergistic effects of medicinal plants in combination with spices from algeria: Anticancer, antiangiogenic activities, and embrytoxicity studies.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bryonia dioica Jacq., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Telephium imperati L., and Aristolochia longa L. are species widely used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases including cancer. Conjugation of two or more extracts is an approach to improve the effectiveness of their pharmacological activities. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the synergistic anticancer and anti-angiogenic effects of medicinal plants and edible species combinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this work, B. dioica, E. prunastri, Telephium imperati, and Aristolochia longa extracts were conjugated to form four mixtures. The antiproliferative effect of mixtures on several carcinoma cells was examined by MTT assay, and the antiangiogenic activity was estimated through Hen's egg test in vivo. Moreover, in an Ovo model, 35 fertilized Ross eggs were used to test the embryotoxicity of mixtures. RESULTS: At the highest concentration of 200 µg/mL, both mixtures exerted an important cytotoxic effect against human carcinoma cells. The mixture BETE (Bryonia Evernia Telephium Extract) significantly reduced HT-29, PC-3, and A-549 cell viability. Likewise, this mixture strongly suppressed vascularization in vivo at 200 µg/mL. Interestingly, no signs of toxicity on Perdix embryos were recorded within 21 days of treatment. More importantly, the mixture did not have any cytotoxic effect on non cancerous cells. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that the synergy between B. dioica, E. prunastri and T. imperati may be promising for developing new anti-cancer treatments.

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon quality descriptors determining factors that affect its sequestration in Northeast Algeria.

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) content is crucial for soil fertility, conservation, and combating climate-related issues by sequestering CO2. While existing studies explore the total content of SOC, few of them investigate the factors that favor its sequestration and the impact of land use type and management. This research aims to study the spatial variation of the total content and the quality or maturity (in terms of aromaticity) of the humic acid (HA) fraction, along with the factors that enhance its formation and conservation for a longer time in the soil. In addition, the study tries to evaluate the performance of the Regression Kriging (RK) method in producing interpolation maps that describe the natural variation of the SOC and its quality with the aim of defining and preventing soil degradation. Finally, the study aims to evaluate the impact of the land use type and the importance of dense vegetation in the sequestration of the organic carbon (OC) in the soil. The analysis of the SOC was performed in northeast Algeria's semi-arid climate, examining content, quality, and chemical composition. Using geostatistical methods (RK), SOC is correlated with most related factors, producing detailed interpolation maps. The results showed that the SOC and its HA fraction (both its total content and its degree of transformation or maturity (measured in terms of aromaticity and structural condensation) are highly correlated to the topography of the area (P < 0.05). Results reveal variations in HAs' composition across land covers. Notably, areas subjected to burning exhibited a 21% increase in HA aromaticity compared to forested regions and a 29% increase relative to cultivated areas. The study highlights that soil cover has a substantial influence on the performance of SOC sequestration, the forested areas have a positive impact on the storage of SOC in the form of HA with a more complex chemical composition that suggests increased aromaticity and resilience. As a whole, the results indicate the potential of geostatistical methods to provide valuable information about the factors that influence the current status and evolution of SOC in the study area.

Distribution, levels, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of a Mediterranean river under multiple anthropopressures (Soummam River), Algeria.

The Soummam River, a vital watercourse in Algeria is threatened by anthropogenic activities despite its protected wetland status. This study is the first to assess sediment pollution in the Soummam River, examining levels, compositions, sources of 16 PAHs and their effects on the environment and human health. Analysis employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and molecular diagnostic ratios pointed to petrogenic sources, likely stemming from petroleum leaks originating from aging pipeline and vehicles, as well as pyrogenic sources arising from vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion. Environmental and health risks were assessed through risk quotients (RQ), Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQG) and Total Lifetime Cancer Risk (TLCR). Ecological risk was found to range from moderate to high, with anticipated biological impacts, while cancer risk was deemed low. Toxicity assessment, measured by TEQ, revealed that the majority of monitoring stations exceeded safe levels. Consequently, urgent action by local authorities is warranted to implement ecosystem rehabilitation measures.

Italian peninsula as a hybridization zone of Ixodes inopinatus and I. ricinus and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in I. inopinatus, I. ricinus, and their hybrids.

BACKGROUND: Ixodes inopinatus was described from Spain on the basis of morphology and partial sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. However, several studies suggested that morphological differences between I. inopinatus and Ixodes ricinus are minimal and that 16S rDNA lacks the power to distinguish the two species. Furthermore, nuclear and mitochondrial markers indicated evidence of hybridization between I. inopinatus and I. ricinus. In this study, we tested our hypothesis on tick dispersal from North Africa to Southern Europe and determined the prevalence of selected tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in I. inopinatus, I. ricinus, and their hybrids. METHODS: Ticks were collected in Italy and Algeria by flagging, identified by sequencing of partial TROSPA and COI genes, and screened for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., B. miyamotoi, Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of specific markers. RESULTS: Out of the 380 ticks, in Italy, 92 were I. ricinus, 3 were I. inopinatus, and 136 were hybrids of the two species. All 149 ticks from Algeria were I. inopinatus. Overall, 60% of ticks were positive for at least one TBP. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was detected in 19.5% of ticks, and it was significantly more prevalent in Ixodes ticks from Algeria than in ticks from Italy. Prevalence of Rickettsia spotted fever group (SFG) was 51.1%, with significantly greater prevalence in ticks from Algeria than in ticks from Italy. Borrelia miyamotoi and A. phagocytophilum were detected in low prevalence (0.9% and 5.2%, respectively) and only in ticks from Italy. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that I. inopinatus is a dominant species in Algeria, while I. ricinus and hybrids were common in Italy. The higher prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. and Rickettsia SFG in I. inopinatus compared with that in I. ricinus might be due to geographical and ecological differences between these two tick species. The role of I. inopinatus in the epidemiology of TBPs needs further investigation in the Mediterranean Basin.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies in dairy cattle herds using bulk tank milk analysis in Kabylia area, north Algeria.

Coxiella burnetii, or Q fever agent, has notable implications for human and livestock health. Infections in cattle primarily manifest through reproductive issues where infected animals shed the bacterium in birth fluids, placental tissues, and milk, serving as potential sources of transmission. Bovine herds become reservoirs, contributing to the environmental contamination of farming areas. Comprehensive studies on the prevalence, transmission routes, and associated risk factors among cattle contribute to the development of effective control strategies, ultimately safeguarding both livestock and public health.Here we determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies against in dairy cattle farms from Kabylia (northern Algeria) and identify the associated risk factors. Bulk tank milk samples from 184 farms were analyzed by indirect ELISA technique, 49 of them were tested positive which corresponds to a prevalence rate of 26.63% (95% CI 20.25-33.01%). Multivariate analysis by logistic regression showed that the risk factors associated with detection of anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies are: cohabitation of cattle with small ruminants(OR = 3.74 95% CI [1.41-8.92]), exposure to prevailing winds (OR = 5.12 95% CI [2.11-13.45]), and the veterinarian visits frequency(OR = 5.67 95% CI [2.55-13.60]). These findings underscore the susceptibility of dairy cattle to Q fever in the Kabylia region, highlighting practices that pose risks. We recommend the implementation of hygienic measures and adherence to proper farming conditions to mitigate the transmission of Q fever and reduce the associated zoonotic risk.

Molecular survey of flea-borne pathogens in fleas associated with carnivores from Algeria and an Artificial Neural Network-based risk analysis of flea-borne diseases.

As ectoparasites and efficient vectors of pathogens fleas constitute a source of nuisance for animals as well as a major issue for public health in Algeria. In this study, a molecular survey has been conducted to investigate the presence of pathogens in fleas infesting domestic and wild carnivores in the central north and eastern north and south of Algeria. The molecular screening that targeted Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Bartonella spp.,and Dipylidium caninum, was supplemented by a comprehensive analysis of risk factors related to flea-borne pathogens, drawing data from all documentation across multiple languages and sources from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In the current study, several Bartonella spp. 56/430 (13.02%) and Dipylidium caninum 3/430 (0.7%) were identified. The sequencing results revealed 5/23 (21.74%) B. clarridgeiae, 3/23 (13.04%) B. henselae, and 3/23 (13.04%) B. vinsonii. The two haplotypes, H1 and H2, of D. caninum were identified for the first time in North Africa. The results of the Artificial Neural Network risk analyses unveiled that the prevalence of pathogens and the presence of host generalist fleas as well as the vectorial competence are the most determinant risk factors of flea-borne diseases in Maghreb.

Assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on land use and land cover changes in the semi-arid and arid regions of Algeria.

Land use and land cover are critical factors that influence the environment and human societies. The dynamics of LULC have been constantly changing over the years, and these changes can be analyzed at different spatial and temporal scales to evaluate their impact on the natural environment. This study employs multitemporal satellite data to investigate the spatial and temporal transformations that occurred in Sidi Bel Abbes province, situated in the northwestern region of Algeria, spanning from the early 1990s to 2020. Notably, this province is marked by semi-arid and arid climates and hosts a wide range of areas susceptible to gravitational hazards, especially concerning alterations in land use and forest fires. The interactive supervised classification tool utilized multiple machine learning algorithms including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Classification and Regression Tree, and Naïve Bayes to produce land cover maps with six main classes: forest, shrub, agricultural, pasture, water, and built-up. The findings showed that the LULC in the research area is undergoing continuous change, particularly in the forest and agricultural lands. The forest area has decreased significantly from 10.80% in 1990 to 5.25% in 2020, mainly due to repeated fires. Agricultural land has also undergone fluctuations, with a decrease between 1990 and 2000, followed by a fast increase and near stabilization in 2020. At the same time, pasture lands and built-up areas grew steadily, increasing by 11% and 13% respectively. This research highlights the significant impact of anthropogenic activities on LULC changes in the study area and can provide valuable insights for promoting sustainable land use policies.

Molecular characterization and haplotypes of hydatid cyst isolates collected from humans and ruminants in Setif Province (northeast of Algeria) based on mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene sequences.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has significant health and economic impacts worldwide, particularly in endemic areas. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in ruminants (cattle and sheep) (n = 2060) from the Setif Province of Algeria using microscopy. The results showed that hydatid cysts were detected in 9.6% (198/2060) of ruminants, with a higher prevalence in cattle (16.8%; 56/333) compared to sheep (8.2%; 142/1727). Molecular techniques were used to analyze a subset of animals consisting of 30 sheep and 4 cattle. Specifically, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene was sequenced and compared to sequences from seven humans from the same region. The results indicated that all isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto. Haplotype analysis identified 19 E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes arranged like a star, with the dominant haplotype (Hap04) at the center. Hap04 has been assigned a total of 17 positives, including positives from sheep, cattle, and two humans. This study is noteworthy for being the first to use a molecular approach to human and ruminant echinococcosis in Setif, a significant breeding region in Algeria.

Groundwater quality and hydrochemical characteristics in the upper Seybouse sub-basin, Northeast Algeria.

The present study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in an area characterized by significant human anthropic activities within the upper Seybouse. In order to assess the quality, a total of 20 samples were analyzed to identify the chemical and bacteriological composition of the water, its variations, and their potential impacts on the environment and human health. The results revealed concentrations of the chemical and bacteriological elements exceeding the WHO standards, with high levels of electrical conductivity (EC) (peak = 4210 µS/cm), Ca2+ (peak = 340.68 mg/L), Na+ (peak = 360 mg/L), HCO3- (peak = 287 mg/L), Cl- (peak = 542 mg/L), SO42- (peak = 687 mg/L), NO3- (pek = 65.91 mg/L), fecal coliforms (FC) (peak = 160 UFC/mL), fecal Streptococcus (FS) (peak = 43 UFC/mL), and Clostridium perfringens (CP) (peak = 29 UFC/mL). Within the basin, two different facies have been identified: Cl-SO4-Na type and Cl-SO4-Ca type. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) indicates that none of the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking or human consumption. The detection of pathogenic microorganisms through diverse molecular methods has revealed the existence of eight distinct species, encompassing pathogenic strains that can affect human health. Moreover, the dissolution of geologic formations can influence the water's chemistry. In this region, groundwater pollution seems to be influenced by anthropogenic and agricultural factors such as fertilizer application, irrigation practices, and the release of domestic sewage.

Comparison of the Scolicidal Activity of Two Leaves Extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria Against Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Protoscoleces.

PURPOSE: During cystic echinococcosis surgery, the use of scolicidal agents such as hypertonic saline (20%) aims to reduce the risk of infection recurrence, but most of the used agents are associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, the use of natural scolicidal agents such as medicinal plant extracts could reduce these medical issues. The present study aimed to compare in vitro the scolicidal activity between two extracts of the medicinal plant Myrtus communis from Algeria against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces. METHODS: The ethanolic and aqueous extraction of plant leaves was performed. Phytochemical analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH were evaluated for both extracts. Finally, the in vitro scolicidal activity was tested by different concentrations. The viability was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test. RESULTS: The phytochemical analysis revealed 28 components for the ethanolic extract and 44 components for the aqueous extract. The major components were 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone and 4-amino-2-methylphenol, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 45.9 ± 0.085 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of extract (GAE/g E) and 16.5 ± 0.004 mg of quercetin equivalent per g (QE/g E) for the ethanolic extract, and 36.5 ± 0.016 mg GAE/g E and 18.2 ± 0.023 mg QE/g E for the aqueous extract, respectively. Furthermore, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis gave a value of IC50 = 0.009 ± 0.0004 mg/ml and IC50 = 0.012 ± 0.0003 mg/ml for the antioxidant activity, respectively. The in vitro scolicidal activity with concentrations of 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/ml was tested for 5, 10, 15, and 30 min, and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min for ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The mortality rate of protoscoleces at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/ml was 98.8 and 100%, respectively, after 5 min of exposure to the ethanolic extract, while this rate was 100% at the same concentrations only after 60 min of exposure to the aqueous extract. CONCLUSIONS: The ethanolic extract showed a stronger scolicidal activity against E. granulosus s.l protoscoleces than the aqueous extract. In the future, other investigations are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action and the possible toxicity on human cells. Moreover, experimental animal studies are required to investigate the efficacy of different extracts of this plant and its components as natural anti-parasitic alternatives for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis.

Distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in different kind of inland water bodies in northeastern Algeria.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are integral parts of inland waters, inhabiting a diversity of aquatic ecosystems where communities are spatially structured. Macroinvertebrates of some Mediterranean regions such as North Africa are still not well studied. Due this reason we proposed study the community structure in water bodies located in Northeastern Algeria. For this objective, we sampled 12 different kind of water bodies, two dams, three rivers, and seven streams during the period from October 2020 to September 2021. To biotic and abiotic data, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied with the aim of determine the role of both kind of variables for grouping the sites. Also, two types of Null models were considered: species co-occurrence and niche sharing for study the potential associations between species reported. Redundancy analysis showed that water velocity and conductivity were the main drivers of community structure of macroinvertebrates. The species co-occurrence results reveal that species associations are ramdom, except for two sites: El fadjoudj and Ain ben baida corresponding to Seybouse river. At the same time, there is no niche sharing and in consequence, there is no interspecific competition except in the two sites: Salah Salah Salah stream and Bouhamdane dam. The results revealed similarities with other similar studies for Algerian rivers and dams, and with other similar water bodies with Mediterranean climate.

Epidemiological Survey on Post Mortem Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken in Bejaia Province, Northern Algeria.

AIM: The epidemiological survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of eimeriosis in broiler chickens slaughtered depending the season, to determine the different Eimeria species causing the coccidiosis in poultry farms; and to assess the impact of Eimeria parasite on histomorphological structure and oxidative stress parameters of the intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 in the province of Bejaia, Algeria. The intestines chickens (n = 366) were obtained immediately after slaughter, each cut into different segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum). Microscopic and parasitological examinations were performed according to standard procedures. Histomorphometric measurements of intestine were obtained using Image J software. Oxidative stress parameters were carried out from intestine tissue. RESULTS: Eimeria spp. were detected in 73.77% (95% CI 71.20-76.34) of broiler gut samples. The prevalence varied significantly according to the season, with the lowest rates in winter (42.81%, 95% CI 40.35-45.27) and the highest in autumn (97.92%, 95% CI 97.6-99.4). All seven Eimeria species were identified, most commonly E. necatrix (27.70%), E. brunetti (26.47%), and E. tenella (20.96%). The mean lesion score ranged from 1.51 ± 0.05 to 1.79 ± 0.04. Significant differences in VH/CD ratio of intestinal epithelium (P < 0.001) were observed in different intestinal portions of infested broiler chickens compared to non-infested. The mean MDA concentration of intestinal segments was significantly higher in Eimeria species infested broilers compared to non-infested (P < 0.05). The results show at least one difference in CAT, SOD, and ABTS-+ concentrations (P < 0.05) in both chicken's groups. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that coccidiosis is extremely prevalent in slaughtered broilers, with an abundance of pathogenic Eimeria species. Also, it was concluded that infestation induces tissue structure alterations which coincides with the oxidative damage.

A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria.

Background: Trypanosoma (T.) evansi infection is endemic in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) of southern Algeria. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the presence of T. evansi in other domestic animals living together with dromedary camels, a study was conducted in the wilayate of Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla and Tamanrasset, between 2015 and 2017. Authorisation to conduct the survey was obtained from the Direction des Services Vétérinaires (DSV, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries). A total of 190 animals were sampled, including 42 cattle (Bos taurus), 11 dogs (Canis familiaris), 44 horses (Equus caballus), 3 donkeys (Equus asinus) and 1 mule, 49 goats (Capra hircus) and 40 sheep (Ovis aries). These animals were examined by parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological (card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/Variant Surface Glycoprotein/Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 [ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2], immune trypanolysis [TL]) and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR). Results and Conclusions: The CATT/T. evansi was positive in 10/42 cattle, 0/11 dogs, 2/48 equids, 27/49 goats and 15/40 sheep. On the other hand, 20/38 cattle, 1/9 dogs, 21/42 equids, 17/44 goats and 31/39 sheep were positive in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2. However, no single animal was positive in TL. In addition, the T. evansi parasite could not be demonstrated by either GST or RoTat 1.2 PCR in any of the examined animals. This may suggest cross-reactions of CATT/T. evansi and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 with other pathogenic or commensal trypanosome species such as T. vivax or other parasites. Based on these data, in particular taking into account the high specificity of the TL for T. evansi type A, this study does not support the hypothesis that T. evansi circulates in the studied domestic animal species and that they would act as reservoirs for the parasite that causes trypanosomosis in dromedary camels.