Henry Dunant, fundador de la Cruz Roja / Henry Dunant, founder of the International Red Crosse

El presente se aborda la figura de Henry Dunant, activista en favor de la causa humanitaria, fue testigo de las secuelas de la batalla de Solferino en Italia cuyo impacto le llevó a escribir sus memorias y experiencias en el libro "Un recuerdo de Solferino" en el que reclamó la creación de un cuerpo de voluntarios para socorrer a los heridos de guerra sin distinción del bando que fuera. En 1901, recibió el primer Premio Nobel de la Paz por su papel al fundar el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja (AU).

The current work is about the figure of Henry Dunant, militant in favor of the humanitarian cause. He was a witness of the sequels of Solferino´s battle, in Italy, the impact of which led him to write his memoirs and experiences in the book "A recollection of Solferino". In it he claimed for the creation of a voluntary corps to help war wounded people without distinction of the band where they fought. In 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize because of its role in the foundation of the International Red Crosse Movement (AU).

Medical Aid, Repression, and International Relations: The East German Hospital at Metema.

Between 1984 and 1988, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) built a hospital in a remote part of Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. The project evolved in a complex combination of contexts, including the general foreign policy goals of the GDR, its specific alliance with Ethiopia, the famine of 1984-85, civil war in Ethiopia, and a controversial resettlement program by the government of Mengistu Haile Mariam. Though almost unknown today, it was a high-profile project at the time, which received the personal support both by Erich Honecker in the GDR and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia. However, their interest was directed more at the political goals the project was expected to serve than at the hospital itself. Both the preparation and the implementation of the project were extremely difficult and almost failed due to problems of transportation, of red tape, and of security. The operation of the hospital was also not ideal, involving frustrated personnel and less than complete acceptance by the local population. Ironically, for all its practical difficulties, the hospital has outlived both governments and their political goals, surviving as a medical institution.

A mixed methods contribution to the study of health public policies: complementarities and difficulties.

The use of mixed methods (combining quantitative and qualitative data) is developing in a variety of forms, especially in the health field. Our own research has adopted this perspective from the outset. We have sought all along to innovate in various ways and especially to develop an equal partnership, in the sense of not allowing any single approach to dominate. After briefly describing mixed methods, in this article we explain and illustrate how we have exploited both qualitative and quantitative methods to answer our research questions, ending with a reflective analysis of our experiment.

How the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme began.

Seventy years ago, the Curtin wartime government introduced legislation for a Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). It was a response to the need to provide access to a wave of antibiotic drugs - sulfonamides, streptomycin, penicillin - to the whole population, not only to the minority able to afford them. The scheme was immediately and successfully opposed by doctors and the conservative opposition, which saw in universal health care an underhand plan to nationalise medicine. There were two High Court challenges, two referendums and a constitutional amendment; but it was not until 1960 that Australians had the comprehensive PBS envisaged by Curtin in 1944.

Honorários de um cirurgião na Justiça (Vila Boa de Goiás, 1801) / A surgeon's fees in court (Vila Boa de Goiás, 1801)

Estuda-se a ação judicial de cobrança de honorários, proposta em Vila Boa de Goiás (1801), pelo cirurgião-mor André Villela da Cunha Roza, sendo ré a senhora Joanna da Fonseca Coutinha. Enfoca-se a prestação de assistência médica aos escravos, a escassez e o encarecimento deles, a precariedade da formação de físicos e cirurgiões, assim como problemas éticos na cobrança dos honorários em questão.

The article explores the lawsuit brought by Surgeon-Major André Villela da Cunha Roza against Joanna da Fonseca Coutinha in Vila Boa de Goiás in 1801 to recover fees for his services. It examines the health care rendered to slaves, the scarcity and rising prices of these captives, the precarious training received by doctores and surgeons, and the ethical issues entailed in charging the fees in question.

A Canadian paradox: Tommy Douglas and eugenics.

Tommy Douglas is an icon of Canadian 20th Century political history and is considered by many as the "Father" of Medicare, a key component of our national identity. Throughout his career, he was associated at both the provincial and federal levels with progressive causes concerning disadvantaged populations. In his sociology Master's thesis written in the early 1930's, Douglas endorsed eugenic oriented solutions such as segregation and sterilization to address what was perceived to be an endemic and biologically determined problem. At first glance, this endorsement of eugenics appears to be paradoxical, but careful analysis revealed that this paradox has multiple roots in religion, political belief, historical exposure and our own desire to view our collective history in a favourable light.

Honorários de um cirurgião na Justiça (Vila Boa de Goiás, 1801) / A surgeon's fees in justice (Vila Boa de Goiás, 1801)

Estuda-se a ação judicial de cobrança de honorários, proposta em Vila Boa de Goiás (1801), pelo cirurgião-mor André Villela da Cunha Roza, sendo ré a senhora Joanna da Fonseca Coutinha. Enfoca-se a prestação de assistência médica aos escravos, a escassez e o encarecimento deles, a precariedade da formação de físicos e cirurgiões, assim como problemas éticos na cobrança dos honorários em questão. (AU)

Microcredit and the social determinants of health: a conceptual approach.

Social determinants of health, such as human behavior, environment, and socioeconomics, contribute to health disparities at the individual and population levels. The association between socioeconomics and health is established, and it is acknowledged that people with a lower socioeconomic status experience poorer health. The impetus of microcredit programs is to provide financial alternatives for low-income populations, the majority of whom are women with limited or no access to traditional lending, to start small businesses, generate income, and progress toward self-sufficiency. The income-health link within the context of microcredit has been internationally acknowledged; however, there is scarce research in this area in the United States. This article presents a review of the conceptual approach used to explore the microcredit and health link from a public health nursing perspective. Establishing conceptual foundations can enhance research focused on targeted interventions aimed at lasting change in social and health status. Exploring the link between microcredit and health can enrich research efforts and may offer innovative strategies and interventions to improve health-promoting capacity in impoverished groups.

La historia de la medicina peruana través de las medallas conmemorativas / The Peruvian medical history through the commerative medals

La historia de la Medicina Peruana ha sido explorada desde diversas perspectivas; sin embargo, prácticamente no existen investigaciones que utilicen como fuente de información a las medallas conmemorativas, que por sí mismas pueden contener datos que no han sido registrados o escritos. Es gracias a la medallística, aquella rama de la numismática que estudia todo lo concerniente a las medallas, que podemos conocer hechos y circunstancias que se hubieran perdido irremediablemente. El objetivo de este artículo es valorar y considerar esta fuente, hasta hoy inédita en gran parte, como importante auxiliar en el estudio de nuestra historia médica.

The Peruvian history of medicine has been explored from different perspectives; however, practically do not exist studies that use the commemorative medals as a source of information, because themselves can contain unrecorded or unwritten data. Thanks to medalistics, the branch of numismatics that studies everything about the medals, we can know facts and circumstances that would have been irretrievably lost. The aim of this article is to evaluate and consider this source, largely unpublished until today, as an important aid in the study of our medical history.

Entre o ensino, a pesquisa e a assistência médica: um estudo de caso / Teaching, research, and health care: a case study

Investiga as relações entre ensino, pesquisa e assistência médica mediante análise de documentos e relatos de nove professores do Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados apontaram forte tradição da bicentenária escola médica quanto às atividades de ensino e assistência médica e mostraram que, apesar de a atividade de pesquisa preceder a inauguração do tridecenário Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, só depois de sua criação - paralelamente ao desenvolvimento da pós-graduação e ao surgimento da epidemiologia clínica - com a mudança radical da metodologia da pesquisa clínica, essa atividade acadêmica vem ganhando espaço na instituição.

Entre o ensino, a pesquisa e a assistência médica: um estudo de caso / Teaching, research, and health care: a case study

Investiga as relações entre ensino, pesquisa e assistência médica mediante análise de documentos e relatos de nove professores do Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados apontaram forte tradição da bicentenária escola médica quanto às atividades de ensino e assistência médica e mostraram que, apesar de a atividade de pesquisa preceder a inauguração do tridecenário Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, só depois de sua criação - paralelamente ao desenvolvimento da pós-graduação e ao surgimento da epidemiologia clínica - com a mudança radical da metodologia da pesquisa clínica, essa atividade acadêmica vem ganhando espaço na instituição.(AU)

Inicios de la atención médica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Oaxaca / History of medical care in the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS)in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico

Recupera los antecedentes de la historia de la atención médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en el Estado de Oaxaca de 1952 a 1958. La atención médica principió a otorgarse después de diversas peticiones de la sociedad; en un principio se subrogaron los servicios de consulta externa, hospitalización y auxiliares de diagnóstico y tratamiento. En 1958 el IMSS contó con su propio hospital, específicamente planeado, entonces en Oaxaca empezó una nueva forma de proporcionar los servicios médicos, mejor estructurados y tecnificados. (AU)

Entre os salões e o laboratório: Guilherme Guinle, a saúde e a ciência no Rio de Janeiro, 1920-1940 / Between the saloons and the laboratory: Guillerme Guinle, the health and the science in Rio de Janeiro, 1920-1940

Explora um período da história republicana do Brasil que vem sendo crescente e proficuamente revisitado: a Primeira República. Durante muito tempo chamada de 'Velha', ela se renova nas páginas deste livro, onde é abordada segundo estratégias criativas e consagradas pelo campo historiográfico internacionalmente. Através das trajetórias de vida de dois homens, Guilherme Guinle e Carlos Chagas, um empresário e um médico, múltiplos encontros se delineiam e diversas possibilidades de análises políticas, socioeconômicas e culturais se abrem. É o micro possiblitando o macro, o individual conjugando-se ao mais estrutural em trabalho teórico-metodológico cuidadoso. Percorrendo as primeiras décadas do século XX e fazendo o leitor circular entre uma nova elite, rica, educada e interessada nas questões sociais e científicas do país, a autora faz história da ciência e história política e cultural. Encontra, então, um 'lugar' muito especial para a realização desse encontro de vidas, examinando as práticas de filantropia e mecenato, exemplificadas pelas relações entre Guilherme e Chagas, em um Rio de Janeiro que crescia e se sentia cada vez mais ameaçado pela pobreza e pela doença (AU)

Health, politics and revolution in Cuba since 1898

It's surprising to learn in this ethnographic account by a US medical anthropologist that the Castro government has apparently been cooking the books. Hirschfeld's idealistic preconceptions dashed by 'discrepancies between rhetoric and reality,' she observes a repressive, bureaucratized and secretive system, long on 'militarization' and short on patients' rights, with state-employed 'family doctors' responsible not only for health but also for exposing political dissent. The author, resorting to historical documents, concludes that the regime did foster public health gains after 1959, but concomitantly manipulated both health statistics and the impact of earlier US involvement in Cuba to highlight the 1959 revolution's alleged successes. A revealing and persuasive glimpse into public health under socialism. (AU)

A doscientos años de la primera invasión inglesa: aspectos de la asistencia médica en las invasiones inglesas (1806-1807) / Two hundred years after the first English invasion: some aspects of medical care in the English invasions (1806-1807)

Se reseña el rol de los médicos durante las invasiones inglesas en el Río de la Plata - 1806 y 1807- Se describe la abnegada actuación de los profesionales, practicantes y alumnos de la Escuela de Medicina del Protomedicato. También se hace referencia al hecho histórico militar y la valiente actitud del pueblo de Buenos Aires, al rechazar y vencer a los invasores.

A construção dos espaços de cura no Brasil: entre a caridade e a medicalização / The formation of healing spaces in Brazil: between charity and medicalization

Propõe-se a analisar o processo de formação de uma nova mentalidade de assistência médico hospitalar no Brasil na passagem do século XIX para o século XX ou dito de outra forma, da transformação do hospital de espaço da caridade em lugar de cura. Chama a atenção para a especificidade do sistema brasileiro, muito dependente das ações da Irmandade da Misericórdia que criará uma tensão dentro de seu hospital - entre a caridade e a prática médica - por seu duplo papel, de hospital privado que exercia a função de hospital público.(AU)