RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Optimising blood culture processing is important to ensure that bloodstream infections are accurately diagnosed while minimising adverse events caused by antibiotic abuse. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of optimised blood culture processes on antibiotic use, clinical outcomes and economics in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with positive blood cultures. METHODS: From March 2020 to October 2021, this microbiology laboratory implemented a series of improvement measures, including the clinical utility of Fastidious Antimicrobial Neutralization (FAN® PLUS) bottles for the BacT/Alert Virtuo blood culture system, optimisation of bottle reception, graded reports and an upgraded laboratory information system. A total of 122 ICU patients were included in the pre-optimisation group from March 2019 to February 2020, while 179 ICU patients were included in the post-optimisation group from November 2021 to October 2022. RESULTS: Compared with the pre-optimisation group, the average reporting time of identification and antimicrobial sensitivity was reduced by 16.72 hours in the optimised group. The time from admission to targeted antibiotic therapy within 24 hours after receiving both the Gram stain report and the final report were both significantly less in the post-optimisation group compared with the pre-optimisation group. The average hospitalisation time was reduced by 6.49 days, the average antimicrobial drug cost lowered by $1720.85 and the average hospitalisation cost by $9514.17 in the post-optimisation group. CONCLUSIONS: Optimising blood culture processing was associated with a significantly increased positive detection rate, a remarkable reduction in the length of hospital stay and in hospital costs for ICU patients with bloodstream infections.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Hemocultura , Estado Terminal , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Humanos , Hemocultura/métodos , Hemocultura/economia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/economia , Idoso , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Adulto , Tempo de Internação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/economia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodosRESUMO
Background: Nosocomial infections are common adverse events associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and costs of patient care. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) are nosocomial infections associated with higher medical costs. Aims: To evaluate CR-BSI associated costs in the Hospital Militar of Santiago, Chile, during year 2013. Methods: Comparative study between cases (CR-BSI) and matched controls using the Pan American Health Organization protocol. Variables were excess in length of stay (LOS), antimicrobial use according to daily defined doses (DDD), and total number of microbial cultures per hospitalization which were compared with non-parametric tests. Results: We included 10 cases and 10 matched controls. Mean LOS among cases was 40 days vs. 20.3 among controls (excess 20.3 days per event; p < 0.05). Antimicrobial consumption was higher among cases (DDD 36 vs. 10.5; p < 0.05) and there was a trend to an increased number of bacterial cultures among cases (9 vs. 5; p = 0.057). The additional cost for the 10 subjects was 38 Chilean million pesos (USD 72,869) with a mean of 7,286 USD per event. Conclusions: During one year, CR-BSI generated an excess in LOS, antimicrobial consumption, and costs (7,286 USD per event of CR-BSI).
Antecedentes: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS) son eventos adversos frecuentes que determinan aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y de los costos hospitalarios. La infección del torrente sanguíneo asociado a catéter vascular central (ITS/CVC) es una de las localizaciones que causa mayores costos. Objetivo: Cuantificar el costo de las ITS/CVC en el Hospital Militar de Santiago en el año 2013. Material y Método: El estudio se realizó en un hospital de alta complejidad, utilizando la metodología comparativa del Protocolo OPS. Los casos se identificaron desde los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica y los controles desde pacientes hospitalizados durante el mismo período, pareados por servicio, edad y sexo. Los indicadores económicos seleccionados fueron el exceso de días de hospitalización, de consumo de antimicrobianos en dosis diaria definida (DDD) y de cultivos. Las comparaciones se hicieron mediante pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 10 casos de ITS/CVC con sus respectivos controles. La estadía adicional promedio hospitalaria fue de 20,3 días por paciente (40 vs 20,3 días; p < 0,05), el consumo de antimicrobianos fue superior en los casos (mediana DDD 36 vs 10,5; p < 0,05) y hubo una tendencia a un mayor número de cultivos por paciente (9 vs 5; p: 0,057). El gasto adicional alcanzó los 38 millones de pesos chilenos (USD 72.869) para el grupo total y USD 7.286 por paciente. Conclusiones: Las ITS/CVC representaron para el año 2013 en nuestro hospital un exceso de días de hospitalización, consumo de antimicrobianos y gastos adicionales (USD 7.286 por evento).
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Antibacterianos/economia , Bacteriemia/economia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/economia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
Introducción. Las infecciones por microorganismos resistentes, especialmente las que involucran el torrente sanguíneo, se asocian a un mayor uso de recursos. Sus estimaciones son variables y dependen de la metodología utilizada. Staphylococcus aureus es el agente de sangre aislado con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio. No existe información sobre el costo asociado con la atención de bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a meticilina en nuestro país. Objetivo. Presentar una aproximación del costo de atención de las bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina en nueve hospitales de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 204 pacientes en un estudio de cohortes multicéntrico en una razón de 1:1 según la resistencia. Se aproximaron los costos médicos directos con base en las facturas del período de hospitalización; en cuanto al período de la bacteriemia, los costos detallados se calcularon aplicando las tarifas estandarizadas. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las características clínicas y demográficas de los grupos, salvo en los antecedentes de la bacteriemia. El 53 % de los sujetos falleció durante la hospitalización. La estancia y el valor total facturado por la hospitalización fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo con bacteriemia por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina, así como los costos de la estancia en cuidados intensivos, de los antibióticos, los líquidos parenterales, los exámenes de laboratorio y la terapia respiratoria. El incremento crudo del costo de la atención asociado con la resistencia a meticilina fue de 31 % y, el ajustado, de 70 %. Conclusión. Este estudio constituye un respaldo a los tomadores de decisiones para la búsqueda y la financiación de programas de prevención de infecciones causadas por microorganismos resistentes.
Introduction: Resistant infections, especially those involving the bloodstream, are associated with a greater use of resources. Their estimates are variable and depend on the methodology used. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated in blood in our hospitals. There is no consolidated data about economic implications of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Objective: To describe the cost of care of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in a reference population from nine hospitals in Bogotá. Materials y methods: A multicenter cohort study included 204 patients in a 1:1 ratio according to resistance. Direct medical costs were calculated from hospitalization bills, while the bacteremia period was calculated by applying microcosting based on standard fares. Results: We found no significant differences between groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, except for resistance risk factors. Fifty-three percent of patients died during hospitalization. Hospital stay and total invoiced value during hospitalization were significantly higher in the group with methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. For this group, higher costs in ICU stay, antibiotics use, intravenous fluids, laboratory tests and respiratory support were recorded. A crude increase of 31% and an adjusted increase of 70% in care costs associated with methicillin resistance were registered. Conclusion: Our study supports decision makers in finding and funding infection prevention programs, especially those infections caused by resistant organisms.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bacteriemia/economia , Cuidados Críticos/economia , Infecção Hospitalar/economia , Hospitais Privados/economia , Hospitais Públicos/economia , Hospitais Urbanos/economia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/economia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/economia , Antibacterianos/economia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Colômbia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Estado Terminal , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/economia , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Custos de Medicamentos , Hidratação/economia , Gastos em Saúde , Custos Hospitalares , Hospitais Privados/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Públicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Urbanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo de Internação/economia , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Terapia Respiratória/economia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
We conducted a clinical trial to determine the impact of coating surfaces with copper in reducing hospital-acquired infections, mortality associated with nosocomial infections and antimicrobial costs in the UCI. The study took place at Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaíso, Chile. No differences in the frequency of nosocomial infections were found. Not in rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (p = 0.9), nor in catheter- associated urinary tract infection (p = 0.9) or in central venous catheter associated bacteremia (p = 0.3). There were no differences in infection-free survival (p = 0.9). There were less costs of antimicrobials in patients in which copper was used. The fact that the sample size was not completed could explain that no significant differences in infections were found. Conclusion: The use of copper as a surface in the ICU showed no statistically significant differences in rates of nosocomial infections during the study period, however, these results could be related to the sample size.
Introducción: Las infecciones nosocomiales incrementan la mortalidad y costos en las instituciones de salud. El revestimiento con cobre, de superficies de alto contacto en la unidad clínica en torno a los pacientes, reduce la colonización bacteriana de las mismas. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto del revestimiento de las superficies con cobre en la disminución de las infecciones intrahospitalarias, la mortalidad asociada a las infecciones intrahospitalarias y los costos en antimicrobianos en pacientes hospitalizados en UCI adultos en el Hospital Carlos Van Buren. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, comparativo, mayo de 2011-mayo de 2012. Asignación aleatoria de pacientes adultos ingresados en UCI, que permanecieran al menos por 24 h en dicha unidad, a unidades de aislamiento recubiertas (n: 7) o no recubiertas con cobre (n: 7). Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 440 pacientes, 217 pacientes (49,3%) en el grupo sin cobre y 223 en el grupo con cobre (50,7%). No se encontraron diferencias en la frecuencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias en ambos grupos. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en las tasas de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (p = 0,9), infección urinaria asociada a catéter urinario (p = 0,9) y bacteremias asociada a catéter venoso central (p = 0,3). Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en la sobrevida libre de infección (p = 0,9). Se encontró un gasto menor de antimicrobianos en pacientes atendidos en unidades revestidas con cobre. Durante el período del estudio no se completó el tamaño de muestra y las diferencias no significativas podrían deberse a este hecho. Conclusión: El uso del cobre como revestimiento de las superficies hospitalarias en UCI, mostró diferencia en la tasa de bacteriemia asociada a dispositivos venosos, aunque no significativa, y no mostró diferencia en neumonías e infecciones urinarias. Las diferencias no significativas pueden deberse a que no se completó el tamaño de la muestra. Se observó un mayor gasto de antimicrobianos en pacientes de unidades no cobrizadas, lo que plantea una nueva área de investigación.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Cobre , Infecção Hospitalar , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Bacteriemia/prevenção & controle , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efeitos adversos , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/economia , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Fômites/microbiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Estudos Prospectivos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/economia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/mortalidade , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/prevenção & controle , Cateterismo Urinário/efeitos adversos , Infecções Urinárias/economia , Infecções Urinárias/mortalidade , Infecções Urinárias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Introducción. Las infecciones por Streptococcus pneumoniae en adultos se relacionan con neumonía, meningitis y bacteriemia. El costo de la atención en personas adultas no está bien documentado en Colombia, pero puede ser significativo. Objetivo. Analizar los costos asociados con la neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae en adultos hospitalizados en Colombia y estimar el costo de la atención ambulatoria de esta neumonía. Servir de base para futuras evaluaciones económicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de costos directos asociados a neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae confirmado por cultivos. Se tomó una muestra de conveniencia de adultos hospitalizados entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2011 en tres hospitales de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Se analizaron 107 registros y se obtuvieron 60 facturas cobradas al pagador. La información se clasificó por costos de atención y tratamiento. Para los casos ambulatorios de neumonía, el estimativo de costos se hizo utilizando metodología Delphi con expertos clínicos. Resultados. El promedio de los costos directos totales asociados con neumonía fue de Col$ 12´178.949, Col$ 7´533.187 para meningitis y Col$ 9´242.806 para bacteriemia. La neumonía se presentó en 70 % de los hombres y 30 % de las mujeres; la meningitis se distribuyó igual en ambos sexos (50 %) y la bacteriemia se presentó en 67 % de los hombres y 33 % de las mujeres. El costo por adulto de la atención ambulatoria de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad se estimó en Col$ 106.174. Para casos especiales se incrementó a Col$ 164.695. Conclusión. La enfermedad neumocócica en adultos, especialmente mayores de 45 años, representa un alto costo por el empleo de medicamentos y la estancia hospitalaria, que causan un impacto en los recursos del sistema. La prevención y el tratamiento temprano de las neumonías pueden disminuir costos y reducir la carga de enfermedad.
Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adults is related to pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Its care costs in adults are not well documented in Colombia and it has a greater impact in people over 45 years old. Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the associated costs of pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis in invasive S. pneumoniae infection in Colombia among hospitalized adults and to estimate outpatient costs for community-acquired pneumonia. Additionally, we wanted to serve as a starting point for future economic evaluations. Materials and methods: We performed a direct cost study associated with S. pneumoniae outpatient community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis costs confirmed by cultures. A cohort of hospitalized adults treated between January 2010 and June 2011 in three third level hospitals in Bogotá was analyzed. We evaluated 107 records and 60 bills charged to the payer. The data were classified according to care and treatment costs. We performed an estimate of direct costs for community-acquired pneumonia for outpatient cases through Delphi methodology using expert clinicians. Results: The average direct costs associated with pneumococcal disease were US$ 6,283, US$ 3,886, and US$ 4,768 for pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia, respectively (exchange rate 1 US$ = Col$ 1,938.34; average variation between 2010 and 2011). Pneumonia cases were 70% men and 30% women; the distribution for meningitis was the same for both genders (50%); and for bacteremia we had 67% men and 33% women. O utpatient cost of community-acquired pneumonia was estimated at US$ 82.2 ( Col $ 159,280 ) in adults. For special cases, direct cost increased to US$ 142 ( Col $ 274,427). Conclusions: The management of S. pneumoniae infection in people over 45 years old represents a high cost due to the use of drugs and hospitalization, which has a direct impact on health resources. Prevention and early treatment for pneumonia can reduce the cost and the burden of the disease.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/terapia , Hospitalização , Meningite Pneumocócica/economia , Meningite Pneumocócica/terapia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/economia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/terapia , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Colômbia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/terapiaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the excess length of stay, extra expenditures, and attributable mortality to healthcare-associated S. aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) at a teaching hospital in central Brazil. The study design was a matched (1:1) case-control. Cases were defined as patients > 13 years old, with a healthcare-associated S. aureus BSI. Controls included patients without an S. aureus BSI, who were matched to cases by gender, age (± 7 years), morbidity, and underlying disease. Data were collected from medical records and from the Brazilian National Hospital Information System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde - SIH/SUS). A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to compare length of stay and costs between cases and controls. Differences in mortality between cases and controls were compared using McNemar's tests. The Mantel-Haenzel stratified analysis was performed to compare invasive device utilization. Data analyses were conducted using Epi Info 6.0 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 13.0). 84 case-control pairs matched by gender, age, admission period, morbidity, and underlying disease were analyzed. The mean lengths of hospital stay were 48.3 and 16.2 days for cases and controls, respectively (p < 0.01), yielding an excess hospital stay among cases of 32.1 days. the excess mortality among cases compared to controls that was attributable to s. aureus bloodstream infection was 45.2%. Cases had a higher risk of dying compared to controls (OR 7.3, 95% CI 3.1-21.1). Overall costs of hospitalization (SIH/SUS) reached US$ 123,065 for cases versus US$ 40,247 for controls (p < 0.01). the cost of antimicrobial therapy was 6.7 fold higher for cases compared to controls. healthcare-associated s. aureus BSI was associated with statistically significant increases in length of hospitalization, attributable mortality, and economic burden. Implementation of measures to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated bacterial infections is essential.