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1.
Med Hist ; 63(1): 2-23, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30556515

RESUMO

This article focuses on Britain's 1917 National Baby Week and specifically how it played out in London. Pageantry and celebration were an important part of the event, and possibly a welcome distraction from the trials and horrors of war, and they were embraced by women of all social classes. But there was much more to it, as women who led the event seized the opportunity for political purposes, in what appeared to be an unthreatening environment of celebrating motherhood. Their goal was to promote the material wellbeing of, and state support for, women and children, and in this they were remarkably successful. Baby Week was also seized upon as an opportunity to showcase other welfare systems as a model for Britain, focusing in particular on New Zealand, with its free and comprehensive health service for infants. Rather than reflecting the eugenic and pronatalist concerns of the establishment, the event should be seen as a moment of politicisation of women arguing for cross-class social reform targeted at mothers.


Assuntos
Aniversários e Eventos Especiais , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Mães/história , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Reino Unido
2.
J Hum Lact ; 32(1): 75-85, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26163533

RESUMO

Poppy extract accompanied the human infant for more than 3 millenia. Motives for its use included excessive crying, suspected pain, and diarrhea. In antiquity, infantile sleeplessness was regarded as a disease. When treatment with opium was recommended by Galen, Rhazes, and Avicenna, baby sedation made its way into early medical treatises and pediatric instructions. Dabbing maternal nipples with bitter substances and drugging the infant with opium were used to hasten weaning. A freerider of gum lancing, opiates joined the treatment of difficult teething in the 17th century. Foundling hospitals and wet-nurses used them extensively. With industrialization, private use was rampant among the working class. In German-speaking countries, poppy extracts were administered in soups and pacifiers. In English-speaking countries, proprietary drugs containing opium were marketed under names such as soothers, nostrums, anodynes, cordials, preservatives, and specifics and sold at the doorstep or in grocery stores. Opium's toxicity for infants was common knowledge; thousands of cases of lethal intoxication had been reported from antiquity. What is remarkable is that the willingness to use it in infants persisted and that physicians continued to prescribe it for babies. Unregulated trade, and even that protected by governments, led to greatly increased private use of opiates during the 19th century. Intoxication became a significant factor in infant mortality. As late as 1912, the International Hague Convention forced governments to implement legislation that effectively curtailed access to opium and broke the dangerous habit of sedating infants.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/história , Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/história , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Ópio/história , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos Opioides/toxicidade , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Aleitamento Materno/história , China , Cólica/tratamento farmacológico , Cólica/história , Choro , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/toxicidade , Lactente , Comportamento do Lactente , Cuidado do Lactente/métodos , Recém-Nascido , Ópio/uso terapêutico , Ópio/toxicidade , Erupção Dentária , Estados Unidos , Desmame
3.
Breastfeed Rev ; 24(3): 25-32, 2016 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28936030

RESUMO

Wet-nursing was an essential practice that allowed for infant survival after many mothers died in childbirth. The story of wet-nursing is complicated by both religious pressures and cultural expectations of women. It is likely that these historical practices have shaped our current social, political and legislative environments regarding breastfeeding. The aim of this article is to provide a historical perspective on the practice of wet-nursing, with a focus on: 1) social views of wet nurses, 2) breastmilk evaluation and 3) the ideal wet nurse. Historical perspectives from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Rome, 19th and 20th century America and current practices are examined. An appreciation for the evolution of breastmilk sharing provides clinicians and lactation advocates with the historical origins which provided the template for current practice as it relates to donor milk, breastfeeding culture and relevant legislation.


Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/história , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bancos de Leite Humano/história , Leite Humano , Feminino , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Alimentos Infantis/história , Recém-Nascido
4.
Breastfeed Rev ; 24(3): 13-24, 2016 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29211413

RESUMO

This article will describe the content of the key criteria for the selection of wet nurses that persisted across time and the authors who transmitted this advice. Where relevant, it will include variations, such as additional recommendations or a different weighting being given to one or other criterion by a particular author. The focus is on the selection of a wet nurse for the employer's baby. The factors that led a woman to enter this employment and the consequences for her own baby will not be addressed here as they will be discussed elsewhere. The article is an historical one, drawing on primary sources, where possible, and important secondary sources. Guidelines for the selection of wet-nurses have existed from antiquity to the early 20th century. The key recommendations managed to survive across the centuries because they were considered useful by influential ancient and Early Modern and later authors who passed them on through copying and translations. It is tempting to assume that the prescriptive advice was followed by physicians and mothers. However, the discussion will raise doubts about whether the criteria were adhered to by physicians and parents, particularly when wet nurses were in scarce supply.


Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/história , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Alimentos Infantis/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Feminino , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Sobreviventes
5.
Glob Public Health ; 9(8): 894-909, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25203251

RESUMO

Global trends influence strategies for health-care delivery in low- and middle-income countries. A drive towards uniformity in the design and delivery of healthcare interventions, rather than solid local adaptations, has come to dominate global health policies. This study is a participatory longitudinal study of how one country in West Africa, The Gambia, has responded to global health policy trends in maternal and reproductive health, based on the authors' experience working as a public health researcher within The Gambia over two decades. The paper demonstrates that though the health system is built largely upon the principles of a decentralised and governed primary care system, as delineated in the Alma-Ata Declaration, the more recent policies of The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance have had a major influence on local policies. Vertically designed health programmes have not been easily integrated with the existing system, and priorities have been shifted according to shifting donor streams. Local absorptive capacity has been undermined and inequalities exacerbated within the system. This paper problematises national actors' lack of ability to manoeuvre within this policy context. The authors' observations of the consequences in the field over time evoke many questions that warrant discussion, especially regarding the tension between local state autonomy and the donor-driven trend towards uniformity and top-down priority setting.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar Materno/história , Atenção Primária à Saúde/tendências , Saúde Reprodutiva/tendências , Colonialismo/história , Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Gâmbia , Saúde Global , Política de Saúde/tendências , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Bem-Estar do Lactente/tendências , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estudos Longitudinais , Bem-Estar Materno/tendências , Gravidez , Atenção Primária à Saúde/história , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Saúde Reprodutiva/história , Saúde Reprodutiva/normas , Nações Unidas
7.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24961000

RESUMO

The article deals with issues of protection of infant life in the history of the research center of children health of the Russian academy of medical sciences which originates from the Emperor Moscow founding hospital established September 1 1763 according decree of Empress Catherine II. As long as infant mortality persisted at extremely high rate during centuries, the protection of life of children of early age considered as a strategic public purpose in Russia right until middle of XX century. The activity of farsighted and responsible rulers of Russia laid the foundation to public system of mother and child health care 250 years ago. The physicians and researchers of the Moscow founding hospital and such its successors as the Infant Protection Home, the Institute of protection of maternity and infancy and the academic institute of pediatrics made their own input into protection of infant life. Because of all that, children mortality at infant age decreased more than in 30 times. Billions of children lives were saved.


Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar Materno/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Federação Russa , Rússia (pré-1917)
8.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23672073

RESUMO

The article deals with short (1918-1922) but exremely important time of reorganization and functioning of the House of infant protection in Moscow established by the initiative of the Department of mother and infant protection. It turned out, because of enthusiasm and professionalism of physicians and in spite of the most severe situation in the country, to organize the departments for healthy infants, to establish clinics for gravely sick little patients, laboratory diagnostic units and children consultation. The House of infant protection became the only practical research center in the Soviet Russia to study physiology and pathology of children of early age and to train physicians and medical nurses specialized in the area of early childhood. The importance of the House of infant protection which was at the origins of the Soviet system of protection of children health, is hard to overestimate. The House was a kind of experiment area to develop the institutions of public system of mother and child protection, to elaborate the Soviet pediatric science and schools of training and advanced training of research and practical specialists in this field of medicine.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar Materno/história , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Educação Médica/história , Educação em Enfermagem/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Moscou
10.
Breastfeed Rev ; 20(1): 17-23, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22724309

RESUMO

This paper provides a literature review of the use of donor human milk by hospitals in Australia and elsewhere from the postwar period through to the early 1980s, and establishes the context for a small study of practices which happened in that period. The latter study will be reported elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to provide a resource for future comparison when the history of the new hospital milk banks of the 21st century is written. Relevant literature in English and two articles in French were accessed.


Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde/história , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bancos de Leite Humano/história , Leite Humano , Gestão da Segurança/história , Austrália , Feminino , Manipulação de Alimentos/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido
11.
Q J Econ ; 126(3): 1485-1538, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22148132

RESUMO

Breastfeeding is negatively correlated with future fertility because nursing temporarily reduces fecundity and because mothers usually wean on becoming pregnant again. We model breastfeeding under son-biased fertility preferences and show that breastfeeding duration increases with birth order, especially near target family size; is lowest for daughters and children without older brothers because their parents try again for a son; and exhibits the largest gender gap near target family size, when gender is most predictive of subsequent fertility. Data from India confirm each prediction. Moreover, child survival exhibits similar patterns, especially in settings where the alternatives to breastmilk are unsanitary.


Assuntos
Ordem de Nascimento , Aleitamento Materno , Características da Família , Fertilidade , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Mães , Ordem de Nascimento/psicologia , Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Aleitamento Materno/história , Características da Família/etnologia , Características da Família/história , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Lactente , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Recém-Nascido , Mães/história , Gravidez , Desmame/etnologia
12.
Br J Hist Sci ; 44(162 Pt 3): 401-26, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22164644

RESUMO

This paper examines the development of British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s. In a 1951 report for the World Health Organization Bowlby contended that the mother is the child's psychic organizer, as observational studies of children worldwide showed that absence of mother love had disastrous consequences for children's emotional health. By the end of the decade Bowlby had moved from observational studies of children in hospitals to animal research in order to support his thesis that mother love is a biological need. I examine the development of Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s, a central period in the evolution of his views and in debates about the social implications of his work. I argue that Bowlby's view that mother love was a biological need for children influenced discussions about the desirability of mothers working outside the home during the early Cold War. By claiming that the future of a child's mind is determined by her mother's heart, Bowlby's argument exerted an unusually strong emotional demand on mothers and had powerful implications for the moral valuation of maternal care and love.


Assuntos
Relações Mãe-Filho , Apego ao Objeto , Psicologia da Criança/história , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/história , Proteção da Criança/história , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Política Pública/história , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos
13.
Renaiss Q ; 64(3): 752-99, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22165440

RESUMO

The fresco cycle painted at the behest of Pope Sixtus IV in the late 1470s in the main ward of the hospital of Santo Spirito in rome comprises an extended pictorial biography of Sixtus, prefaced by scenes representing the legendary foundation of the hospital by his predecessor Innocent III. The legend, which tells how Innocent established Santo Spirito as a foundling hospital in response to the discovery of victims of infanticide in the Tiber River, positions the pope as the savior of the city's unwanted children. This article elucidates how the construction and renovation of the hospital is presented in the cycle as a generative product of papal will, with the care of foundlings situated as an integral part of the image of the pope as both Father of the Church and restorer of past glory to the city of Rome. While the frescoes engage with both widespread conventions for representing infanticide and commonplace notions of the social value of caring for abandoned children, I demonstrate that the ideologically potent visual rhetoric of foundling care was also flexible, and could be adapted to meet the specific needs of a particular institutional and patronal context.


Assuntos
Arte , Proteção da Criança , Criança Abandonada , Hospitais , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Infanticídio , Religião , Arte/história , Catolicismo/história , Catolicismo/psicologia , Criança , Proteção da Criança/etnologia , Proteção da Criança/história , Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Criança Abandonada/história , Criança Abandonada/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Criança não Desejada/história , Criança não Desejada/psicologia , História do Século XV , Hospitais/história , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/etnologia , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/psicologia , Infanticídio/etnologia , Infanticídio/história , Infanticídio/psicologia , Mães/história , Mães/psicologia , Religião/história , Cidade de Roma/etnologia
14.
Sociol Inq ; 81(4): 499-526, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22171366

RESUMO

Using data from the "Early Childhood Longitudinal Study­Birth Cohort," this article emphasizes the central role of poor infant health as a mechanism in the formation of early educational disparities. Results indicate that the varying prevalence of poor infant health across racial/ethnic groups explains a significant portion of the black disadvantage and a moderate portion of the Asian advantage relative to whites in math and reading skills at age four. Results also demonstrate that infant health is an equal opportunity offender across social groups as children with poor health are equally disadvantaged in terms of early cognitive development, regardless of racial/ethnic status. Overall, results indicate that health at birth has important consequences for individual educational achievement and racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive development and school readiness.


Assuntos
Cognição , Educação , Etnicidade , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Aprendizagem , Pré-Escolar , Educação/economia , Educação/história , Educação/legislação & jurisprudência , Etnicidade/educação , Etnicidade/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Etnicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Cuidado do Lactente/economia , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Cuidado do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , Cuidado do Lactente/psicologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/economia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , Bem-Estar do Lactente/psicologia , Recém-Nascido , Destreza Motora , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia
15.
Community Pract ; 84(10): 31-3, 2011 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22096834

RESUMO

This paper aims to highlight some working class women's childcare practices in northern industrial areas of Britain during the latter half of the 19th century. It aims to challenge the commonly held belief that 19th century northern working-class factory mothers were irresponsive and neglectful toward their infants, thereby fuelling the high northern infant mortality rate. It will do this by showing that factory mothers were responsible and responsive toward their infants despite being thwarted by the working patterns of industrialisation. It begins by outlining the arguments made by historians that northern working class women were neglectful toward their children. Then key areas such as the working patterns of waged factory mothers will be illustrated to show the agency and determination of 19th century working class women to provide their infants with good care. Reassessment of these historical childcare practices can provide a springboard by which today's health professionals can endeavour to maintain accurate and fair perspectives about the childcare practices of today's women of low socio-economic status.


Assuntos
Emprego/história , Cuidado do Lactente/história , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/história , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Indústrias/história , Lactente , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Pobreza/história , Reino Unido
16.
Can Public Policy ; 37(2): 257-76, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês, Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22073425

RESUMO

Employing provincial data from 1979 to 2004 allows us to exploit the significant (45 percent to 60 percent) reduction in excise taxes in Eastern Canada enacted in February 1994 to estimate the impacts of cigarette taxes on birth outcomes. Empirical estimates suggest that an increase in cigarette taxes is significantly associated with lower infant mortalities. However, we also find some evidence of a counter-intuitive positive correlation between taxes and fetal deaths. Overall, conditional on methodology, we find increased lagged per capita health expenditures and the number of physicians to be significantly associated with improvements in birth outcomes.


Assuntos
Morte Fetal , Gastos em Saúde , Mortalidade Infantil , Fumar , Impostos , Canadá/etnologia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/economia , Morte Fetal/etnologia , Morte Fetal/história , Gastos em Saúde/história , Gastos em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/etnologia , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/economia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , Bem-Estar do Lactente/psicologia , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Fumar/economia , Fumar/etnologia , Fumar/história , Impostos/economia , Impostos/história , Impostos/legislação & jurisprudência , Nicotiana
17.
J Polit Econ ; 119(2): 289-324, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21949951

RESUMO

Electronic medical records (EMRs) facilitate fast and accurate access to patient records, which could improve diagnosis and patient monitoring. Using a 12-year county-level panel, we find that a 10 percent increase in births that occur in hospitals with EMRs reduces neonatal mortality by 16 deaths per 100,000 live births. This is driven by a reduction of deaths from conditions requiring careful monitoring. We also find a strong decrease in mortality when we instrument for EMR adoption using variation in state medical privacy laws. Rough cost-effectiveness calculations suggest that EMRs are associated with a cost of $531,000 per baby's life saved.


Assuntos
Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Mortalidade Infantil , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Prontuários Médicos , Coeficiente de Natalidade/etnologia , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/economia , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/etnologia , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/economia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , Recém-Nascido , Prontuários Médicos/economia , Prontuários Médicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Pacientes/história , Pacientes/legislação & jurisprudência , Pacientes/psicologia
18.
J Soc Hist ; 44(3): 667-87, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21847846

RESUMO

This article examines American baby books from the late nineteenth through the twentieth century. Baby books are ephemeral publications­formatted with one or more printed pages for recording developmental, health, and social information about infants and often including personal observations, artifacts such as photographs or palm prints, medical and other prescriptive advice, and advertisements. For historians they serve as records of the changing social and cultural worlds of infancy, offering insights into the interplay of childrearing practices and larger social movements.Baby books are a significant historical source both challenging and supporting current historiography, and they illustrate how medical, market and cultural forces shaped the ways babies were cared for and in turn how their won behavior shaped family lives. A typology of baby books includes the lavishly illustrated keepsake books of the late nineteenth century, commercial and public health books of the twentieth century, and on-line records of the present day. Themes that emerge over time include those of scientific medicine and infant psychology, religion and consumerism. The article relies on secondary literature and on archival sources including the collections of the UCLA Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library as well as privately held baby books.


Assuntos
Livros , Características Culturais , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Psicologia da Criança , Mudança Social , Publicidade/economia , Publicidade/história , Livros/história , Características Culturais/história , Serviços de Informação sobre Medicamentos/história , Economia/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Marketing/economia , Marketing/educação , Marketing/história , Informática Médica/educação , Informática Médica/história , Psicologia da Criança/educação , Psicologia da Criança/história , Mudança Social/história , Estados Unidos/etnologia
19.
Soc Polit ; 18(1): 82-124, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21692245

RESUMO

Researchers have studied the impact of different welfare state regimes, and particularly family policy regimes, on gender equality. Very little research has been conducted, however, on the association between different family policy regimes and children's well-being. This article explores how the different family policy regimes of twenty OECD countries relate to children's well-being in the areas of child poverty, child mortality, and educational attainment and achievement. We focus specifically on three family policies: family cash and tax benefits, paid parenting leaves, and public child care support. Using panel data for the years 1995, 2000, and 2005, we test the association between these policies and child well-being while holding constant for a number of structural and policy variables. Our analysis shows that the dual-earner regimes, combining high levels of support for paid parenting leaves and public child care, are strongly associated with low levels of child poverty and child mortality. We find little long-term effect of family policies on educational achievement, but a significant positive correlation between high family policy support and higher educational attainment. We conclude that family policies have a significant impact on improving children's well-being, and that dual-earner regimes represent the best practice for promoting children's health and development.


Assuntos
Proteção da Criança , Família , Assistência Pública , Política Pública , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança/etnologia , Mortalidade da Criança/história , Proteção da Criança/economia , Proteção da Criança/etnologia , Proteção da Criança/história , Proteção da Criança/legislação & jurisprudência , Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Educação/economia , Educação/história , Educação/legislação & jurisprudência , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Família/etnologia , Família/história , Família/psicologia , Governo/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/etnologia , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/economia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/etnologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente/história , Bem-Estar do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , Bem-Estar do Lactente/psicologia , Oriente Médio/etnologia , América do Norte/etnologia , Pobreza/economia , Pobreza/etnologia , Pobreza/história , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Pobreza/psicologia , Assistência Pública/economia , Assistência Pública/história , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/história , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Classe Social/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , América do Sul/etnologia
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