Effects of Bilateral Transcutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation on Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity in Spinal Cord Injury: A Urodynamic Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the short-term effect of bilateral transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) on urodynamic study (UDM) parameters in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). DESIGN: Single-blinded sham-controlled study. SETTING: Rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: SCI patients with NDO (N=17) were recruited. Fifteen patients (mean age, 40±18y) completed the study. Most of the patients had chronic incomplete SCI. INTERVENTIONS: UDM was performed 3 times. The first UDM was performed after taking anticholinergics for 1 hour to assess the effects of medication. After stopping anticholinergics for a 5 half-lives, the second UDM was performed immediately after a 20-minute sham TTNS (switch on for 30s at the beginning, switch off for 20min, and switch on for 30s before stopping). The third UDM was performed immediately after a 20-minute bilateral TTNS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reflex volume (mL), cystometric capacity (mL), maximum pressure detrusor (mmH2O), and bladder compliance (mL/mmH2O). RESULTS: UDM tracings were interpreted by 2 blinded assessors. This study used per-protocol analysis and repeated measures Analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. When compared with sham stimulation, bilateral TTNS and anticholinergics produced greater increases in reflex volume (136.1±99.88, 212.2±112.82, and 226.3±111.52 mL; P<.001), cystometric capacity (218.3±137.66, 319.1±143.74, and 350.7±163.43 mL; P<.001), and compliance (5.8±6.81, 7.9±6.74, 9.7±8.12 mL/cmH2O; P=.02). No significant differences were found in reflex volume, cystometric capacity, or compliance between bilateral TTNS and anticholinergics (P>.05). The maximum pressure detrusor was not significantly different between groups (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Bilateral TTNS may be an effective short-term intervention to improve UDM parameters in SCI with NDO. Further study is necessary to determine the long-term effects and benefits of combined bilateral TTNS with anticholinergics.

Comparação entre oxibutinina, eletroestimulação do nervo tibial posterior e exercícios perineais no tratamento da síndrome da bexiga hiperativa / Comparación entre oxibutinina, electroestimulación del nervio tibial posterior y ejercicios perineales en el tratamiento del síndrome de la vejiga hiperactiva / Comparison of oxybutynin, electrostimulation of the posterior tibial nerve and perineal exercises in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia dos exercícios perineais, da eletroestimulação transcutânea do nervo tibial posterior (ETNTP) e da oxibutinina em mulheres com síndrome da bexiga hiperativa, que é a segunda causa mais comum de incontinência urinária, com sintomas urinários extremamente incômodos que prejudicam a qualidade de vida. Foram randomizadas 65 mulheres, das quais 57 completaram o tratamento. Formaram-se três grupos: o de exercícios perineais, ETNTP e o grupo controle, que utilizou oxibutinina. Os exercícios foram realizados em grupo, nas posições em pé, supino e sentado, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 30 minutos cada sessão, totalizando 12 sessões. Na ETNTP utilizou-se eletrodo transcutâneo posicionado em maléolo medial e outro 10cm acima, com frequência de 10Hz e largura de pulso de 200 microssegundos, por 30 minutos, duas vezes por semana, totalizando 12 sessões. Na medicação as pacientes receberam oxibutinina de 10mg/dia de liberação imediata divididos e duas doses de 5mg/dia, durante 12 semanas consecutivas. Antes e depois dos tratamentos, as pacientes passaram por uma avaliação composta pela análise do diário miccional, avaliação funcional do assoalho pélvico e aplicação de questionário de qualidade de vida OAB-V8. Houve redução da incontinência de urgência em 50%, 70,5% e 41% nos grupos de exercício, ETNTP e oxibutinina, respectivamente, com significância estatística somente da eletroestimulação. As três modalidades de tratamento foram eficazes na melhora da qualidade de vida para a terapêutica em curto prazo, estatisticamente semelhantes entre si.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la eficacia de los ejercicios perineales, de la electroestimulación transcutánea del nervio tibial posterior (ETNTP) y de la oxibutinina en mujeres con síndrome de la vejiga hiperactiva, la segunda causa más común de incontinencia urinaria, con síntomas muy incómodos, que perjudican la calidad de vida. Sesenta y cinco mujeres, de las cuales 57 completaron el tratamiento, formaron tres grupos: el de ejercicios perineales, ETNTP y el grupo de control, que utilizó oxibutinina. Los ejercicios se realizaron en grupo, en las posiciones en pie, supino y sentado, dos veces por semana, con duración de 30 minutos cada sesión, totalizando 12 sesiones. En la ETNTP se utilizó electrodo transcutáneo posicionado en el maléolo medial y otro 10 cm arriba, con frecuencia de 10Hz y ancho de pulso de 200 microsegundos, por 30 minutos, dos veces por semana, totalizando 12 sesiones. En la medicación las pacientes recibieron oxibutinina de 10 mg/día de liberación inmediata, divididos en dos dosis de 5mg/día, durante 12 semanas consecutivas. Antes y después de los tratamientos, las pacientes pasaron por una evaluación compuesta por el análisis del diario miccional, la evaluación funcional del piso pélvico y la aplicación del cuestionario de calidad de vida OAB-V8. Se observó una reducción de la incontinencia de urgencia en un 50%, 70,5% y 41% en los grupos de ejercicio, ETNTP y oxibutinina, respectivamente, con significancia estadística solamente de la electroestimulación. Las tres modalidades de tratamiento fueron eficaces en la mejora de la calidad de vida para la terapéutica a corto plazo y estadísticamente similares.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of perineal exercises, transcutaneous electrostimulation of the posterior tibial nerve (TPTNS) and oxybutynin in women with overactive bladder syndrome, which is the second most common cause of urinary incontinence, with extremely uncomfortable urinary symptoms which impair their quality of life. A total of 65 women were randomized, of whom 57 completed treatment. Three groups were formed: the perineal exercises group, the TPTNS group and the control group, which used oxybutynin. The exercises were performed in groups, in the standing, supine and sitting positions, twice a week in 30-minute sessions, totaling 12 sessions. In the TPTNS group, carried out with 10Hz frequency and 200 microsecond pulse width, a transcutaneous electrode was positioned on the patients' medial malleolus, and another was positioned 10cm above it. The patients of the control group received 10 mg/day doses of immediate release oxybutynin, divided into two 5mg/day doses for 12 consecutive weeks. Before and after the treatments, the patients' voiding diary was analyzed, their pelvic floor was functionally evaluated and they were asked to fill in an OAB-V8 quality of life questionnaire. Urge incontinence was reduced by 50%, 70.5% and 41% in the exercises, TPTNS and oxybutynin groups, respectively, and statistical significance was detected for stimulation only. The three treatment modalities were effective for improving quality of life in the short-term therapy, and were statistically similar to each other.

[Yun's optimized pelvic floor training therapy for idiopathic moderate overactive bladder with sexual dysfunction in young and middle-aged women].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and safety of Yun's optimized pelvic floor training (OPFT) therapy for idiopathic moderate overactive bladder (OAB) with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in young and middle-aged women. METHODS: Eighty 25－45 years old women with idiopathic moderate OAB companied by FSD were randomized into an experimental and a control group of equal number, the former treated by 6 weeks of Yun's OPFT therapy, followed by a 2-week washout period and then another 6 weeks of traditional pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME), while the latter by 6 weeks of traditional PFME, followed by a 2-week washout period also and then another 6 weeks of Yun's OPFT. At 0, 6 and 14 weeks, we recorded the scores on overactive bladder symptoms (OABS), patient perception of bladder condition (PPBC), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7), pelvic floor muscle strength, voided volume (VV), average urinary flow rate (Qavg), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), female sexual function index (FSFI), sexual satisfaction of the male partners and adverse events, and compared the parameters obtained between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: Thirty-eight of the patients in the experimental group and 29 controls completed the experiment. There were no statistically significant differences in the baseline data between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 6 and 14 weeks of treatment, the effectiveness rate was decreased from 71% to 58% in the experimental group, but increased from 45% to 72% in the control. Significant improvement was achieved in the experimental group in the OABS, PPBC, UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores, pelvic floor muscle strength, VV, Qavg, Qmax, FSFI and sexual satisfaction of the male partners at 6 weeks as compared with the baseline (P < 0.05), and even more significant at 14 weeks than at 6 (P < 0.05), and so was it in the control group in the PPBC and IIQ-7 scores, VV, Qmax and sexual satisfaction of the male partners at 6 weeks (P < 0.05), and more significant in the OABS, PPBC, UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores, pelvic floor muscle strength, FSFI and sexual satisfaction of the male partners at 14 than at 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The patients of the experimental group showed remarkably more improvement than the controls in the OABS, PPBC, UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores, pelvic floor muscle strength, FSFI and sexual satisfaction of the male partners at 6 weeks (P < 0.05), while the control group exhibited significantly better improved OABS, PPBC, UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores, pelvic floor muscle strength, VV, Qmax, PVR and FSFI than the experimental group at 14 weeks (P < 0.05). No serious adverse reactions were observed during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Yun's OPFT therapy can improve the symptoms of moderate OAB with FSD in young and middle-aged women, with significantly better effects than traditional pelvic floor muscle exercises.

Improvement in overactive bladder symptoms in patients using functional electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve for walking.

OBJECTIVE: Functional electrical stimulation is used to improve walking speed and reduces falls in people with upper motor neurone foot-drop. Following anecdotal observations of changes in bladder symptoms, an observational study was performed to explore this association further. DESIGN: A total of 47 consecutive patients attending for setup with functional electrical stimulation during a six-month period were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing bladder symptoms (ICIQ-OAB (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder)) at baseline and three months during routine appointments. SUBJECTS: In all, 35 (75%) had multiple sclerosis and the other 12 subjects had a total of 9 diagnoses including 3 with stroke. Other conditions included cerebral palsy, motor neurone disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, meningioma and spinocerebellar ataxias. RESULTS: Improvement in overactive bladder symptoms was not significant in the whole cohort, however, was significant in patients with multiple sclerosis ( n = 35; mean change in ICIQ-OAB score 1.0, P = 0.043). Specifically, significant improvements were seen in urgency and urge incontinence in multiple sclerosis patients. There was a significant negative correlation of moderate strength within the multiple sclerosis cohort between baseline walking speed and subsequent change in ICIQ-OAB score (correlation coefficient of r = -0.40, P = 0.046). Thus, greater changes in bladder symptoms were seen with lower baseline walking speeds. CONCLUSION: The results of this exploratory study suggest that functional electrical stimulation use does improve overactive bladder symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis. Further exploration is needed to study this association and explore whether the mechanism is similar to that of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, a recognized treatment for the overactive bladder.

Sites of electrical stimulation used in neurology.

Rehabilitation aims to decrease neurological impairments, in guiding plasticity. Electrical stimulation has been used for many years in rehabilitation treatment of neurological disabilities as a tool for neuromodulation inducing plasticity, although the mechanisms of its action are not well known. The applications vary, encompassing therapeutic and rehabilitative aims. The type and site of stimulation vary depending on the objectives. Some techniques are widely used in clinical practice; others are still in the research stage. They may be invasive, epidural or in direct contact with neurons; they may be noninvasive, applied transcutaneously or indirectly by current vectors. The indications vary: mobility, functionality, pain as well as pharyngeal, respiratory, and perineal function. This paper aims to summarize current data on electrical neuromodulation techniques used in neurorehabilitation, their effects and their mechanisms of action.

[The medical rehabilitation of the children presenting with the hyperactive urinary bladder].

The present article is focused on the modern technologies for the medical rehabilitation of the children presenting with the hyperactive urinary bladder (UB) designed to promote the act of urination in the children at all levels of bladder innervation.

Update on behavioral and physical therapies for incontinence and overactive bladder: the role of pelvic floor muscle training.

Behavioral and physical therapies have been used for many years to treat incontinence and overactive bladder (OAB). This paper focuses on programs that include pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) as a component in treatment for women or men. PFMT was long used almost exclusively for treatment of stress incontinence. When it became evident that voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction can be used to control bladder function, PFMT was also integrated into the treatment of urge incontinence and OAB as part of a broader behavioral urge suppression strategy. PFMT has evolved over decades, both as a behavioral therapy and a physical therapy, combining principles from behavioral science, nursing, and muscle physiology into a widely recommended conservative treatment. The collective literature indicates that PFMT is effective for incontinence, as well as urgency, frequency, and nocturia. It can be combined with all other treatment modalities and holds potential for prevention of bladder symptoms.

Rehabilitación de piso pélvico en el tratamiento del síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva / Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer los resultados, a mediano plazo, de una cohorte de mujeres con Síndrome de Vejiga Hiperactiva (SVH) tratadas mediante un protocolo de rehabilitación de piso pélvico en una consulta kinésica particular. Se intervino una cohorte de 20 mujeres derivadas a la Unidad de Piso Pélvico del Centro Médico IDG por diagnóstico de SVH entre marzo de 2010 y marzo de 2012. La evaluaciones se realizaron al momento del enrolamiento, al finalizar la intervención y luego de 5 a 12 meses de concluida la intervención. Las variables evaluadas fueron: frecuencia miccional diurna y nocturna, urgencia miccional, fuerza muscular de piso pélvico y calidad de vida. La intervención consistió en 10 sesiones de 45 minutos, 2 veces por semana. Se aplicó un protocolo que comprende: entrena- miento muscular de piso pélvico y biofeedback, neuromodulación tibial posterior y reeducación vesical mediante calendario miccional y láminas educativas. La mediana de edad de las pacientes fue 54.5 años y la media de seguimiento fue 11.77 meses. Completaron las 10 sesiones programadas el 80 por ciento de las pacientes. Existió una mejoría significativa entre el basal y el control inmediato a la intervención en las siguientes variables: incontinencia de esfuerzo, score de urgencia, frecuencia miccional diurna y nocturna, fuerza muscular y calidad de vida. Esta tendencia se mantiene al final del seguimiento para las variables frecuencia miccional diurna, frecuencia miccional nocturna y la calidad de vida. El único parámetro que mantuvo su significancia estadística en el seguimiento a mediano plazo fue la frecuencia miccional diurna. Esto no ocurrió con los parámetros frecuencia miccional nocturna y calidad de vida. La rehabilitación integral del piso pélvico es una herramienta eficiente en el tratamiento del SVH, mejorando significativamente parámetros como urgencia, frecuencia miccional diurna y nocturna, fuerza de los músculos elevadores del ano.

The aim of this paper is to present medium term results of a cohort of women with overactive bladder syndrome (SVH) treated with a protocol of pelvic floor rehabilitation in a private Kinesiology office. A cohort of 20 women referred to the Pelvic Floor unit of IDG Medical Center due to diagnosis of SVH between March 2010 and March 2012 was evaluated. The evaluations were performed at enrollment, at the end of intervention and 5-12 months after having completed the intervention. Evaluated variables were: daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, urinary urgency, pelvic floor muscle strength and quality of life. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions of 45 minutes, 2 times a week. Using muscular workout, pelvic floor biofeedback, posterior tibial neuromodulation and bladder voiding re-education through educational micturition calendar. The median age of patients was 54.5 years and the mean follow-up was 11.77 months. 80 percent of patients completed the 10 sessions as scheduled. There was a significant improvement between baseline and immediate intervention in the following control variables: stress incontinence, urgency score, daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, muscle strength and quality of life. This trend is maintained at follow-up variables for daytime frequency, nighttime frequency and quality of life. The only parameter that maintained its statistical significance in the midterm follow-up was daytime voiding frequency. This did not happen with the parameters nocturnal voiding frequency and quality of life. The comprehensive rehabilitation of the pelvic floor is an efficient tool in the treatment of SVH, significantly improving parameters such as urgency, daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, strength of the levator any muscles and quality of life.

A pelvic floor fitness program for older women with urinary symptoms: a feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of an adapted pelvic fitness and educational program to control urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in women older than 65 years. DESIGN: Feasibility study. SETTING: Residential independent-living facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three study subjects, limited to women 65 years and older residing in or using an independent-living facility, who self-reported that they had symptoms of UI or OAB. METHODS: Study participants volunteered to participate in a 6-week pelvic fitness class. Classes were held at 3 different independent-living sites. Forty-three women in 4 different treatment groups with 9-15 women per group completed the adapted group pelvic fitness and education instruction, which was provided twice a week for 6 weeks. At one site, in addition to the treatment group, an education-only group met; in this group, 14 women received an alternate intervention consisting of only one educational session and a booklet presenting the didactic content without specific muscle isolation or training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: In addition to demographics, standardized assessments using validated instruments were obtained before the first class and after the last class, including general health, self-reported bladder function, quality of life, and the timed up-and-go test. RESULTS: Most participants (97%) were white, with a mean age of 83 years (range, 67-95 years). Most participants in the treatment groups (83%) reported symptom improvement. Statistically significant improvements in OAB and bladder symptoms were found after 6 weeks in the treatment groups, based on visual analog scale scores (P = .0058) for bothersomeness of bladder symptoms, the total score of the Urogenital Distress Inventory, Short Form (P ≤ .0001), and the total score of the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, Short Form (P = .0036). CONCLUSIONS: A group pelvic floor fitness program combined with pelvic health education is a promising approach to reduce urinary symptoms and improve the quality of life of older women living with OAB or UI symptoms.

Fisioterapia no tratamento da urgência miccional feminina / Physiotherapy in treatment of female miccional urgency

A urgência miccional consiste em um problema de saúde comum entre as mulheres em qualquer período da vida e em todas as faixas etárias, cujo risco aumenta com a idade, podendo determinar uma série de consequências físicas, econômicas, psicológicas, emocionais, sexuais e sociais que poderão interferir de forma negativa em sua qualidade de vida. As principais patologias que acometem as mulheres com essa sintomatologia são: infecção do trato urinário (ITU) e a incontinência urinária por bexiga hiperativa (BH). Existem diversas formas de tratamento para a esse sintoma, entre eles o tratamento conservador fisioterapêutico tem sido considerado uma opção relevante nos últimos tempos. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a atuação da fisioterapia no tratamento da urgência miccional feminina. Baseou-se no levantamento de referências bibliográficas nacionais e internacionais. Concluiu-se que a atuação da fisioterapia é importante para o tratamento da urgência miccional na BH, pois proporciona a melhora e/ou a cura dos sintomas provocados e a melhora da qualidade de vida dessas mulheres. Além disso, consiste em um tratamento com menos reações adversas, não oneroso em relação aos tratamentos cirúrgico e medicamentosos, menos invasivo e de baixo custo em comparação a outras formas de tratamento.

The urgency is a common health problem among women in any period of life and all ages groups whose risks increase with age and may determine a series of physical, economic, psychological, emotional, sexual and social consequences and may have a negative impact on their quality of life. The main diseases that affect women with these symptoms are urinary tract infection (UTI) and incontinence overactive bladder (OAB). There are several forms of treatment for this symptom, including physical therapy; conservative treatment has been considered a relevant option in recent times. This study aims to examine the role of physiotherapy of female urinary urgency. Based on the survey of international and national references, it was concluded that the role of physiotherapy is important to the treatment of urinary urgency in OAB. It provides improvement and/ or cure of the symptoms caused by accidents and improve quality of life of these women. In addition this treatment consists in less side effects, it is inexpensive compared to surgical and medical, less invasive and inexpensive compared to other forms of treatment.

[Urgent urinary incontinence--preliminary diagnostics and pharmacological treatment]. / Naglace nietrzymanie moczu--wstepna diagnostyka i leczenie farmakologiczne.

In this paper authors describe classification, preliminary diagnosis of urinary incontinence. They also show ways of pharmacological therapy and kinds of available medicines, which are administer in treatment of women with urinary incontinence symptoms of neurologic descent and overactive bladder.

Urethral sphincter EMG-controlled dorsal penile/clitoral nerve stimulation to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity.

The goal of this study was to investigate whether real-time external urethral sphincter (EUS) EMG-controlled dorsal genital nerve (DGN) stimulation can suppress undesired detrusor bladder contractions in patients with both neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). Detrusor pressure (Pdet) and EUS EMG were recorded in 12 neurogenic patients who underwent two filling cystometries. The first one was without stimulation and was intended to confirm the NDO and DSD and to set the EMG detection threshold. The second one was with real-time EMG-controlled stimulation of DGNs. Two detection methods were analyzed to detect bladder contractions. The first method was a Kurtosis-scaled root mean square (RMS) detector and was used on-line. The second was a simple RMS detector and was used off-line. Of 12 patients included, 10 patients showed both NDO and DSD. In nine of these ten patients relevant EMG concomitant to detrusor activity was detected and stimulation could suppress at least one detrusor contraction. The second filling compared to the first one showed an increase of 84% in bladder capacity (p = 0.002) and a decrease of 106% in Pdet (p = 0.002). Nine false-positive detections occurred during the ten fillings with electrical stimulation. The mean increases of both time and Pdet between stimulation and bladder contraction onsets for method 1 were 1.8 s and 4 cmH(2)O and for method 2 were 0.9 s and 2 cmH(2)O, respectively. This study shows that EUS EMG can be used in real time to detect the onset of a bladder contraction. In combination with DGN stimulation has been shown to be feasible to suppress undesired bladder contractions and in turn to increase bladder capacity in subjects with both NDO and DSD.

Terapia comportamental na abordagem primária da hiperatividade do detrusor / Behavior therapy in primary approach of the detrusor?s overactivity

A hiperatividade do detrusor é uma desordem de grande impacto na qualidade de vida da paciente, não somente em relação às limitações físicas, mas sociais, psicológicas e sexuais. O diagnóstico da hiperatividade do detrusor é realizado por meio de estudo urodinâmico. As opções de tratamento desta condição são: terapia comportamental, medicamentos, eletroestimulação, terapias minimamente invasivas (toxina botulínica), neuromodulação e cirurgias. O objetivo desta revisão consiste em rever a terapia comportamental na abordagem primária da hiperatividade do detrusor, suas repercussões no controle dos sintomas e seu impacto na melhoria da qualidade de vida das pacientes para estudar a terapia comportamental. Foi realizada revisão da literatura de estudos indexados em banco de dados, como Medline e Lilacs, além de dados da International Continence Society. A terapia comportamental compreende o diário miccional, a educação da paciente em relação ao hábito urinário, a reeducação vesical, os exercícios do assoalho pélvico (com ou sem biofeedback), estratégias para o controle do desejo miccional e orientações para dieta e ingesta hídrica. Pode ser empregada como único procedimento ou como adjunto ao tratamento farmacológico ou cirúrgico. Atualmente, esta técnica é tratamento de primeira escolha para hiperatividade do detrusor idiopática e constitui um procedimento eficiente, de baixo risco e sem efeitos colaterais

The detrusor overactivity is a disorder with significant impact on patients? quality of life, not only with regard to physical limitations, but social, psychological and sexual. The diagnosis of the detrusor overactivity is accomplished by urodynamic study. The treatment?s options for this condition are: behavior therapy, medication, electrical stimulation, minimally invasive therapies (botulinum toxin), neuromodulation and surgery. The purpose of this review is to examine the behavior therapy in primary approach of the detrusor?s overactivity, its effects on symptoms control, their impact on improving patients? quality of life and to study the behavior therapy. It was conducted a literature review in database from studies indexed in Medline and Lilacs, and data from the International Continence Society. Behavior therapy involves the voiding diary, education regarding the patient?s urinary habits, bladder retaining, pelvic floor exercises (with or without biofeedback), strategies for the control of desire and voiding guidelines for diet and fluid intake. It can be used as a single procedure or as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment or surgery. Recently, this technique is the first choice of treatment for idiopathic detrusor overactivity and is an efficient procedure, with low risk and no side effects

[Functional results after temporary continuous drainage of the hypocontractile bladder. The potential rehabilitation of the detrusor]. / Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach temporärer Dauerableitung der hypokontraktilen Blase. Zur Rehabilitationsfähigkeit des Detrusors.

BACKGROUND: Impaired bladder emptying is a common problem in older people and a challenging task in treatment. Conservative and medical treatment options have shown beneficial effects on micturition; however, in a substantial number of patients the effectiveness of these therapies is disappointing. In the end the decompensated bladder needs indwelling catheterisation. To study the effects on the detrusor function, we analysed the urodynamic data of 31 patients during long-term bladder drainage retrospectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 17 female and 14 male patients showed impaired detrusor contractility, enlarged bladder capacity, decreased sensitivity and a high post-void residual urine volume (PVR). After exclusion of an acute pathology, the patients were treated continuously with a suprapubic catheter for an average of 13.1 weeks. By urodynamic measurements before and after the drainage period, we analysed the filling parameters, pressure-flow patterns, PVR and detrusor contractility. RESULTS: At the end of the drainage period, significant changes in the detrusor function were obvious. Compared with the pre-treatment situation, the bladder volume at first desire to void decreased from 306.92 ml to 281.7 ml and the maximum bladder capacity from 691.8 ml to 496.8 ml, respectively. The compliance of the detrusor muscle diminished in the same period of time from 65.6 ml/cmH2O to 51.8 ml/cmH2O. The PVR dropped by 227.2 ml in average. The maximum flow rate was 9.4 ml/s, and the maximum detrusor pressure increased slightly up to 23.6 cmH2O. CONCLUSION: The continuous drainage of the bladder results in significant changes in the motoric as well as sensoric detrusor function. The reduced bladder capacity and the decreased PVR might be indications of a regenerating process of the detrusor. The long-term drainage of the bladder shows beneficial and therefore therapeutic effects. It still remains to be investigated on a functional as well as structural basis to what extent age, gender and pathogenesis influences the rehabilitation of the detrusor.

Rehabilitation versus drug therapy for urge urinary incontinence: long-term outcomes.

The objective of this study was to compare the residual effect of a 3-month rehabilitation treatment and a standard drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence (UUI) 21 months post intervention. Forty-four women (ages 27-68 years) who were diagnosed with overactive bladder (OAB) were divided into 2 treatment groups over 3 months: 24 women received rehabilitation (REH) and 20 women were treated with medication (MED) (oxybutynin ER). Outcomes measures included frequency of urination, quality of life (QoL), and number of side effects (no/SE), which were measured upon entry into the study (entry), completion of the intervention (3 months), and at follow-up 3 and 21 months after completion of treatment. In the follow-up period, there was a significant group-time interaction effect on freq/day and freq/night (p < 0.01). At the end of follow-up, the mean number of no/SE was significantly greater in the MED group compared to the REH group (3.3 +/- 0.5 vs 2.4 +/- 0.4; p < 0.05). A significant negative association was found between the urinary symptoms and the I-QoL at the 21-month follow-up (r (p) = -0.45 to-0.57, p < 0.05). In the long-term, the REH patients maintained and even improved the achievements of the intervention period while the MED patients deteriorated to baseline values in urinary frequency. The suggestion for future work is to investigate the effect of each REH treatment component on UUI symptoms.