[Changes in mediastinal lymph node sampling practices]. / Évolution des pratiques concernant l'exploration ganglionnaire médiastinale.

INTRODUCTION: While mediastinoscopy is considered the gold standard for mediastinal node sampling, it is to some extent being superseded by endobronchial ultrasound. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different practices in our center regarding mediastinal lymph node sampling in lung cancer patients. METHODS: Data were collected from patients having undergone mediastinal lymph node sampling by video-assisted-mediastinoscopy (VM) or by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) in our center between August 2020 and July 2023. The modalities of the two procedures and their diagnostic accuracy were analyzed, as was their evolution over time. RESULTS: The 362 patients comprised 217 who were sampled by EBUS and 145 by VM. Overall, the procedures became more frequent, with EBUS tending to supersede VM. The number of harvested lymph nodes gradually grew, and less unforeseen lymph node invasion and upstaging occurred. CONCLUSION: The arrival in our center of endobronchial ultrasound yielded an overall increase of lymph node sampling despite a decrease in the number of mediastinoscopy procedures performed. Reinforced compliance with guidelines is needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of these techniques and to better ensure quality of care.

Lung volume reduction surgery: a micro-costing analysis from a national tertiary referral centre.

OBJECTIVES: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a clinically effective palliation procedure for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. LVRS has recently been commissioned by the NHS England. In this study, a costing model was developed to analyse cost and resource implications of different LVRS procedures. METHODS: Three pathways were defined by their surgical procedures: bronchoscopic endobronchial valve insertion (EBV-LVRS), video-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS. The costing model considered use of hospital resources from the LVRS decision until 90 days after hospital admission. The model was calibrated with data obtained from an observational study, electronic health records and expert opinion. Unit costs were obtained from the hospital finance department and reported in 2021 Euros. RESULTS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS was associated with the lowest cost at €12 896 per patient. This compares to the costs of EBV-LVRS at €15 598 per patient and €13 305 per patient for robotic-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS. A large component of EBV-LVRS costs were accrued secondary to complications, including revision EBV-LVRS. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a comprehensive model framework for the analysis of hospital-related resource use and costs for the 3 surgical modalities. In the future, service commissioning agencies, hospital management and clinicians can use this framework to determine their modifiable resource use (composition of surgical teams, use of staff and consumables, planned length of stay and revision rates for EBV-LVRS) and to assess the potential cost implications of changes in these parameters.

Risk Factors for Procedural Complications of Pediatric Flexible Bronchoscopy: Experience From a Tertiary Care Centre in Northern India.

We analyzed the records of 869 children who underwent flexible bronchoscopy. We found procedural complications in 6.7% (n = 59), with severe events in 3.2% (n = 28). Age < 1 y, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and finding lower airway malacia on bronchoscopy were identified as independent risk factors for developing complications with adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.6 (1.3, 4.9); P = 0.004; 5.4 (1.7, 17.6); P = 0.005 and 2.1 (1.1, 4.0); P = 0.031, respectively.

Practices and perspectives on advanced diagnostic and interventional bronchoscopy among pediatric pulmonologists in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy includes endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided transbronchial lung and lymph node biopsies, CT navigation and robotic bronchoscopy. Interventional bronchoscopy refers to procedures performed for therapeutic purposes such as balloon dilation of the airway, tissue debulking, cryotherapy, removal of foreign bodies and insertion of endobronchial valves [1]. For adult patients, these procedures are standard of care [2, 3]. Despite a lack of formalized training, there are numerous case reports and case series describing the use of advanced diagnostic and interventional bronchoscopy techniques in children. The safety and feasibility of EBUS-TBNA, cryotherapy techniques, endobronchial valves among other techniques have been demonstrated in these publications [1, 4-9]. METHODS: We sought to better understand the current practices and perspectives on interventional and advanced bronchoscopy among pediatric pulmonologists through surveys sent to pediatric teaching hospitals across the United States. RESULTS: We received 43 responses representing 28 programs from 25 states. The highest bronchoscopy procedure volume occurred in the 0-5 years age group. Among our respondents, 31% self-identified as a pediatric interventional/advanced bronchoscopist. 79% believe that advanced and interventional training is feasible in pediatric pulmonology and 77% believe it should be offered to pediatric pulmonary fellows. DISCUSSION: This is the first study to characterize current practices and perspectives regarding advanced diagnostic and interventional bronchoscopy procedures among pediatric pulmonologists in the United States. Pediatric interventional pulmonology (IP) is in its infancy and its beginnings echo those of the adult IP where only certain centers were performing these procedures.

The utility of elective flexible bronchoscopy to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes for children: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Elective flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is now widely available and standard practice for a variety of indications in children with respiratory conditions. However, there is limited evidence regarding the utility of elective FB in children. This systematic review (SRs) aimed to determine the utility of FB on its impact in clinical decision making and quality of life (QoL). METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Embase, World Health Organization Clinical Trials Registry Platform and Cochrane database of SRs from inception to April 20, 2023. We included SRs and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used parallel group design (comparing use of elective FB vs. no FB, or a wait-list approach [early FB vs. usual wait FB]) in children aged ≤ 18 years. Our protocol was prospectively registered and used Cochrane methodology for systemic reviews of interventions. RESULTS: Our search identified 859 articles; 102 duplicates were removed, and 753 articles were excluded by title and abstract. Four full text articles were reviewed and subsequently excluded, as none met the inclusion criteria outlined in our patient, intervention, comparator, outcome measures framework. CONCLUSIONS: There is a paucity of high-quality RCT evidence to support the routine use of elective FB in children with respiratory conditions. However, available retrospective and a single prospective study demonstrate the high utility of FB in the elective pediatric setting. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021291305.

Current practice of thoracic anaesthesia in Europe - a survey by the European Society of Anaesthesiology Part I - airway management and regional anaesthesia techniques.

BACKGROUND: The scientific working group for "Anaesthesia in thoracic surgery" of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) has performed an online survey to assess the current standards of care and structural properties of anaesthesia workstations in thoracic surgery. METHODS: All members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) were invited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Thoracic anaesthesia was most commonly performed by specialists/board-certified anaesthetists and/or senior/attending physicians. Across Europe, the double lumen tube (DLT) was most commonly chosen as the primary device for lung separation (461/ 97.3%). Bronchial blockers were chosen less frequently (9/ 1.9%). Throughout Europe, bronchoscopy was not consistently used to confirm correct double lumen tube positioning. Respondents from Eastern Europe (32/ 57.1%) frequently stated that there were not enough bronchoscopes available for every intrathoracic operation. A specific algorithm for difficult airway management in thoracic anaesthesia was available to only 18.6% (n = 88) of the respondents. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is the most commonly used form of regional analgesia for thoracic surgery in Europe. Ultrasonography was widely available 93,8% (n = 412) throughout Europe and was predominantly used for central line placement and lung diagnostics. CONCLUSIONS: While certain "gold standards "are widely met, there are also aspects of care requiring substantial improvement in thoracic anaesthesia throughout Europe. Our data suggest that algorithms and standard operating procedures for difficult airway management in thoracic anaesthesia need to be established. A European recommendation for the basic requirements of an anaesthesia workstation for thoracic anaesthesia is expedient and desirable, to improve structural quality and patient safety.

Modified high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in patients undergoing bronchoscopy: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia frequently occurs during bronchoscopy. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy may be a feasible alternative to prevent the deterioration of gas exchange during bronchoscopy. With the convenience of clinical use in mind, we modified an HFNC using a single cannula. This clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that a modified HFNC would decrease the proportion of patients with a single moment of peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 90% during bronchoscopy. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial, hospitalized patients in the respiratory department in need of diagnostic bronchoscopy were randomly assigned to a modified HFNC oxygen therapy group or a conventional oxygen therapy (COT) group. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2 < 90% during bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Eight hundred and twelve patients were randomized to the modified HFNC (n = 406) or COT (n = 406) group. Twenty-four patients were unable to cooperate or comply with bronchoscopy. Thus, 788 patients were included in the analysis. The proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2 < 90% during bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group was significantly lower than that in the COT group (12.5% vs. 28.8%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the fraction of inspired oxygen between the two groups. The lowest SpO2 during bronchoscopy and 5 min after bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group was significantly higher than that in the COT group. Multivariate analysis showed that a baseline forced vital capacity (FVC) < 2.7 L (OR, 0.276; 95% CI, 0.083-0.919, p = 0.036) and a volume of fluid instilled > 60 ml (OR, 1.034; 95% CI, 1.002-1.067, p = 0.036) were independent risk factors for hypoxemia during bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group. CONCLUSIONS: A modified HFNC could decrease the proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2 < 90% during bronchoscopy. A lower baseline FVC and large-volume bronchoalveolar lavage may predict desaturation during bronchoscopy when using a modified HFNC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials. Gov: NCT02606188. Registered 17 November 2015.

Bronchoscopy during COVID-19 pandemic, ventilatory strategies and procedure measures.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has changed bronchoscopy practices worldwide. Bronchoscopy is a high-risk aerosol-generating procedure with a potential for direct SARS-CoV-2 exposure and hospital-acquired infection. Current guidelines about personal protective equipment and environment considerations represent key competencies to minimize droplets dispersion and reduce the risk of transmission. Different measures should be put in field based on setting, patient's clinical characteristics, urgency and indications of bronchoscopy. The use of this technique in SARS-CoV-2 patients is reported primarily for removal of airway plugs and for obtaining microbiological culture samples. In mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2, bronchoscopy is commonly used to manage complications such as hemoptysis, atelectasis or lung collapse when prone positioning, physiotherapy or recruitment maneuvers have failed. Further indications are represented by assistance during percutaneous tracheostomy. Continuous positive airway pressure, non-invasive ventilation support and high flow nasal cannula oxygen are frequently used in patient affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): management of patients' airways and ventilation strategies differs from bronchoscopy indications, patient's clinical status and in course or required ventilatory support. Sedation is usually administered by the pulmonologist (performing the bronchoscopy) or by the anesthetist depending on the complexity of the procedure and the level of sedation required. Lastly, elective bronchoscopy for diagnostic indications during COVID-19 pandemic should be carried on respecting rigid standards which allow to minimize potential viral transmission, independently from patient's COVID-19 status. This narrative review aims to evaluate the indications, procedural measures and ventilatory strategies of bronchoscopy performed in different settings during COVID-19 pandemic.

Low utilisation of bronchoscopy to assess COVID-19 respiratory infection: a multicenter experience.

OBJECTIVE: For the diagnosis of COVID-19, the yield of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs is unclear, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is obtained to confirm the diagnosis. We assessed the utilisation of bronchoscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis in a multicenter study and compared the diagnostic yield of BAL versus NP swabs. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients who were admitted with clinical presentation concerning for COVID-19 and underwent BAL from 1 March to 31 July 2020 at four tertiary care centres in North America. We also compared concordance of BAL with NP swabs for diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients, with clinical suspicion for COVID-19 and admitted for respiratory failure, underwent bronchoscopy to collect BAL for SARS-CoV-2 testing. During the same period, 2039 bronchoscopies were performed on patients not infected with COVID-19. Of 42 patients with NP swabs and BAL collected within ≤7 days, 1 was NP swab negative but positive by BAL for SARS-CoV-2 (n=1/42 (2.4%)). Across a wide array of testing platforms, the overall agreement between NP swabs and BAL results was 97.6% (95% CI: 93.0% to 100%) with Cohen's k of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.00). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of NP swabs compared with BAL were 83.3% (95% CI: 53.5% to 100%), 100%, 100% and 97.3% (95% CI: 92.1% to 100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BAL was used infrequently to assess COVID-19 in busy institutions. NP swabs have a high concordance with BAL for COVID-19 testing, but negative NP swabs should be confirmed with BAL when clinical suspicion is high.

Clinical role of bronchoalveolar lavage in dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in DM-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with DM-ILD who underwent bronchoscopy between October 2015 and September 2019. We then collated clinical features, laboratory data and bronchoscopy findings. The follow-up study was terminated on the 1 May 2020. RESULTS: A total of 113 DM-ILD patients were included in this study, including 27 patients with acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia (A/SIP) and 86 patients with chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP). The A/SIP group had significantly lower proportions of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than the CIP group, but had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils. Pathogens were discovered in BALF from 28 (24.8%) patients. Twenty-five (22.1%) patients commenced or changed antibiotic therapy on the basis of their bronchoscopy results. Lymphopenia and intensive care unit care were significantly associated with pathogen-positive BALF findings. Complications of bronchoscopy occurred in nine (8.0%) patients; fever (5.3%) was the most common complication. Twenty-five deaths (25/106, 23.6%) were observed during a mean follow-up of 22 months. Age, A/SIP and anti-MDA5 antibody were identified as independent predictors of a poor outcome, while mechanic's hands was an independent protective factor. However, cellular and pathogen findings in BALF had no significant influence on 30-day or overall mortality. CONCLUSION: Bronchoscopy is a relatively useful instrument to evaluate ILD in patients with DM, and BAL can improve the diagnosis of infection. However, cellular and pathogen findings from BALF had no significant influence on prognosis.

Management of traumatic laryngotracheal separation: Case series and review.

Laryngotracheal separation injuries are a rare but serious condition, as survival from such injuries relies on proper airway management. As a result, recommendations for management have been based on small case reports and expert opinion. We reviewed our last 10 years of experience with managing laryngotracheal separation injuries and identified 6 cases for chart review. Awake tracheostomy or videolaryngobronchoscopy was used in each case to initially obtain the airway. Surgical repair was then performed immediately using nonabsorbable monofilament suture or a miniplate, and a low fenestrated tracheostomy was placed. All of our patients who followed up were decannulated, eating regular diets, and had satisfactory voice quality at 3 months postoperatively. Review of the literature revealed that, while management strategies have changed over time, treatment still varies widely depending on surgeon preference and the details of each injury. Outcomes from our series suggest that our described techniques and management strategies can be used with good outcomes. We believe that this is due to securing a safe airway, early surgical intervention with no unnecessary tissue dissection, effective reconstruction of the airway, and the fenestrated tracheostomy technique.

A Before-and-After Study of Evidence-Based Recommendations for On-Call Bronchoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopy is widely used and regarded as standard of care in most intensive care units (ICUs). Data concerning recommendations for on-call bronchoscopy are lacking. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of recommendations, complications, and outcome of on-call bronchoscopies. METHOD: A retrospective single-centre analysis was conducted in a large university hospital. All on-call bronchoscopies performed outside normal working hours in the year before (period 1) and after (period 2) establishing a catalogue of recommendations for indications of on-call bronchoscopy on November 1, 2016, were included. RESULTS: Overall, 924 bronchoscopies in 538 patients were analysed. A relative reduction of 83.6% from 794 bronchoscopies in 432 patients (1.84 per patient) during period 1 to 130 in 107 patients (1.21 per patient) during period 2 was observed. Most bronchoscopies (812/924, 87.9%) were performed in ICUs, and 416 patients (77.3%) were intubated. Bronchoscopies for excessive secretions decreased significantly during period 2. Fifty-three of 130 bronchoscopies (40.8%) fulfilled the specified recommendations during period 2, in comparison with 16.8% in period 1 (p < 0.001). Complications were recorded in 58 of 924 procedures (6.3%) and were more frequent in period 2, especially moderate bleeding. In-hospital mortality of patients undergoing on-call bronchoscopy did not differ between periods and was 28.7 and 30.2% in periods 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION: The introduction of recommendations for on-call bronchoscopy led to a significant decline of on-call bronchoscopies without negatively affecting outcome. More evidence is needed in on-call bronchoscopy, especially for ICU patients with intrinsic higher complication rates.

Utility of sleep nasendoscopy versus microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy in the diagnosis of paediatric upper airway obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the utility of sleep nasendoscopy in determining the level of upper airway obstruction compared to microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary level paediatric hospital. Patients clinically diagnosed with upper airway obstruction warranting surgical intervention (i.e. with obstructive sleep apnoea or laryngomalacia) were included. These patients underwent sleep nasendoscopy in the anaesthetic room; microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy was subsequently performed and findings were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were included in the study. Sleep nasendoscopy was able to induce stridor or stertor, and to detect obstruction at the level of palate and pharynx, including tongue base collapse, that was not observed with microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy. Only 47 per cent of patients who had prolapse or indrawing of arytenoids on sleep nasendoscopy had similar findings on microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy. However, microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy was better in diagnosing shortened aryepiglottic folds. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the utility of sleep nasendoscopy in determining the level and severity of obstruction by mimicking physiological sleep dynamics of the upper airway.

Assessment of the impact and reorganization of interventional pulmonology services at a tertiary care centre during nationwide lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID 19 pandemic has brought about a sea change in health care practices across the globe. All specialities have changed their way of working during the pandemic. In this study, we evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on the practice of interventional pulmonology at our centre. All interventional pulmonology procedures done during the three months after implementation of lockdown were evaluated retrospectively for patient demographics, clinical diagnosis, indication for procedure and diagnostic accuracy. The changes in practices, additional human resources requirement, the additional cost per procedure and impact on resident training were also assessed. Procedures done during the month of January 2020 were used as controls for comparison. Twenty-two flexible bronchoscopies (75.8%), four semirigid thoracoscopies (13.7%) and three EBUS-TBNAs (10.3%) were carried out during three month lockdown period as compared to 174 during January 2020. Twenty-three of the procedures were for the diagnostic indication (79%), and six were therapeutic (20.6%). The diagnostic yield in suspected neoplasm was 100% while for suspected infections was 58.3%. The percentage of independent procedures being done by residents reduced from 45.4% to 0%. The workforce required per procedure increased from 0.75 to 4-8, and the additional cost per procedure came out to be 135 USD. To conclude, COVID 19 has impacted the interventional pulmonology services in various ways and brought about a need to reorganize the services, while also thinking of innovative ideas to reduce cost without compromising patient safety.

Endobronchial Lipoma: Case Report and Literature Review.

Endobronchial lipomas are rare benign tumors that can cause bronchial obstruction resulting in significant symptoms and post-obstructive parenchymal damage. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality in these patients. We describe one case of endobronchial lipoma at our institution and include a literature review of endobronchial lipoma cases reported during the time period 2003-2018. Treatment has shifted towards bronchoscopic management and away from surgery for the majority of patients; 64.3% of patients in this review had their lipoma resected bronchoscopically, compared to 30% or less in reviews as recent as 2003. Notably, in cases reported since 2010, 72.7% of cases were managed bronchoscopically. Recurrence rates are low following both bronchoscopic and surgical resection.

Análise da linha de cuidados a crianças com necessidade de broncoscopia pediátrica / Analysis of the line of care for children requiring pediatric bronchoscopy

Introdução: A broncoscopia é um exame endoscópico que tem como objetivo diagnosticar e, eventualmente, tratar as alterações das vias aéreas superiores e inferiores. Suas principais indicações na população pediátrica são: avaliação diagnóstica da criança com estridor, realização de lavados brônquicos e broncoalveolares nas patologias pulmonares e dilatação de estenose subglótica (ESG). A ESG é uma entidade diretamente relacionada ao tempo de intubação do paciente, bem como o tamanho do tubo utilizado, além de fatores intrínsecos de cicatrização de cada paciente. Geralmente é tratada através de dilatações endoscópicas seriadas, mas muitas vezes evolui para cirurgias de reconstrução de via aérea e até mesmo traqueostomias. O objetivo principal do estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que realizaram broncoscopia no Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira (IFF/FIOCRUZ) em 2018. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa onde foram incluídos todos os pacientes que realizaram exame naquele ano. Os dados da pesquisa foram colhidos através de uma ficha padronizada com as seguintes informações: identificação, data de nascimento, sexo, origem do paciente, indicação do exame, tipo de exame realizado, diagnóstico, tipo de anestesia realizada, se o paciente estava em ventilação mecânica no dia do exame e há quanto tempo. Esses dados foram colhidos dos prontuários dos pacientes e do livro de registros da Cirurgia Pediátrica. Foi feito ainda um estudo prospectivo para cálculo da mediana de tempo entre a solicitação e marcação da broncoscopia para pacientes externos. Resultados :O IFF foi responsável por 89% (708/794) dos exames realizados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 2018, tendo avaliado 403 pacientes. As três principais indicações de broncoscopia no IFF/FIOCRUZ no mesmo ano foram: estridor (36%), imagens pulmonares mantidas (14%) e ESG (9,6%) e os três principais diagnósticos a partir dos exames foram: ESG (20%), laringomalacia (15%) e atelectasias (10%). Quando se avalia o tempo de espera entre a solicitação e a realização do exame para pacientes internados em outras unidades, a mediana é 16 dias, enquanto pacientes internados no IFF são avaliados dentro de uma semana. Em relação aos 104 pacientes traqueostomizados do IFF, 41% apresentavam ESG, sendo 19% (16/104) dos pacientes internados no IFF, 58% (7/12) dos pacientes externos internados (12/104) e 40% (31/76) dos externos que vieram de suas residências (76/104). Conclusão: pacientes externos são submetidos à broncoscopia em um tempo superior ao ideal, sendo que os traqueostomizados apresentam uma elevada frequência de ESG.A partir daí criou-se um conjunto de recomendações para otimizar a avaliação dessa categoria de pacientes, com possibilidade de desenvolver ESG.

Introduction: Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic examination aimed at diagnosing and eventually treating changes in the upper and lower airways. Its main indications in the pediatric population are: diagnostic evaluation of children with stridor, bronchial and bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary pathologies, and dilation of subglottic stenosis. The ESG is an entity directly related to the patient's intubation time, as well as the size of the tube used, in addition to the intrinsic healing factors of each patient. It is usually treated through serial endoscopic dilations, but often evolves into airway reconstruction surgeries and even tracheostomies. The main objective of the study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of patients who underwent bronchoscopy at the IFF/FIOCRUZ in 2018. Method: Retrospective, exploratory and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, which included all patients who underwent the examination that year. The research data were collected through a standardized form with the following information: identification, date of birth, gender, origin of the patient, exam indication, type of exam performed, diagnosis, type of anesthesia performed, if the patient was on ventilation mechanics on the day of the exam and for how long. These data were collected from the patients' medical records and the Pediatric Surgery registry book. An analysis was made of the intubation time of inpatients (admitted to the IFF) and outpatients (admitted to other units) at the time of endoscopic evaluation. A prospective study was also carried out to calculate the median time between requesting and scheduling bronchoscopy for outpatients. Results: The IFF was responsible for 89% (708/794) of the exams performed in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2018, with 403 patients being evaluated. The three main indications for bronchoscopy at the IFF/FIOCRUZ in the same year were: stridor (36%), pulmonary images maintained (14%) and ESG (9.6%) and the three main diagnoses from the exams were: ESG (20 %), laryngomalacia (15%) and atelectasis (10%). When evaluating the waiting time between requesting and performing the exam for patients admitted to other units, the median is 16 days, while patients admitted to the IFF are evaluated within a week. Regarding the 104 tracheostomized patients at the IFF, 41% had ESG, 19% (16/104) of the patients admitted to the IFF, 58% (7/12) of the outpatients admitted (12/104) and 40% (31/ 76) of the externals who came from their homes (76/104). Conclusion: outpatients undergo bronchoscopy in a longer than ideal time, and tracheostomy patients have a high frequency of ESG.

Clinical, Bronchoscopic, and Imaging Findings of e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Among Patients Treated at an Academic Medical Center.

Importance: e-Cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has caused more than 2800 illnesses and 68 deaths in the United States. Better characterization of this novel illness is needed to inform diagnosis and management. Objective: To describe the clinical features, bronchoscopic findings, imaging patterns, and outcomes of EVALI. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series of 31 adult patients diagnosed with EVALI between June 24 and December 10, 2019, took place at an academic medical center in Salt Lake City, Utah. Exposures: e-Cigarette use, also known as vaping. Main Outcomes and Measures: Symptoms, laboratory findings, bronchoscopic results, imaging patterns, and clinical outcomes. Results: Data from 31 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 24 [21-31] years) were included in the study. Patients were primarily men (24 [77%]) and White individuals (27 [87%]) who used e-cigarette products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (29 [94%]). Patients presented with respiratory (30 [97%]), constitutional (28 [90%]), and gastrointestinal (28 [90%]) symptoms. Serum inflammatory markers were elevated in all patients. Bronchoscopy was performed in 23 of 28 inpatients (82%) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed the presence of lipid-laden macrophages (LLMs) in 22 of 24 cases (91%). BAL samples tested positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii (3 patients [13%]), rhinovirus (2 patients [8%]), human metapneumovirus and Aspergillus (1 patient each [4%]); all except human metapneumovirus were determined to be false-positives or clinically inconsequential. The exclusive or dominant computed tomography (CT) pattern was organizing pneumonia in 23 of 26 cases (89%). Patients received antibiotics (26 [84%]) and corticosteroids (24 [77%]), and all survived; 20 patients (65%) seen in follow-up showed marked improvement, but residual symptoms (13 [65%]), radiographic opacities (8 [40%]), and abnormal pulmonary function tests (8 of 18 [44%]) were common. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series, patients with EVALI characteristically presented with a flu-like illness with elevated inflammatory markers, LLMs on BAL samples, and an organizing pneumonia pattern on CT imaging. Bronchoscopic testing for infection had a high incidence of false-positive results. Patients had substantial residual abnormal results at early follow-up. These data suggest a limited role for bronchoscopy in typical presentations of EVALI without risk factors for alternative diagnoses and the need for careful longitudinal follow-up.

Outcomes of patients with a non-diagnostic initial bronchoscopy for suspected thoracic malignancy.

Lung cancer is 1 of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths and bronchoscopy is an essential tool for the diagnosis. The diagnostic yield varies based on the characteristics of the lesion and bronchoscopic techniques employed. There is limited data regarding outcomes of patients suspected of thoracic malignancies with a non-diagnostic initial bronchoscopy. The goal of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with a non-diagnostic bronchoscopy for suspected thoracic malignancies and to evaluate variables predictive of a diagnostic bronchoscopy.Retrospective analysis of adult patients at BronxCare Hospital Center who underwent bronchoscopy for suspected thoracic malignancy. The study period was January 2012 to February 2019. Exclusion criteria included patients who underwent only inspection bronchoscopy or bronchoalveolar lavage as the diagnostic yield for malignancy with these techniques is low. All other bronchoscopic procedures were included that is, endobronchial biopsies, transbronchial biopsies, and endobronchial ultrasound guided-transbronchial needle aspiration. Bronchoscopy was considered diagnostic when a specific histopathological diagnosis was established.311 patients underwent bronchoscopy to rule out malignancy. A diagnosis was obtained in 153 (49.2%) patients, 81 (52.9%) had primary lung cancer and 14 (9.15%) other malignancies. 158 (50.8%) patients had initial non-diagnostic bronchoscopy; 86 (54.43%) were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 72 (45.57%) patients, radiological resolution or stability was observed in 51 (70.8%) patients. Primary lung cancer was found in 13 (18.05%) patients and other malignancies in 5 (6.94%). Predictive of a diagnostic bronchoscopy was the performance of endobronchial biopsies and endobronchial ultrasound guided-transbronchial needle aspiration.This study highlights some of the barriers to the timely diagnosis of thoracic malignancies. Following patients with a non-diagnostic procedure as well as all those patients with diagnosed malignancies it of the utmost importance. In patients available for follow up, close to 25% of additional cases with treatable malignancy could be identified and patients diagnosed with cancer could receive timely treatment.

Transbronchial biopsy results according to diffuse interstitial lung disease classification. Cryobiopsy versus forceps: MULTICRIO study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) has come to be increasingly used in interventional pulmonology units as it obtains larger and better-quality samples than conventional transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) with forceps. No multicenter studies have been performed, however, that analyse and compare TBCB and TBLB safety and yield according to the interstitial lung disease (ILD) classification. OBJECTIVES: We compared the diagnostic yield and safety of TBCB with cryoprobe sampling versus conventional TBLB forceps sampling in the same patient. METHOD: Prospective multicenter clinical study of patients with ILD indicated for lung biopsy. Airway management with orotracheal tube, laryngeal mask and rigid bronchoscope was according to the protocol of each centre. All procedures were performed using fluoroscopy and an occlusion balloon. TBLB was followed by TBCB. Complications were recorded after both TBLB and TBCB. RESULTS: Included were 124 patients from 10 hospitals. Airway management was orotracheal intubation in 74% of cases. Diagnostic yield according to multidisciplinary committee results for TBCB was 47.6% and for TBLB was 19.4% (p<0.0001). Diagnostic yield was higher for TBCB compared to TBLB for two groups: idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) and ILD of known cause or association (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.4-4.2 and OR 5.8; 95% CI: 2.3-14.3, respectively). Grade 3 (moderate) bleeding after TBCB occurred in 6.5% of patients compared to 0.8% after conventional TBLB. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic yield for TBCB was higher than for TBLB, especially for two disease groups: IIPs and ILD of known cause or association. The increased risk of bleeding associated with TBCB confirms the need for safe airway management and prophylactic occlusion-balloon use. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02464592.

Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Transbronchial Biopsy in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease.

PURPOSE: Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy can be a useful tool in the evaluation of interstitial lung disease (ILD), but patient selection for this procedure remains poorly defined. Determining clinical characteristics that help with patient selection for bronchoscopy may improve confidence of ILD classification while limiting potential adverse outcomes associated with surgical lung biopsy. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that were associated with change in multidisciplinary ILD diagnosis (MDD) before and after incorporation of BAL and TBBx data. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ILD patients at a single center who underwent bronchoscopy in the diagnostic workup of ILD. We performed sequential MDD both pre- and post-bronchoscopy to calculate the frequency of change in diagnosis after incorporating information from BAL and TBBx and identify features associated with change in diagnosis. RESULTS: 245 patients were included in the study. Bronchoscopy led to a change in diagnosis in 58 patients (23.7%). The addition of TBBx to BAL increased diagnostic yield from 21.8 to 34.1% (p = 0.027). Identification of antigen, HRCT scan inconsistent with UIP, and absence of a pre-bronchoscopy diagnosis of CTD-ILD or IPAF were associated with a change in diagnosis after bronchoscopy. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests clinical features that may assist with patient selection for bronchoscopy. We suggest bronchoscopy in patients with identified antigen or an HRCT that is consistent with a non-IPF diagnosis. Appropriate patient selection for bronchoscopy may improve ILD diagnostic confidence and avoid potential complications from more invasive and higher risk procedures.