Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles).

BACKGROUND: Bacterial folliculitis and boils are globally prevalent bacterial infections involving inflammation of the hair follicle and the perifollicular tissue. Some folliculitis may resolve spontaneously, but others may progress to boils without treatment. Boils, also known as furuncles, involve adjacent tissue and may progress to cellulitis or lymphadenitis. A systematic review of the best evidence on the available treatments was needed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions (such as topical antibiotics, topical antiseptic agents, systemic antibiotics, phototherapy, and incision and drainage) for people with bacterial folliculitis and boils. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up to June 2020: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase. We also searched five trials registers up to June 2020. We checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews for further relevant trials.  SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed systemic antibiotics; topical antibiotics; topical antiseptics, such as topical benzoyl peroxide; phototherapy; and surgical interventions in participants with bacterial folliculitis or boils. Eligible comparators were active intervention, placebo, or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were 'clinical cure' and 'severe adverse events leading to withdrawal of treatment'; secondary outcomes were 'quality of life', 'recurrence of folliculitis or boil following completion of treatment', and 'minor adverse events not leading to withdrawal of treatment'. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 18 RCTs (1300 participants). The studies included more males (332) than females (221), although not all studies reported these data. Seventeen trials were conducted in hospitals, and one was conducted in clinics. The participants included both children and adults (0 to 99 years). The studies did not describe severity in detail; of the 232 participants with folliculitis, 36% were chronic. At least 61% of participants had furuncles or boils, of which at least 47% were incised. Duration of oral and topical treatments ranged from 3 days to 6 weeks, with duration of follow-up ranging from 3 days to 6 months. The study sites included Asia, Europe, and America. Only three trials reported funding, with two funded by industry. Ten studies were at high risk of 'performance bias', five at high risk of 'reporting bias', and three at high risk of 'detection bias'. We did not identify any RCTs comparing topical antibiotics against topical antiseptics, topical antibiotics against systemic antibiotics, or phototherapy against sham light. Eleven trials compared different oral antibiotics. We are uncertain as to whether cefadroxil compared to flucloxacillin (17/21 versus 18/20, risk ratio (RR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 1.16; 41 participants; 1 study; 10 days of treatment) or azithromycin compared to cefaclor (8/15 versus 10/16, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.40; 31 participants; 2 studies; 7 days of treatment) differed in clinical cure (both very low-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference in clinical cure rate between cefdinir and cefalexin after 17 to 24 days (25/32 versus 32/42, RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.38; 74 participants; 1 study; low-certainty evidence), and there probably is little to no difference in clinical cure rate between cefditoren pivoxil and cefaclor after 7 days (24/46 versus 21/47, RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.78; 93 participants; 1 study; moderate-certainty evidence). For risk of severe adverse events leading to treatment withdrawal, there may be little to no difference between cefdinir versus cefalexin after 17 to 24 days (1/191 versus 1/200, RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.07 to 16.62; 391 participants; 1 study; low-certainty evidence). There may be an increased risk with cefadroxil compared with flucloxacillin after 10 days (6/327 versus 2/324, RR 2.97, 95% CI 0.60 to 14.62; 651 participants; 1 study; low-certainty evidence) and cefditoren pivoxil compared with cefaclor after 7 days (2/77 versus 0/73, RR 4.74, 95% CI 0.23 to 97.17; 150 participants; 1 study; low-certainty evidence). However, for these three comparisons the 95% CI is very wide and includes the possibility of both increased and reduced risk of events. We are uncertain whether azithromycin affects the risk of severe adverse events leading to withdrawal of treatment compared to cefaclor (274 participants; 2 studies; very low-certainty evidence) as no events occurred in either group after seven days. For risk of minor adverse events, there is probably little to no difference between the following comparisons: cefadroxil versus flucloxacillin after 10 days (91/327 versus 116/324, RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.98; 651 participants; 1 study; moderate-certainty evidence) or cefditoren pivoxil versus cefaclor after 7 days (8/77 versus 5/73, RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.52 to 4.42; 150 participants; 1 study; moderate-certainty evidence). We are uncertain of the effect of azithromycin versus cefaclor after seven days due to very low-certainty evidence (7/148 versus 4/126, RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.38 to 4.17; 274 participants; 2 studies). The study comparing cefdinir versus cefalexin did not report data for total minor adverse events, but both groups experienced diarrhoea, nausea, and vaginal mycosis during 17 to 24 days of treatment. Additional adverse events reported in the other included studies were vomiting, rashes, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomach ache, with some events leading to study withdrawal. Three included studies assessed recurrence following completion of treatment, none of which evaluated our key comparisons, and no studies assessed quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found no RCTs regarding the efficacy and safety of topical antibiotics versus antiseptics, topical versus systemic antibiotics, or phototherapy versus sham light for treating bacterial folliculitis or boils. Comparative trials have not identified important differences in efficacy or safety outcomes between different oral antibiotics for treating bacterial folliculitis or boils. Most of the included studies assessed participants with skin and soft tissue infection which included many disease types, whilst others focused specifically on folliculitis or boils. Antibiotic sensitivity data for causative organisms were often not reported. Future trials should incorporate culture and sensitivity information and consider comparing topical antibiotic with antiseptic, and topical versus systemic antibiotics or phototherapy.

Satisfactory response of a back carbuncle to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy: A case report.

Carbuncle, a collection of interconnected furuncles with multiple pustular openings, is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this condition, both skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lesion show severe inflammation. It often occurs in immunocompromized patients such as those with diabetes, nephritis, malnutrition, heart failure, hypogammaglobulinemia, exfoliative dermatitis, or pemphigus or those using corticosteroids for long-term. Antibiotics and aggressive debridement are the primary recommended treatments for carbuncle. We report a case of carbuncle that received satisfactory response, in which the inflammation subsided and the wound healed after the administration of ALA photodynamic therapy for three times.

Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from Houttuynia cordata poultice.

Houttuynia cordata (HC) has been commonly used as many traditional remedies in local areas of Japan. Although many pharmacological activities of HC have been reported, the mechanism underlying the effect of HC remains unknown. We conducted the interview survey in Japan to verify how HC was actually used. The interview survey revealed that HC poultice (HCP) prepared from smothering fresh leaves of HC was most frequently used for the treatment of purulent skin diseases including furuncle and carbuncle with high effectiveness. Ethanol extract of HCP (eHCP) showed anti-bacterial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and showed an anti-biofilm activity against MRSA. eHCP showed dose-dependent inhibition of S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced interleukin-8 and CCL20 production in human keratinocyte without any cytotoxicity. These results suggest that HCP is effective for skin abscess and its underlying mechanism might be the complicated multiple activities for both bacteria and host cells.

[Renal carbuncle and perirenal abscess in children and adolescents]. / Nierenkarbunkel und perinephritischer Abszess im Kindes- und Jugendalter.

Renal abscesses are rare in childhood. The diagnosis is often complicated by non-specific symptoms and the typical signs of urinary tract infections are frequently absent. The currently available imaging methods are necessary and helpful for a differentiated therapeutic approach; nevertheless, cases are continuously being found in which a renal abscess is only diagnosed intraoperatively. In most patients a combined intravenous therapy including an antibiotic which is effective against staphylococci is sufficient. The therapy is supported if necessary by percutaneous abscess drainage. Open revision or even nephrectomy is rarely required.

[Treatment of multiple carbuncles of the kidneys in military servicemen].

The article presents the analyzes of medical histories of 16 patients, treated from suppurative diseases of burgeon (13 carbunculosis, 1 nephrepostasis, 2 abscesses of paranephric cellulose) from 1997 to 2009. Effectuated examinations and treatment of patients with suppurative diseases of burgeon speak to insufficient educating work of the medical service of a military unit in the sphere of prophylaxis if suppurative and catarrhal diseases, what leads to delayed call for medical aid. The second place by level of negative influence of appearance of supparative diseases of urinary organs is taken by conditions of service in northern climate and not full adaptation of service men to these conditions. Changing of food ration also leads to decreasing of immunity and organism general-defense status in conditions of extreme conditions of military service. The article presents indications to operative and conservative treatment of carbunculosis of burgeon.

[Diagnostic image (185). A man with a pimple on the upper lip. Carbuncle of the upper lip]. / Diagnose in beeld (185). Een man met een puistje op de bovenlip. Karbonkel van de bovenlip.

A 24-year-old man presented with a carbuncle of the upper lip. Surgical drainage was installed and flucloxacillin was administered. Full recovery ensued. In culture Staphylococcus aureus was abundant.

[Surgical treatment of a carbuncle]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie karbunkula.

The results of the treatment of 250 patients with a carbuncle of various location were analyzed retrospectively. A differential approach to choice of surgical method with consideration of the degree, phase and localization of inflammation is preferable. Early and radical surgery, antimicrobic drugs, infusion therapy make base of up-to-date and adequate treatment. In the phase of infiltration deep incision often stops the disease or promotes a decrease of the necrotic zone. In suppurations linear incisions were made only on the face for cosmetic reasons. In other areas a few large connected T-, [symbol: see text]-, [symbol: see text]- or cross-formed incisions were preferable. In 30 cases I-formed incision with two rectangular flaps was used.

[Local treatment of purulent wounds with kukumazim]. / Mestnoe lechenie gnoinykh ran kukumazimom.

The authors describe the results of treatment of 245 patients with pyo-necrotic diseases of soft tissues with a new proteolytic enzyme of vegetable origin Kukumazim. The application of Kukumazim resulted in a 5-6 days shorter period of complete healing the wounds. No adverse effects of using Kukumazim were noted.

Ántrax. Microbiología epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento / Anthrax. Microbiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestions, diagnosis, prevention and treatment

Por siglos, el ántrax ha sido causa de enfermedad en animales y menos frecuente en humanos; la investigación del ántrax como arma biológica comenzó a realizarse hace más de 80 años. De los numerosos agentes biológicos que pueden ser utilizados como armas el ántrax es uno de los más importantes. En 1970 un Comité de Expertos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud estimó que el número de casos después de la liberación de 50 kg de esporas de ántrax por vía aérea sobre una ciudad de 500,000 habitantes sería de 125,000, de los cuales 95,000 morirían si no se les administrara tratamiento oportuno.Para responder de manera efectiva a un ataque terrorista con ántrax la comunidad médica requiere del conocimiento acerca de la genética, patogénesis, prevención y tratamiento de tal enfermedad, además del apoyo de un laboratorio clínico; si el laboratorio es alertado sobre la posibilidad de ántrax, las tinciones de gram, las pruebas bioquímicas y las características tintorales del organismo pueden proporcionar un diagnóstico preliminar 12 a 24 horas después.Un diagnóstico definitivo puede requerir de 1 o 2 días adicionales de pruebas en un laboratorio de referencia. En esta revisión se analizarán la microbiología, patogénesis, manifestaciones clínicas, epidemiología, diagnóstico prevención y tratamiento del ántrax.

El A, B, C, sobre ántrax para personal de salud / The A, B, C, of Anthrax for health care personnel

El propósito de esta serie artículos es presentar al personal de salud un resumen actualizado sobre los agentes asociados al bioterrorismo; en éste se entrega un resumen, puesto al día, sobre ántrax, con énfasis en las características de los casos ocurridos en el mes de octubre en los Estados Unidos de América, (EUA) y la experiencia de las oficinas gubernamentales de ese país para atender esa emergencia. Asimismo, se describen las medidas que se han implantado en México. Los autores están convencidos de que ante el terror la mejor arma es la información oportuna y actualizada. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

Lo que debemos saber del antrax / What we most know about anthrax

Bacillus anthracis es un bacilo Gram positivo formador de esporas que puede causar infección aguda en animales y humanos. La exposición masiva a esporas se puede utilizar en guerra biológica o en actividades terroristas. La descripción más antigua conocida se encuentra en los libros de Génesis como la quinta plaga. El ántrax, incidentalmente, afecta a humanos que han estado en contacto con animales infectados. El ántrax ha sido desarrollado y utilizado como arma biológica por Japón, el Reino Unido, Estados Unidos, Irak y la antigua Unión Soviética. Bacillus anthracis produce una toxina bacteriana compuesta por 3 proteínas: Antígeno Protector (PA) Factor de Edema (EF) y Factor Letal (LF) con efectos bioquímicamente definidos. Aproximadamente el 95 por ciento de los casos de ántrax en países en desarrollo son cutáneos y el 5 por ciento respiratorios, en tanto que los casos documentados de afección gastrointestinales se han reportado en países del tercer mundo. El ántrax cutáneo se caracteriza por una pápula pruriginosa que se parece a un piquete de insecto, que aumenta y en 1-2 días se desarrolla una úlcera rodeada por vesículas. El ántrax respiratorio muestra un patrón clínico bifásico, con inicio (1-3 días) de malestar, fiebre de bajo grado, tos seca y algunas veces un sentimiento subjetivo de presión subesternal y una segunda fase de inicio súbito que típicamente progresa hacia la muerte, con choque séptico después de 1-2 días y rara sobrevida. El ántrax gastrointestinal puede ser abdominal u orofaríngeo. El diagnóstico se puede efectuar por medición de anticuerpos, aislamiento microbiólogico y en algunos casos por pruebas cutáneas. Aproximadamente 20 por ciento de los casos no tratados de ántrax cutáneo pueden resultar en muerte, mientras que el ántrax respiratorio casi siempre es fatal. La droga de elección en ausencia de resistencia documentada es penicilina cristalina en dosis de 24 millones de unidades diarias por 7-10 días. Experimentos animales sugieren que la adicción de gentamicina o estreptomicina puede tener beneficio adicional. La vacuna humana contra el ántrax tiene licencia en Estados Unidos para uso en poblaciones seleccionadas, tiene efectividad de alrededor de 92 por ciento luego de 6 dosis y podría ser utilizada en personas que están expuestas a ambientes o materiales contaminados

[Anthrax and carbuncle]. / Anthrax et charbon.

Anthrax is a name given in French language to two distinct infectious diseases. One corresponds to carbuncle which is a collection of boils. The other one corresponds to the English term anthrax. This condition has a clinical presentation and an outcome that vary according to the inoculation site being cutaneous, pulmonary or digestive, and to the bacterial and toxin spread in the body.

Antrax en el Perú: la investigación pionera del siglo XIX / Antrax in Peru: The pioneering investigation of century XIX

El ántrax es una zoonosis que puede infectar al hombre produciéndole principalmente una úlcera cutánea necrótica y más raramente una mortal mediastinitis. En la actualidad tenemos muy pocos estudios nacionales sobre esta enfermedad, sin embargo a fines del siglo XIX en Perú existieron varias investigaciones que trataron diversos aspectos de la enfermedad. Entre ellos resaltan los trabajos de dos médicos peruanos: en el campo preventivo, el trabajo de Hermógenes Maúrtua, quien propone por primera vez la aplicación de la recién creada vacuna contra el ántrax, al ganado peruano. En el campo terapéutico, el Dr. Tomás Salazar, realiza un aporte reconocido por la ciencia mundial de esa época, al proponer la terapia por vía sistémica para el anthrax cutáneo. Dicha investigación se realizó de manera contemporánea al sacrificio de Carrión y quizás esa contigüidad temporal la haya opacado hasta la fecha para los médicos peruanos. Pese a existir una situación de pobreza extrema como consecuencia de la derrota del Perú en la Guerra con Chile, a fines del siglo XIX se desarrolló una importante investigación del ántrax en el campo preventivo y terapéutico que es poco conocida.

Antrax / Anthrax

Agente: Bacillus anthracis. (Bacilo Gram positivo, aerobio estricto, esporulado, inmóvil). Reservorio: Herbívoros y sus subproductos, ambiente contaminado con esporas. Transmisión: Pasto con esporas ingestión por ganado esporas en carne, subproductos o suelo humano: contacto con piel, epitelio respiratorio, bucofaríngeo o intestinal. Laboratorio: Gram y cultivo en agar sangre de tejidos o líquidos infectados. Prevención: Vacuna y antimicrobianos Tratamiento: Penicilina V oral o g endovenosa, por un plazo variable de al menos 7 a 10 días. Alternativas: eritromicina, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina y ciprofloxacina