[Immunological parameters of urine in differential diagnosis of chronic recurrent cystitis in women].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC) is a complex multifaceted problem of modern uroinfectology. OBJECTIVE: To study the immunological parameters of urine in patients with chronic recurrent cystitis depending on the etiological factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study included 71 patients aged 20-45 years who had previously been diagnosed with recurrent lower urinary tract infection: chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC) during an exacerbation period. Based on the results of bacteriological and PCR studies of urine, scraping of the urethra and vagina, depending on the dominant etiological factor, the patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (n=30) - with papillomavirus CRC (PVI-CRC), group 2 (n=30) - with bacterial CRC (B - CRC), group 3 (n=11) - with candida CRC (C - CRC). Analysis of the assessment of immunological parameters of urine was carried out using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-BEST). RESULTS: Based on the results of an immunological study of urine in the study groups, characteristic specific changes in the level of interleukins and interferons were identified, which made it possible to determine a protocol for the differential diagnosis of CRC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the advisability of testing interleukins in urine (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8); these indicators can serve as scoring criteria in the differential diagnosis of CRC of various origins. CONCLUSIONS: , it is reasonable to study the level of IFN-2b and IFN; when identifying the functional inferiority of the IFN system in women with CRC, correction of the IFN system is necessary.

Case Report: Fatal Complications of BK Virus-Hemorrhagic Cystitis and Severe Cytokine Release Syndrome Following BK Virus-Specific T-Cells.

BK virus (BKV)-hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a well-known and rarely fatal complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Treatment for BKV-HC is limited, but virus-specific T-cells (VST) represent a promising therapeutic option feasible for use posttransplant. We report on the case of a 16-year-old male with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency who underwent haploidentical HSCT complicated by severe BKV-HC, catastrophic renal hemorrhage, and VST-associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Gross hematuria refractory to multiple interventions began with initiation of posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PT/Cy). Complete left renal arterial embolization (day +43) was ultimately indicated to control intractable renal hemorrhage. Subsequent infusion of anti-BK VSTs was complicated by CRS and progressive multiorgan failure, with postmortem analysis confirming diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). This case illustrates opportunities for improvement in the management of severe BKV-HC posttransplant while highlighting rare and potentially life-threatening complications of BKV-HC and VST therapy.

A Case Report of Non-Bacterial Cystitis Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

We report a case of non-bacterial cystitis after treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies, which was considered an immune-related adverse event (irAE). A 48-year-old male patient with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) was treated with nivolumab after postoperative multi-line treatment. This patient recurred worsening of psoriasis and repeated urinary tract discomfort. The drug was discontinued and surgery was performed due to the recurrence of the tumor suggested by imaging. After receiving three cycles of chemotherapy treatment combined with atezolizumab, urinary tract discomfort reappeared. No bacteria were found in multiple urine cultures, and non-bacterial bladder inflammation was considered after cystoscopy biopsy. This is a report of non-bacterial inflammation of the urinary tract caused by immunotherapy.

Incidence of BKV in the urine and blood samples of pediatric patients undergoing HSCT.

The aims were to investigate the incidence of BKV infection and the presence of HC in pediatric patients undergoing HSCT. Twenty-four children patients (M/F: 17/7) undergoing HSCT in a single center over a period of 1 year were included in the study. The presence of BKV DNA was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in plasma and urine samples at the following times: before transplantation, twice a week until engraftment time, and weekly for + 100 days. The mean age of the patients was 7.79 ± 5.03 years, the mean follow-up time was 95.6 ± 25.9 days, and the average number of samples per patient was 15.8 ± 3.2. BKV DNA was detected in at least one urine sample in 91.6% (n: 22) and at least one plasma sample in 75% (n:18) of the patients. The median time to the first BKV DNA positivity in urine and plasma samples was 11 (range: 1-80) and 32 days (range: 2-79), respectively. The median value of BKV DNA copies in urine and plasma were 1.7 × 106 (range: 2.8 × 101 -1.2 × 1014 ) and 1.9 × 103 copies/mL (range: 3-2.1 × 106 ), respectively. Thirteen patients (54.2%) had hematuria with BKV viruria; 8 (33.3%) patients had viremia. The median value of the BKV DNA copies in urine and plasma was 4.4 × 107 (range: 65-1 × 1011 ) and 2.9 × 103 (range: 7-7.8 × 104 ) copies/mL in these patients. Two (15.4%) of the 13 patients with BKV viruria and hematuria were diagnosed with BKV-related HC. BKV DNA viral load monitoring of urine and plasma in pediatric HSCT patients with a high risk for viral infections is valuable for understanding the development of BKV-related HC.

Vaccination of koalas during antibiotic treatment for Chlamydia-induced cystitis induces an improved antibody response to Chlamydia pecorum.

Chlamydia infection and disease are endemic in free-ranging koalas. Antibiotics remain the front line treatment for Chlamydia in koalas, despite their rates of treatment failure and adverse gut dysbiosis outcomes. A Chlamydia vaccine for koalas has shown promise for replacing antibiotic treatment in mild ocular Chlamydia disease. In more severe disease presentations that require antibiotic intervention, the effect of vaccinating during antibiotic use is not currently known. This study investigated whether a productive immune response could be induced by vaccinating koalas during antibiotic treatment for Chlamydia-induced cystitis. Plasma IgG antibody levels against the C. pecorum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) dropped during antibiotic treatment in both vaccinated and unvaccinated koalas. Post-treatment, IgG levels recovered. The IgG antibodies from naturally-infected, vaccinated koalas recognised a greater proportion of the MOMP protein compared to their naturally-infected, unvaccinated counterparts. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression revealed an up-regulation in genes related to neutrophil degranulation in vaccinated koalas during the first month post-vaccination. These findings show that vaccination of koalas while they are being treated with antibiotics for cystitis can result in the generation of a productive immune response, in the form of increased and expanded IgG production and host response through neutrophil degranulation.

Past infections are associated with low levels of anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.

Background : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, is believed to occur as the result of actions of genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we examined the relation of past histories about infectious diseases with the levels anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) in RA. Methods : Results of a questionnaire about histories of infectious diseases were obtained from 85 patients with RA, and were analyzed. Results : Significantly lower level of ACPA was detected in patients with the history of tonsillitis, otitis media or urinary cystitis than in those without it. There was no difference in the level of ACPA in RA patients between with and without cold / influenza, rubella, chickenpox, herpes labialis or herpes zoster. When RA patients were divided into two groups, high-level and low-level ACPA, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the history of otitis media was a significantly independent factor for the low level of ACPA. There was no significant relation between the level of rheumatoid factor and histories of infectious diseases. Conclusion : This study clarified that the past history of otitis media is associated with the low level of ACPA in RA. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 182-188, February, 2020.

TRPV4 Mediates Acute Bladder Responses to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) affect a large proportion of the population, causing among other symptoms, more frequent and urgent micturition. Previous studies reported that the gram-negative bacterial wall component lipopolysaccharides (LPS) trigger acute epithelial and bladder voiding responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The cation channel TRPV4 is implicated in the regulation of the bladder voiding. Since TRPV4 is activated by LPS in airway epithelial cells, we sought to determine whether this channel plays a role in LPS-induced responses in urothelial cells (UCs). We found that human-derived UCs display a fast increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration upon acute application of Escherichia coli LPS. Such responses were detected also in freshly isolated mouse UCs, and found to be dependent on TRPV4, but not to require the canonical TLR4 signaling pathway of LPS detection. Confocal microscopy experiments revealed that TRPV4 is dispensable for LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in mouse UCs. On the other hand, quantitative RT PCR determinations showed an enhanced LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in TRPV4-deficient UCs. Cystometry experiments in anesthetized wild type mice revealed that acute intravesical instillation of LPS rapidly increases voiding frequency. This effect was not observed in TRPV4-deficient animals, but was largely preserved in Tlr4 KO and Trpa1 KO mice. Our results suggest that activation of TRPV4 by LPS in UCs regulates the proinflammatory response and contributes to LPS-induced increase in voiding frequency. These findings further support the concept that TRP channels are sensors of LPS, mediating fast innate immunity mechanisms against gram-negative bacteria.

Radiation of the urinary bladder attenuates the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis.

In the present study we assessed how ionizing radiation affects TLR4-stimulated immune activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cystitis. LPS or saline was administered intravesically to female rats followed by urinary bladder irradiation (20 Gy) 24 h later or sham treatment. Presence in the urinary bladder of inflammatory cells (mast cells, CD3+, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)+, CD68+, CD40+, CD80+, CD11c + and CD206 + cells) and expression of oxidative stress (8-OHdG), hypoxia (HIF1α) and anti-oxidative responses (NRF2, HO-1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase) were assessed 14 days later with western blot, qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry. LPS stimulation resulted in a decrease of Iba-1 + cells in the urothelium, an increase in mast cells in the submucosa and a decrease in the bladder protein expression of HO-1, while no changes in the bladder expression of 8-OHdG, NRF2, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and HIF1α were observed. Bladder irradiation inhibited the LPS-driven increase in mast cells and the decrease in Iba1 + cells. Combining LPS and radiation increased the expression of 8-OHdG and number of CD3-positive cells in the urothelium and led to a decrease in NRF2α gene expression in the urinary bladder. In conclusion, irradiation may attenuate LPS-induced immune responses in the urinary bladder but potentiates LPS-induced oxidative stress, which as a consequence may have an impact on the urinary bladder immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals.

UTI patients have pre-existing antigen-specific antibody titers against UTI vaccine antigens.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is most frequently caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Our laboratory has been developing an experimental vaccine targeting four UPEC outer membrane receptors involved in iron acquisition - IreA, FyuA, IutA, and Hma - to elicit protection against UTI. These vaccine targets are all expressed in humans during UTI. In the murine model, high titers of antigen-specific serum IgG or bladder IgA correlate with protection against transurethral challenge with UPEC. Our aim was to measure levels of pre-existing serum antibodies to UTI vaccine antigens in our target population. To accomplish this, we obtained sera from 64 consenting female patients attending a clinic for symptoms of cystitis. As a control, we also collected sera from 20 healthy adult male donors with no history of UTI. Total IgG and antigen-specific IgG titers were measured by ELISA. Of the 64 female patients, 29 had significant bacteriuria (>104 cfu/ml urine) and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Thirty-five patients had non-significant bacteriuria (<104 cfu/ml). Antigen-specific IgG titers did not correlate with the presence or absence of the gene encoding the antigen in the infecting strain (when present), but rather titers were proportional to prevalence of genes encoding antigens among representative collections of UPEC isolates. Surprisingly, we obtained similar results when sera from healthy male patients without history of UTI were tested. Thus, unvaccinated adults have non-protective levels of pre-existing antibodies to UTI vaccine antigens, establishing an important baseline for our target population. This suggests that a UTI vaccine would need to boost pre-existing humoral responses beyond these background levels to protect from infection.

IPSE, a parasite-derived host immunomodulatory protein, is a potential therapeutic for hemorrhagic cystitis.

Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by bladder pain and voiding dysfunction caused by hemorrhage and inflammation. Novel therapeutic options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are needed. We previously reported that systemic administration of the Schistosomiasis hematobium-derived protein H-IPSEH06 (IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs) is superior to three doses of MESNA in alleviating hemorrhagic cystitis (Mbanefo EC, Le L, Pennington LF, Odegaard JI, Jardetzky TS, Alouffi A, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. FASEB J 32: 4408-4419, 2018). Based on prior reports by others on S. mansoni IPSE (M-IPSE) and additional work by our group, we reasoned that H-IPSE mediates its effects on hemorrhagic cystitis by binding IgE on basophils and inducing IL-4 expression, promoting urothelial proliferation, and translocating to the nucleus to modulate expression of genes implicated in relieving bladder dysfunction. We speculated that local bladder injection of the S. hematobium IPSE ortholog IPSEH03, hereafter called H-IPSEH03, might be more efficacious in preventing hemorrhagic cystitis compared with systemic administration of IPSEH06. We report that H-IPSEH03, like M-IPSE and H-IPSEH06, activates IgE-bearing basophils in a nuclear factor of activated T-cells reporter assay, indicating activation of the cytokine pathway. Furthermore, H-IPSEH03 attenuates ifosfamide-induced increases in bladder wet weight in an IL-4-dependent fashion. H-IPSEH03 relieves hemorrhagic cystitis-associated allodynia and modulates voiding patterns in mice. Finally, H-IPSEH03 drives increased urothelial cell proliferation, suggesting that IPSE induces bladder repair mechanisms. Taken together, H-IPSEH03 may be a potential novel therapeutic to treat hemorrhagic cystitis by basophil activation, attenuation of allodynia, and promotion of urothelial cell proliferation.

The phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor roflumilast suppresses inflammation to improve diabetic bladder dysfunction rats.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors could potentially treat diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) through modulation of the systemic inflammatory response. METHODS: In this 6-week study, 60 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: (i) vehicle-treated control rats; (ii) vehicle-treated streptozocin (STZ)-injected rats; and (iii) roflumilast-treated STZ-injected rats. Oral roflumilast (5 mg/kg/day) was administered during the last 4 weeks of STZ injection to induce diabetes in the test group. At 6 weeks, a urodynamic study was performed in each group. The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS: A significant decrease in bodyweight and significant increases in bladder weight and blood glucose level were observed in the diabetic rats and were not ameliorated by roflumilast treatment. Cystometry showed the increased bladder capacity, voiding volume, residual urine volume, and voiding interval in the diabetic rats and the prevention of these changes by roflumilast. These changes were accompanied by significantly enhanced expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß in DSM tissue from diabetic rats. Furthermore, roflumilast attenuated the expression of inflammatory factors in DSM tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Oral treatment with roflumilast in diabetic rats improves bladder function and inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors in DSM tissue, indicating that PDE4 is a potential therapeutic target for DBD.

Host restriction of Escherichia coli recurrent urinary tract infection occurs in a bacterial strain-specific manner.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are extremely common and can be highly recurrent, with 1-2% of women suffering from six or more recurrent episodes per year. The high incidence of recurrent UTI, including recurrent infections caused by the same bacterial strain that caused the first infection, suggests that at least some women do not mount a protective adaptive immune response to UTI. Here we observed in a mouse model of cystitis (bladder infection) that infection with two different clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates, UTI89 or CFT073, resulted in different kinetics of bacterial clearance and different susceptibility to same-strain recurrent infection. UTI89 and CFT073 both caused infections that persisted for at least two weeks in similar proportions of mice, but whereas UTI89 infections could persist indefinitely, CFT073 infections began to clear two weeks after inoculation and were uniformly cleared within eight weeks. Mice with a history of CFT073 cystitis lasting four weeks were protected against recurrent CFT073 infection after antibiotic therapy, but were not protected against challenge with UTI89. In contrast, mice with a history of UTI89 cystitis lasting four weeks were highly susceptible to challenge infection with either strain after antibiotic treatment. We found that depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets impaired the ability of the host to clear CFT073 infections and rendered mice with a history of CFT073 cystitis lasting four weeks susceptible to recurrent CFT073 cystitis upon challenge. Our findings demonstrate the complex interplay between the broad genetic diversity of UPEC and the host innate and adaptive immune responses during UTI. A better understanding of these host-pathogen interactions is urgently needed for effective drug and vaccine development in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance.

Neuroepithelial control of mucosal inflammation in acute cystitis.

The nervous system is engaged by infection, indirectly through inflammatory cascades or directly, by bacterial attack on nerve cells. Here we identify a neuro-epithelial activation loop that participates in the control of mucosal inflammation and pain in acute cystitis. We show that infection activates Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and Substance P (SP) expression in nerve cells and bladder epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo in the urinary bladder mucosa. Specific innate immune response genes regulated this mucosal response, and single gene deletions resulted either in protection (Tlr4-/- and Il1b-/- mice) or in accentuated bladder pathology (Asc-/- and Nlrp3-/- mice), compared to controls. NK1R/SP expression was lower in Tlr4-/- and Il1b-/- mice than in C56BL/6WT controls but in Asc-/- and Nlrp3-/- mice, NK1R over-activation accompanied the exaggerated disease phenotype, due, in part to transcriptional de-repression of Tacr1. Pharmacologic NK1R inhibitors attenuated acute cystitis in susceptible mice, supporting a role in disease pathogenesis. Clinical relevance was suggested by elevated urine SP levels in patients with acute cystitis, compared to patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria identifying NK1R/SP as potential therapeutic targets. We propose that NK1R and SP influence the severity of acute cystitis through a neuro-epithelial activation loop that controls pain and mucosal inflammation.

Neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic cystitis induced by ifosfamide.

Ifosfamide (IFO) is an antineoplastic drug that is commonly used to treat gynecological and breast cancers. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common side effect associated with IFO injection, which courses with neutrophil accumulation and affects 6-50% of patients depending on dose intensity. Here, we investigated the role of neutrophils in this inflammatory process. Female Swiss mice (n = 8/group) were injected with saline, IFO (400 mg/kg, i.p.), fucoidan (a P- and L-selectins inhibitor, 100 mg/kg, i.v.) or IFO + fucoidan (1-100 mg/kg) alone or combined with mesna (80 mg/kg i.p.). Another group of mice received anti-Ly6G antibody (500 µg/mouse, once daily for 2 days) for neutrophil depletion before IFO injection. In another experimental setting, animals received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, 400 µg/kg), IFO (200 mg/kg), G-CSF (25-400 µg/kg, for 5 days) + IFO (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or fucoidan + G-CSF + IFO. Bladder injury was evaluated 12 h after IFO injection. IFO 400 mg/kg significantly increased visceral hyperalgesia, bladder edema, hemorrhage, vascular permeability, MPO, IL-1ß and IL-6 tissue levels, and COX-2 immunostaining and expression versus the saline group (P < 0.05). Conversely, fucoidan (100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated these parameters compared to IFO-injected mice (P < 0.05). Additionally, fucoidan potentiated mesna protective effect when compared with IFO + mesna group (P < 0.05). Accordingly, neutrophil depletion with anti-Ly6G reduced inflammatory parameters and bladder injury compared to IFO (P < 0.05). In contrast, G-CSF enhanced IFO (200 mg/kg)-induced HC, which was significantly attenuated by treatment with fucoidan (P < 0.05). Therefore, neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis of HC.

Cytoprotective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid liposome against cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis through inhibiting inflammatory stress.

This study was designed to investigate the pharmacological efficacy of glycyrrhetinic acid liposome (GAL) against female mice with nonbacterial cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide (CPS). Mice in different groups were subjected to tests for lactate dehydrogenase (LD), cytokine contents (IL-6, TNF-α) in serum, and histological changes in bladder tissue and to immunoassays. As a result, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in mice showed an increased LD level in serum, and the contents of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) were elevated. Interestingly, GAL-treated mice showed decreased LD and inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-α in blood. Inflammatory infiltration and cell death in bladder tissue were reduced by GAL treatments. In addition, intravesical mRNAs of NF-κB and TNF-α were lowered dose-dependently in GAL-treated mice. As shown in cytohistological staining, the number of intravesical caspase-3, PARP-positive cells decreased in GAL-treated mice. Furthermore, a GAL-treated bladder showed down-regulated NF-κB and TNF-α expressions in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our current findings may be the first to provide scientific evidence demonstrating that glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes provide benefits against cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, which possibly occurs through underlying mechanisms that inhibit cell death and inflammatory stress.

The Immunomodulatory Imbalance in Patients with Ketamine Cystitis.

The pathogenesis of ketamine cystitis (KC) has been recently linked with immune response to patients but the same has not yet been established. Hence, this study aims to propose a possible immune mechanism of irreversible bladder damage caused by KC. A total of 53 KC patients and 21 healthy volunteers as controls have been retrospectively assessed. The levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL-6, and IFN-γ of KC patients were significantly higher than those of controls, whereas the TGF-ß levels of KC patients substantially reduced but the IL-2 and IL-4 levels of KC patients were comparable to those of controls. Moreover, the KC patients had significantly higher counts of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells than those of controls. The immune response of KC users may begin with the IL-6 production and differentiation of TH17 and may be followed by alternating between high expressions of TH1 and TH2. The IL-6 may further suppress the TREG cells which can aggravate chronic inflammation in KC patients and the imbalance in TH17 and TREG cells may involve the pathogenesis of KC. Further investigation is needed to define the role of IL-6 in TH1/TH2/TH17-regulated signaling pathway in ketamine-induced cystitis.

Viral-specific T-cell response in hemorrhagic cystitis after haploidentical donor stem cell transplantation.

Viral hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be devastating. Standard treatment modalities have not been well established, but immune reconstitution may be necessary for sustained viral clearance. We studied five pediatric patients who developed viral HC after haplo-identical HSCT. All patients developed virus-specific CD4- and CD8-positive T cells, and the emergence of these viral-specific T cells was temporally associated with successful viral clearance.

Repeated Cold Stress Reduces Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis/Bladder Pain and Macrophage Activity in Mice.

We examined the effect of repeated cold (RC) stress on cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced cystitis/bladder pain in mice, in relation to macrophage activity. CPA, given i.p. at 400 mg/kg, caused bladder pain symptoms accompanying cystitis in both unstressed and RC-stressed mice, which were prevented by the macrophage inhibitor minocycline. A low dose, that is, 200 mg/kg, of CPA still produced bladder pain symptoms in unstressed but not RC-stressed mice. Lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages from RC-stressed mice was less than that from unstressed mice. Thus, RC stress appears to reduce CPA-induced bladder pain in mice, which may be associated with the decreased macrophage activity.

Homeopathic medicine Cantharis modulates uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)-induced cystitis in susceptible mice.

OBJECTIVE: This is a random blinded placebo controlled murine experimental model to study the effects of Cantharis 6 CH, a homeopathic medicine, on E coli-induced cystitis. METHODS: 24 adult susceptible female BALB/c mice were inoculated with E coli - UPEC O4:K-:H5 by a transurethral catheter. Cantharis 6cH or vehicle (placebo) was offered to mice by free access into the drinking water (1:100), during 24 h after infection. Spleen, bladder and kidneys were processed for quantitative histopathology after immunohistochemistry, using anti-CD3, CD79, MIF, NK and VEGF antibodies; the cytokines present in the bladder washing fluid were measured using a LUMINEX-Magpix KIT. Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact test were used as statistical analysis. RESULTS: Cantharis 6 CH increased IL12p40, IFN-γ and decreased IL10 concentrations in the bladder fluid (p⩽0.05); in the bladder mucosa, it increased the ratio between B and T lymphocytes (31%) and between B lymphocytes and MIF+ macrophages (57%, p⩽0.05). In the pelvis, instead, it decreased the B/T cells ratio (41%, p⩽0.05) and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio (42%, p⩽0.05). No differences were seen in the kidney and spleen analysis. CONCLUSION: The inverted balance of inflammatory cells and cytokines in bladder and pelvis mucosa shows specific local immune modulation induced by Cantharis 6cH.

BKV-specific T cells in the treatment of severe refractory haemorrhagic cystitis after HLA-haploidentical haematopoietic cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Haemorrhagic cystitis caused by BK virus (BKV) is a known complication of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and is relatively common following HLA-haploidentical transplantation. Adoptive immunotransfer of virus-specific T cells from the donor is a promising therapeutic approach, although production of these cells is challenging, particularly when dealing with low-frequency T cells such as BKV-specific T cells. CASE REPORT: Here, we present a patient who, following haploidentical HCT, developed severe BKV haemorrhagic cystitis, resistant to standard therapy. He responded well to adoptive transfer of donor cells enriched in BKV-specific T cells using the new second-generation CliniMACS Prodigy and the Cytokine Capture System from Miltenyi Biotec. Treatment led to full resolution of both the symptoms and viraemia without unwanted complications. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that use of products enriched with BKV-specific T cells generated using this system is safe and efficient in HLA-haploidentical HCT where BKV cystitis can be a serious complication.