RESUMO
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) on cognitive function in an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanocarriers were synthesized through ionotropic gelation (IG) method. Physio-chemical characterization was conducted with the Zetasizer Nano system, the scanning electron microscope, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments were performed over 21 days on six groups of male Wistar rats. The control group, AlCl3 treated group, Catechin group, nanocarrier group, treatment group 1 (AlCl3 + Catechin), and treatment group 2 (AlCl3 + nanocarrier). A behavioral study was done by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. In addition, the level of oxidative indices and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was determined by standard procedures at the end of the study. AlCl3 induced a significant increase in AChE activity, along with a significant decrease in the level of Catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the significant effect of AlCl3 was observed on the behavioral parameters of the MWM test. Both forms of Catechin markedly improved AChE activity, oxidative biomarkers, spatial memory, and learning. The present study indicated that the administration of Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate NPs is a beneficial therapeutic option against behavioral and chemical alteration of AD in male Wistar rats.
Assuntos
Alginatos , Cloreto de Alumínio , Doença de Alzheimer , Catequina , Quitosana , Nanopartículas , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Catequina/administração & dosagem , Catequina/farmacologia , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Quitosana/química , Quitosana/administração & dosagem , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Ratos , Administração Oral , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Portadores de Fármacos/químicaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Ganoderma leucocontextum T.H. Li, W. Q. Deng M. Wang & H.P.Hu. is a highland herbal medicine that has been shown to nourish the nervesand prolong life. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to indicate that Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids (GLTs) reduce the damage triggered by Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this investigation was to ascertain the protective effects of GLTs on AD mice models and cells, as well as to look into potential pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the phytochemical characterization of GLTs was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The AD mouse model was induced by injecting intraperitoneally with D-galactose (120 mg/kg) and administering orally with aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. After that, donepezil (5 mg/kg) and GLTs (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg) were administered orally for 35 days. During the treatment period, aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) and D-galactose (120 mg/kg) were continuously administered. And the behavior of the animals and the molecular changes of the hippocampus were determined after the whole experimental procedure. Furthermore, BV-2 cells were employed to validate GLTs' anti-neuroinflammatory properties. RESULTS: The total triterpenoids content was 443.12 ± 0.21 g/kg and was inferred to contain 19 classes of substances such as organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and other chemicals in GLTs. Treatment of D-galactose/aluminum chloride-induced mouse with GLTs can ameliorate AD symptoms, counteract cognitive decline, improve Aß1-42 deposition, reduce the expression level of pro-apoptotic proteins, and attenuate the activation of hippocampal microglia and astrocytes. GLTs significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors. GLTs inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and preserves myd88/traf6-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, GLTs (2 and 5 mg/mL) inhibited the generation of nitric oxide and protected lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/L)-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids can improve cognitive functions, including learning and memory, by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, preventing apoptosis, and controlling amyloid genesis.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Doença de Alzheimer , Encéfalo , Galactose , Ganoderma , Triterpenos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Ganoderma/química , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Masculino , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/isolamento & purificação , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Linhagem CelularRESUMO
Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is a potent neurotoxic substance known to cause memory impairment and oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration. Naringenin (NAR) is a dietary flavonoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which was implemented against AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity to ascertain its neuroprotective efficacy. Experimental neurotoxicity in mice was induced by exposure of AlCl3 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) followed by treatment with NAR (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for a total of 63 days. Assessed the morphometric, learning memory dysfunction (novel object recognition, T- and Y-maze tests), neuronal oxidative stress, and histopathological alteration in different regions of the brain, mainly cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. AlCl3 significantly suppressed the spatial learning and memory power which were notably improved by administration of NAR. The levels of oxidative stress parameters nitric oxide, advanced oxidation of protein products, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, and the activity of acetylcholine esterase were altered 1.5-3 folds by AlCl3 significantly. Treatment of NAR remarkably restored the level of oxidative stress parameters and maintained the antioxidant defense system. AlCl3 suppressed the expression of neuronal proliferation marker NeuN that was restored by NAR treatment which may be a plausible mechanism. NAR showed therapeutic efficacy as a natural supplement against aluminum-intoxicated memory impairments and histopathological alteration through a mechanism involving an antioxidant defense system and neuronal proliferation.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Flavanonas , Transtornos da Memória , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Flavanonas/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Masculino , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Aluminum is a widely used metal in homes and industries. Xylopia aethiopica is an important medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. The objective of this study is to investigate the ameliorative potential of Xylopia aethiopica on aluminum-induced ovarian toxicity in Wistar rat. METHODS: Twenty-five rats were randomized into five groups with five rats per group. Group 1 received only distilled water; Group 2: received 150mg/kg of aluminum chloride; Group 3: received 150mg/kg aluminum chloride with 100/kg Xylopia aethiopica seed extracts; Group 4: received 150mg/kg aluminum chloride with 50 mg/kg Xylopia aethiopica seed extracts, and Group 5: received 150mg/kg aluminum chloride with 50mg/Kg zinc sulphate. For twenty-one days, all administrations were done orally. The rats were then sacrificed following chloroform anesthesia. The ovaries were harvested for histological examination. RESULTS: The data were analyzed on IBM SPSS software version 21 and the differences in mean values were considered significant at p<0.05. Xylopia aethiopica extracts significantly (p<0.05) reversed the detrimental effects of aluminum chloride on luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone and estradiol. The histological analysis of the ovaries showed a significant improvement in rats treated with Xylopia aethiopica extract and zinc sulphate. However, Xylopia aethiopica was more effective in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Xylopia aethiopica has ameliorative potential on aluminum-induced toxicity in the ovaries of adult female Wistar Rats.
Assuntos
Ovário , Extratos Vegetais , Ratos Wistar , Xylopia , Animais , Feminino , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/patologia , Xylopia/química , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Estradiol , Alumínio/toxicidade , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangueRESUMO
Aluminum (Al) overexposure damages various organ systems, especially the nervous system. Regularly administered aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to rats causes dementia and pathophysiological alterations linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Taxifolin's neuroprotective effects against AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo studies were studied. Taxifolin (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 µM) was tested against AlCl3 (5 mM)-induced neurotoxicity in C6 and SH-SY5Y cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Additionally, neural morphology was examined by confocal microscopy. Additionally, taxifolin's mode of binding with the co-receptor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), human myeloid differentiation-2 (hMD-2) was investigated. AlCl3 (25 mg/kg/d, i.p.) was administered to rats for 14 d, and from the eighth day, taxifolin (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg/d, i.p.) was given along with AlCl3. This study assessed memory impairment using the Morris water maze, plus maze, and pole tests. This study also performed measurement of oxidant (malondialdehyde [MDA] and nitrite), antioxidant (reduced glutathione), and inflammatory (myeloperoxidase [MPO] activity, TLR4 expression) parameters in rats' brain in addition to histopathology. The docking score for taxifolin with hMD-2 was found to be -4.38 kcal/mol. Taxifolin treatment reduced the neurotoxicity brought on by AlCl3 in both C6 and SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with 10 µM taxifolin restored AlCl3-induced altered cell morphology. AlCl3 administration caused memory loss, oxidative stress, inflammation (increased MPO activity and TLR4 expression), and brain atrophy. Taxifolin treatment significantly improved the AlCl3-induced memory impairment. Taxifolin treatment also mitigated the histopathological and neurochemical consequences of repeated AlCl3 administration in rats. Thus, taxifolin may protect the brain against AD.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Encéfalo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Quercetina , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Demência/induzido quimicamente , Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Demência/prevenção & controle , Demência/patologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/farmacologia , Quercetina/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous element with proven nephrotoxicity. Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of polyphenolic components extracted from Silybum marianum and exhibited protective influences. However, SM bioactivity can be enhanced by its incorporation in chitosan (CS) through the use of nanotechnology. This work proposed to assess the protective influence of SM and its loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SM-CS-NPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS: Six groups were created randomly from 42 male Wistar rats and each one contains 7 rats (n = 7). Group I, acted as a control and received water. Group II received SM (15 mg/kg/day) and group III administered with SM-CS-NPs (15 mg/kg/day). Group IV received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg) and groups V and VI were treated with SM and SM-CS-NPs with AlCl3 respectively for 30 days. RESULTS: AlCl3 administration significantly elevated TBARS, H2O2, and kidney function levels besides LDH activity. Whereas GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, and GR values were all substantially reduced along with protein content, and ALP activity. Additionally, significant alterations in lipid profile, hematological parameters, and renal architecture were observed. Moreover, TNF-α, TGF-ß, and MMP9 gene expression were upregulated in kidney tissues. The administration of SM or its nanoparticles followed by AlCl3 intoxication attenuated renal dysfunction replenished the antioxidant system, and downregulated TNF-α, TGF-ß, and MMP9 gene expression in renal tissues compared to the AlCl3 group. CONCLUSION: SM-CS-NPs have more pronounced appreciated protective effects than SM and have the proficiency to balance oxidant/antioxidant systems in addition to their anti-inflammatory effect against AlCl3 toxicity.
Assuntos
Rim , Nanopartículas , Estresse Oxidativo , Substâncias Protetoras , Ratos Wistar , Silimarina , Animais , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Silimarina/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Rim/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/química , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperlipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Ratos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Quitosana/química , Quitosana/farmacologia , Alumínio/toxicidadeRESUMO
Rutin, a phenolic compound, exhibits a diverse range of biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of rutin, a naturally occurring plant bioactive molecule, to mitigate the neurotoxic effects induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3). Over a period of 6 weeks, rats were intraperitoneally injected with AlCl3 at a weekly dose of 60 mg/kg, while rutin treatment was administered orally via gavage at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg. AlCl3 exposure resulted in a significant increase lipid peroxidation (LPO) by 316.24%, nitrate levels by 504.14%, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels by 93.82% in brain mitochondria. Additionally, AlCl3 exposure led to a reduction in glutathione levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 19.74%, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by 44.76%, and catalase by 50.50%. There was also a significant decline in the activity of mitochondrial complex enzymes. In contrast, rutin treatment significantly enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes while concurrently reducing lipid peroxidation levels in rats. Specifically, rutin administration exerted a modulatory effect on the inflammatory response triggered by aluminum exposure, effectively suppressing the excessive production of nitrate and TNF-α. These findings highlight the potential of rutin as an effective therapeutic strategy in mitigating and combating neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress associated with aluminum-induced toxicity, thereby effectively restoring mitochondrial function.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Mitocôndrias , Rutina , Animais , Rutina/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ratos , Masculino , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/prevenção & controle , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Alumínio/toxicidade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/prevenção & controle , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Single-target drugs have very limited efficacy in treating AD, but synthetic multi-target drugs have poor efficacy and safety. Therefore, finding suitable natural multi-target drugs against AD is of great interest for research studies. We chose two flavonols, myricetin and morin, for the relevant study. In this study, we used microinjection of Aß1-42 oligomers into the CA1 region of rat hippocampus, combined with gavage of Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) solution to establish AD rat models, and myricetin and morin were selected as intervening drugs to explore the protective effects against neurological impairment. Experimental results showed that myricetin or morin could reduce the production of Aß, Tubulin-associated unit (Tau), and Phosphorylated tubulin-associated unit (p-Tau), down-regulate the expression of relevant inflammatory factors, reduce hippocampal cell apoptosis in rats. There was a significant increase in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, catalase, total superoxide dismutase, and the content of glutathione in the brain tissue. However, the content of malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase were decreased in the brain tissue. These two flavonols can regulate the imbalance of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In conclusion, Myricetin or morin can effectively improve learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats induced by Aß1-42/Al3+ through anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic features.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Flavonas , Flavonoides , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Fragmentos de Peptídeos , Animais , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Ratos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/toxicidade , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/toxicidade , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and one of the most common causes of dementia. Despite recent advancements, there exists an unmet need for a suitable therapeutic option. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of the combination of resveratrol (20â mg/kg/day p.o.) and tannic acid (50â mg/kg/day p.o.) to reduce aluminium trichloride-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats weighing 150-200g were administered with aluminium chloride (100â mg/kg/day p.o.) for 90 days to induce neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobehavioral changes were assessed using novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze test, and Morris water maze test. Histopathological studies were performed using H&E stain and Congo Red stains to check amyloid deposits. Further oxidative stress was measured in brain tissue. RESULTS: Aluminium trichloride treated negative control group showed cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and elevated plus maze test. Further, the negative control group showed significant oxidative stress, increase amyloid deposits, and severe histological changes. Treatment with the combination of resveratrol and tannic acid showed significant attenuation in cognitive impairment. The oxidative stress markers and amyloid plaque levels were significantly attenuated with the treatment. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates the beneficial effects of resveratrol-tannic acid combination in AlCl3 induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Polifenóis , Ratos , Animais , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Resveratrol , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos de Alumínio/toxicidade , Cloretos/toxicidade , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Placa Amiloide/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos Wistar , Estresse Oxidativo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by hippocampal, and cortical neuron deterioration, oxidative stress, and severe cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum is a neurotoxin inducer for cognitive impairments associated with AD. The treatment approaches for AD are unsatisfactory. Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum are known for their pharmacological assets, including antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study explored the possible mitigating effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD. The AD model was established using AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), and the rats were orally administrated with Boswellia papyrifera or Syzygium aromaticum or a combination of them daily for 8 weeks. The Y-maze test was used to test cognition in the rats, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative stress markers were estimated in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus were investigated. The results revealed that administration of either B. papyrifera or S. aromaticum extracts significantly improved the cognitive functions of AD rats, enhanced AChE levels, increased oxidative enzymes levels, including SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and confirmed by improvement in histological examination. However, using a combination therapy gave better results compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the present study provided primary evidence for using a combination of B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum to treat cognitive dysfunction associated with AlCl3 Induced AD by improving the AChE levels and modulating oxidative stress in the brain.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Boswellia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Syzygium , Masculino , Ratos , Animais , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Cloreto de Alumínio/uso terapêutico , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Syzygium/metabolismo , Boswellia/metabolismo , Compostos de Alumínio/toxicidade , Compostos de Alumínio/uso terapêutico , Cloretos/toxicidade , Cloretos/uso terapêutico , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos Wistar , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Aluminum is a neurotoxic food contaminant. Aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) causes hippocampal mitochondrial damage, leading to hippocampal injury. Damaged mitochondria can release mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and activate nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and apoptosis. E3 ubiquitin ligase PARK2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy can attenuate mitochondrial damage. However, the role of mitophagy in AlCl3-induced mice hippocampal damage and its regulatory mechanism remain elusive. First, C57BL/6 N mice were treated with 0, 44.825, 89.65, and 179.3 mg/kg body weight AlCl3 drinking water for 90 d. Apoptosis, NLRP3-inflammasome activation and mitochondrial damage were increased in AlCl3-induced hippocampal damage. In addition, Parkin-mediated mitophagy peaked in the middle-dose group and was slightly attenuated in the high-dose group. Subsequently, we used wild-type and Parkin knockout (Parkin-/-) mice to investigate the AlCl3-induced hippocampal damage. The results showed that Parkin-/- inhibited mitophagy, and aggravated AlCl3-induced mitochondrial damage, NLRP3-inflammasome activation, apoptosis and hippocampal damage. Finally, we administered MitoQ (mtROS inhibitor) and MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) to AlCl3-treated Parkin-/- mice to investigate the mechanism of Parkin-mediated mitophagy. The results showed that inhibition of mtROS and NLRP3 attenuated hippocampal NLRP3-inflammasome activation, apoptosis, and damage in AlCl3-treated Parkin-/- mice. These findings indicate that Parkin-mediated mitophagy protects against AlCl3-induced hippocampal apoptosis in mice via the mtROS-NLRP3 pathway.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Hipocampo , Inflamassomos , Mitofagia , Animais , Camundongos , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Apoptose , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genéticaRESUMO
Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) exposure is pervasive in our daily lives. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exposure to AlCl3 can lead to male reproductive toxicity. However, the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism of aluminum-induced toxicity by analyzing the alterations in the global transcriptome gene profile of mouse spermatocytes (GC-2spd cells) exposed to AlCl3. GC-2spd cells were exposed to concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 4 mM AlCl3, and high-throughput mRNA-seq was performed to investigate the changes in the transcriptome after exposure to 4 mM AlCl3. Our findings indicate that exposure to AlCl3 led to an increase in oxidative stress, disrupted glutathione metabolism, reduced cell viability, and altered gene expression in mouse spermatocytes. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with various biological functions such as mitochondrial inner membrane, response to oxidative stress. Furthermore, these DEGs were found to be enriched in pathways including proteasome, glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and Hif-1 signaling pathway. Real-time PCR and western blot were employed to validate the expression alterations of pivotal genes, and the outcomes exhibited concordance with the mRNA-seq findings. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the potential mechanism of male reproductive toxicity caused by aluminum exposure.
Assuntos
Alumínio , Espermatócitos , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Alumínio/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Estresse Oxidativo , Glutationa/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite the numerous treatment strategies used for Alzheimer's disease (AD), only a few cholinesterase inhibitor drugs, such as memantine, are effective in symptomatically relieving the hallmarks of AD, providing momentary recovery of memory and cognitive decline. These available drugs do not treat the underlying causes of AD, and their chronic use is associated with serious adverse effects and disease progression. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has been reported to possess therapeutic potential against AD. Therefore, its activity was evaluated against an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD rat model, and a berberine-enriched extract (BEE) was used to determine if its activity is equivalent to pure berberine (PB). The rats were administered 300 mg/kg of oral AlCl3 to induce AD and were then treated with oral PB at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, BEE at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and rivastigmine at a dosage of 1 mg/kg as a standard drug for 21 days. In this study, various parameters were assessed to evaluate cognitive functions, such as behavioral analysis, antioxidant enzyme levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, proinflammatory cytokine levels, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of different biomarkers (AChE, IL-1α, IL-1ß, BACE-1, TNF-α) linked to AD, and histopathological changes in the rats' brains. After 21 days, the disease control group showed a significant decline in cognitive function, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes, upregulated activity of the AChE enzyme, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and marked elevation in mRNA expression of AD-associated biomarkers. On the other hand, the treatment groups showed significant improvements in memory deficits, elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased AChE activity, and significant downregulation of the expression of predefined biomarkers. Histological examination of the treatment groups showed less neuroinflammation and fewer amyloid plaques compared to the disease control group. In conclusion, both PB and BEE have comparable neuroprotective potential to mitigate the pathological hallmarks of AD. However, controlled clinical trials are needed to assess their efficacy and safety.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Berberina , Ratos , Animais , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Estresse Oxidativo , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Biomarcadores/metabolismoRESUMO
The informal aluminum industry is increasingly widespread in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Indonesia. Aluminum exposure is a serious public health problem, especially among workers in the informal aluminum foundry sector. Research on aluminum (Al) is important to advance our understanding of its impact on physiological systems. Here, we investigated the effect of exposure to aluminum longitudinal histological changes on the liver and kidneys of male mice. Mice were separated into six groups (4/group): group 1, group 2, group 3 received vehicles, and group 4, group 5, group 6 were administered a single dose of Al at 200 mg/kg b.w. by intraperitoneally every 3 days for 4 weeks. Post-sacrifice, kidneys and liver were isolated for examination. While Al did not impact the body weight gain of male mice across all groups, it caused liver damage including sinusoidal dilatation, enlarged central veins, vacuolar degeneration, and pyknotic nuclei in one-month-old mice. Furthermore, atrophied glomeruli, blood-filled spaces, and disintegration of renal tubular epithelium are evident at one-month-age. By contrast, sinusoidal dilatation and enlarged central veins were found in mice two- and three-months-old, including hemorrhage in mice (two-month-old) and atrophy of glomeruli. Lastly, the kidneys of three-month-old mice displayed interstitial fibrosis and increasing mesenchyme in the glomeruli. In summary, we demonstrated that Al provoked histological changes in the liver and kidneys with Al-treated 1-month mice being the most susceptible.
Assuntos
Alumínio , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Camundongos , Masculino , Animais , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Alumínio/toxicidade , RimRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive and memory decline. Neuroinflammation is currently considered as being an important pathology in AD. NLRP3, the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune response, which plays a key role in the development and progression of AD. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the target treatments for AD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of festidinol, a flavanol isolated from Dracaena conferta, against NLRP3 inflammasome and blood-brain barrier damage in D-galactose and aluminum chloride-induced mice. The induced mice received D-galactose (150 mg/kg) and aluminum chloride (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 90 days to generate cognitive impairment. Festidinol (30 mg/kg) and donepezil (5 mg/kg) were given by oral gavage for 90 days along with the induction. Then, learning and memory behavior, and molecular and morphological changes in the brain, which related to NLRP3 inflammasome, pyroptosis and the blood-brain barrier were measured. The results indicated that festidinol markedly decreased the escape latency and increased the time in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, festidinol significantly decreased the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Festidinol also markedly decreased the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), gasdermin-D, N-terminal (GSDMD-N) and caspase-3. Pertinent to the blood-brain barrier, festidinol only decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metallopeptidase-9, but did not restore the tight junction components. In conclusion, festidinol can restore learning and memory and provide a protective effect against the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Flavonoides , Inflamassomos , Piroptose , Animais , Camundongos , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Galactose , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ß- sitosterol using the AlCl3 model of Alzheimer's Disease. METHODS: AlCl3 model was used to study cognition decline and behavioral impairments in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups with the following treatments: Group 1 received normal saline for 21 days, Group 2 received AlCl3 (10 mg/kg) for 14 days; Group 3 received AlCl3(10 mg/kg) for 14 days + ß-sitosterol (25mg/kg) for 21 days; while Group 4 was administered ß-sitosterol (25mg/kg) for 21 days. On day 22, we performed the behavioral studies using a Y maze, passive avoidance test, and novel object recognition test for all groups. Then the mice were sacrificed. The corticohippocampal region of the brain was isolated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylcholine (ACh), and GSH estimation. We conducted histopathological studies using Congo red staining to measure ß -amyloid deposition in the cortex and hippocampal region for all animal groups. RESULTS: AlCl3 successfully induced cognitive decline in mice following a 14-day induction period, as shown by significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in step-through latency, % alterations, and preference index values. These animals also exhibited a substantial decrease in ACh (p <0.001) and GSH (p < 0.001) and a rise in AChE (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Mice administered with AlCl3 and ß-sitosterol showed significantly higher step-through latency time, % alteration time, and % preference index (p < 0.001) and higher levels of ACh, GSH, and lower levels of AChE in comparison to the AlCl3 model. AlCl3-administered animals also showed higher ß-amyloid deposition, which got significantly reduced in the ß-sitosterol treated group. CONCLUSION: AlCl3 was effectively employed to induce a cognitive deficit in mice, resulting in neurochemical changes and cognitive decline. ß -sitosterol treatment mitigated AlCl3-mediated cognitive impairment.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio , Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Sitosteroides , Animais , Camundongos , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Cloreto de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Disfunção Cognitiva/induzido quimicamente , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/prevenção & controle , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glutationa/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Sitosteroides/farmacologiaRESUMO
Several pollutants can alter neonatal prostatic development predisposing this gland to diseases. The toxicity and endocrine disrupting potential of aluminum has been reported in many organs, but little is known about its effects on the prostate. This study aimed to evaluate the effects that aluminum neonatal exposure can cause in the male ventral prostate and in the female prostate of adult and senile gerbils. Male and female pups were treated orally with aluminum chloride (10 mg/kg) from the 1st to the 14th day life. After treatment, the animals were aged until they reached 90 days or 1 year of life. The prostate glands were dissected out and submitted to morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. Ventral prostates of adult males showed moderate hyperplasia and increased epithelial proliferation not associated with androgen receptor (AR) deregulation. On the other hand, senile males showed intense prostatic hyperplasia, and increased cell proliferation and epithelial AR regulation. Additionally, at both ages, there was a reduction in the prostate secretory function. The morphological changes observed in the female prostate were like those found in males. However, in adult females, prostatic hyperplasia was accompanied by a lower regulation of AR and estrogen receptor alpha, while in senile females, intense hyperplastic growth was associated with an increase in estrogen receptor alpha and a reduction in stromal AR. These results demonstrate that aluminum chloride neonatal exposure alters the hormonal regulation of the male and female prostate, inducing tissue damage that occurs in adulthood and intensifies during aging.
Assuntos
Hiperplasia Prostática , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio , Gerbillinae , Alumínio , Envelhecimento , Receptores AndrogênicosRESUMO
Prodigiosin (PDG) is a bacterial metabolite with numerous biological and pharmaceutical properties. Exposure to aluminium is considered a root etiological factor in the pathological progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, in this investigation, we explored the neuroprotective potential of PDG against aluminium chloride (AlCl3 )-mediated AD-like neurological alterations in rats. For this purpose, rats were gavaged either AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), PDG (300 mg/kg), or both for 42 days. As a result of the analyzes performed on the hippocampal tissue, it was observed that AlCl3 induced biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes like those related to AD. PDG pre-treatment significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and restored the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), and transmembrane protein (Na+ /K+ -ATPase). Furthermore, PDG boosted the hippocampal antioxidant capacity, as shown by the increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione contents. These findings were accompanied by decreases in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. The antioxidant effect may promote the upregulation of the expression of antioxidant genes (Nrf2 and HO-1). Moreover, PDG exerted notable anti-inflammatory effects via the lessening of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor kappa B, and decreases in the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, noteworthy decreases in pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) levels and increases in anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) biomarkers suggested an anti-apoptotic effect of PDG. In support, the hippocampal histological examination validated the aforementioned changes. To summarize, the promising neuromodulatory, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities of PDG establish it as a potent therapeutic option for AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Animais , Ratos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Cloreto de Alumínio/uso terapêutico , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Prodigiosina/metabolismo , Prodigiosina/farmacologia , Prodigiosina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The effects of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) on a rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) were investigated. Wistar rats were given an i.p. injection of 60 mg/kg D-gal and 10 mg/kg AlCl3 to induce AD and three doses of 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg 5-MTHF by oral gavage. A positive control group was treated with 1 mg/kg donepezil by gavage. Morris water maze performance showed that 5 and 10 mg/kg 5-MTHF significantly decreased escape latency and increased the number of platform crossings and time spent in the target quadrant for AD rats. The administration of 10 mg/kg 5-MTHF decreased the brain content of amyloid ß-protein 1-42 (Aß1-42) and phosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) and decreased acetylcholinesterase and nitric oxide synthase activities. Superoxide dismutase activity, vascular endothelial growth factor level and glutamate concentration were increased, and malondialdehyde, endothelin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide decreased. The administration of 10 mg/kg 5-MTHF also increased the expression of disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 10 mRNA and decreased the expression of ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 mRNA. In summary, 5-MTHF alleviates memory impairment in a D-gal- and AlCl3-exposed rat model of AD. The inhibition of Aß1-42 and p-Tau release, reduced oxidative stress, the regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing and the release of excitatory amino acids and cytokines may be responsible.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Animais , Ratos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/toxicidade , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/efeitos adversos , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Galactose/toxicidade , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos Wistar , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Hippocampus is the brain area where aluminum (Al) accumulates in abundance and is widely associated with learning and memory. In the present study, we evaluate behavioral, tissue, and proteomic changes in the hippocampus of Wistar rats caused by exposure to doses that mimic human consumption of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in urban areas. For this, male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Control (distilled water) and AlCl3 (8.3 mg/kg/day), both groups were exposed orally for 60 days. After the Al exposure protocol, cognitive functions were assessed by the Water maze test, followed by a collection for analysis of the global proteomic profile of the hippocampus by mass spectrometry. Aside from proteomic analysis, we performed a histological analysis of the hippocampus, to the determination of cell body density by cresyl violet staining in Cornu Ammonis fields (CA) 1 and 3, and hilus regions. Our results indicated that exposure to low doses of aluminum chloride triggered a decreased cognitive performance in learning and memory, being associated with the deregulation of proteins expression, mainly those related to the regulation of the cytoskeleton, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial activity, redox regulation, nervous system regulation, and synaptic signaling, reduced cell body density in CA1, CA3, and hilus.