Diamond-lattice photonic crystals assembled from DNA origami.

Colloidal self-assembly allows rational design of structures on the micrometer and submicrometer scale. One architecture that can generate complete three-dimensional photonic bandgaps is the diamond cubic lattice, which has remained difficult to realize at length scales comparable with the wavelength of visible or ultraviolet light. In this work, we demonstrate three-dimensional photonic crystals self-assembled from DNA origami that act as precisely programmable patchy colloids. Our DNA-based nanoscale tetrapods crystallize into a rod-connected diamond cubic lattice with a periodicity of 170 nanometers. This structure serves as a scaffold for atomic-layer deposition of high-refractive index materials such as titanium dioxide, yielding a tunable photonic bandgap in the near-ultraviolet.

Polymer Coatings Affect Transport and Remobilization of Colloidal Activated Carbon in Saturated Sand Columns: Implications for In Situ Groundwater Remediation.

Colloidal activated carbon (CAC) is an emerging technology for the in situ remediation of groundwater impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In assessing the long-term effectiveness of a CAC barrier, it is crucial to evaluate the potential of emplaced CAC particles to be remobilized and migrate away from the sorptive barrier. We examine the effect of two polymer stabilizers, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PolyDM), on CAC deposition and remobilization in saturated sand columns. CMC-modified CAC showed high mobility in a wide ionic strength (IS) range from 0.1 to 100 mM, which is favorable for CAC delivery at a sufficient scale. Interestingly, the mobility of PolyDM-modified CAC was high at low IS (0.1 mM) but greatly reduced at high IS (100 mM). Notably, significant remobilization (release) of deposited CMC-CAC particles occurred upon the introduction of solution with low IS following deposition at high IS. In contrast, PolyDM-CAC did not undergo any remobilization following deposition due to its favorable interactions with the quartz sand. We further elucidated the CAC deposition and remobilization behaviors by analyzing colloid-collector interactions through the application of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, and the inclusion of a discrete representation of charge heterogeneity on the quartz sand surface. The classical colloid filtration theory was also employed to estimate the travel distance of CAC in saturated columns. Our results underscore the roles of polymer coatings and solution chemistry in CAC transport, providing valuable guidelines for the design of in situ CAC remediation with maximized delivery efficiency and barrier longevity.

The influence of solvent refractive index on the photoluminescence decay of thick-shell gradient-alloyed colloidal quantum dots investigated in a wide range of delay times.

Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots have many potential optical applications, including quantum dot light-emitting diodes, single-photon sources, or biological luminescent markers. The optical properties of colloidal quantum dots can be affected by their dielectric environment. This study investigated the photoluminescence (PL) decay of thick-shell gradient-alloyed colloidal semiconductor quantum dots as a function of solvent refractive index. These measurements were conducted in a wide range of delay times to account for both the initial spontaneous decay of excitons and the delayed emission of excitons that has the form of a power law. It is shown that whereas the initial spontaneous PL decay is very sensitive to the refractive index of the solvent, the power-law delayed emission of excitons is not. Our results seem to exclude the possibility of carrier self-trapping in the considered solvents and suggest the existence of trap states inside the quantum dots. Finally, our data show that the average exciton lifetime significantly decreases as a function of the solvent refractive index. The change in exciton lifetime is qualitatively modeled and discussed.

Hydrocolloid-based nutraceutical delivery systems: Potential of κ-carrageenan hydrogel beads for sustained release of curcumin.

This study investigates the potential of κ-carrageenan hydrogel beads as a delivery system for curcumin, a bioactive compound with various health benefits. Hydrogel beads were prepared using the extrusion technique with a hypodermic needle. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin in the κ-carrageenan hydrogel beads was found to be 74.61 ± 3.2 %. FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed shifts in absorption peaks, indicating possible hydrogen bonding and/or ionic interactions between the polymer and salt. An increase in the melting point of curcumin, by 25 °C, in curcumin- κ-carrageenan beads suggests the heat protection offered by the carrageenan chains to curcumin molecules. The in vitro release of curcumin from the beads suggests a sustained and pH-dependent release nature. The release kinetics follow the first order and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The outcome offers value-added delivery systems of bioactive compounds toward developing novel food and pharmaceutical applications.

Comprehensive analysis of colloid formation, distribution, and properties of monovarietal red wines using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with online multidetection.

Red wine colloids, crucial in determining wine quality and stability, are understudied due to inadequate techniques for studying them effectively in the natural wine environment. Recently, Asymmetrical Flow Field-flow Fractionation (AF4) with online multidetection has emerged as a novel analytical tool for quantifying, fractionating, and characterizing red wine colloids in their native state. This study aimed to characterize the colloidal composition of 24 monovarietal Italian wines produced without filtration, oak contact, fining treatments, malolactic fermentation, macerating enzymes or ageing on yeast lees. AF4 analysis allowed quantification and characterization of wine colloids based on light scattering signal (MALS; gyration radius - Rg), size (hydrodynamic radius - Rh) and absorbance (A280 & A520 nm). The results showed that each wine contained up to five distinct colloids' populations, varying in size and gyration radii. Despite possessing very similar Rh, most colloids exhibited great differences in compactness, as indicated by their varying Rg values. Comparing the A280 signal of whole wines to those of wines containing only species larger than 5 kDa (considered colloids) allowed to calculate the percentage of molecules involved in colloidal particles assembly, ranging from 1 to 44 % of the total A280 absorbing compounds, reflecting the diversity among wines. The A520 signal indicated the presence of polymeric pigments in the colloidal fraction. Notably, colored colloids all had Rg > 20 nm, indicating their association with other colloidal-forming compounds. This observation led to the conclusion that, apart from free anthocyanins and polymeric pigments, the color of red wines is also due to colloidal particles formed by the latter bound to proteins, with their quantity being highly variable across wines of different origin. These findings, which highlight the fundamental role of proteins in shaping the colloidal status of red wines, were utilized to propose an updated hypothetical model for colloidal aggregation in red wine.

Effect of the Photoreduction Process on the Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Activity of Au-Doped TiO2 Colloids on Cotton Fabric.

This study aims at understanding the effect of the photoreduction process during the synthesis of gold (Au)-doped TiO2 colloids on the conferred functionalities on cotton fabrics. TiO2/Au and TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloids were synthesized through the sol-gel method with and without undergoing the photoreduction step based on different molar ratios of Au:Ti (0.001 and 0.01) and TiO2/SiO2 (1:1 and 1:2.3). The colloids were applied to cotton fabrics, and the obtained photocatalytic self-cleaning, wet photocatalytic activity, UV protection, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the photoreduction of Au weakened the self-cleaning effect and reduced the photocatalytic activity of coated fabrics. Also, an excess amount of Au deteriorated the photocatalytic activity under both UV and visible light. The most efficient self-cleaning effect was obtained on fabrics coated with a ternary TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloid containing ionic Au, where it decomposed coffee and red-wine stains after 3 h of illumination. Adding silica (SiO2) made the fabrics superhydrophilic and led to greater methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption, a faster dye degradation pace, and more efficient stain removal. Moreover, the photoreduction process affected the size of Au nanoparticles (NPs), weakened the antibacterial activity of fabrics against both types of tested bacteria, and modestly increased the UV protection. In general, the photoactivity of Au-doped colloids was influenced by the synthesis method, the ionic and metallic states of the Au dopant, the concentration of the Au dopant, and the presence and concentration of silica.

Combining Scattering Experiments and Colloid Theory to Characterize Charge Effects in Concentrated Antibody Solutions.

Charges and their contribution to protein-protein interactions are essential for the key structural and dynamic properties of monoclonal antibody (mAb) solutions. In fact, they influence the apparent molecular weight, the static structure factor, the collective diffusion coefficient, or the relative viscosity, and their concentration dependence. Further, charges play an important role in the colloidal stability of mAbs. There exist standard experimental tools to characterize mAb net charges, such as the measurement of the electrophoretic mobility, the second virial coefficient, or the diffusion interaction parameter. However, the resulting values are difficult to directly relate to the actual overall net charge of the antibody and to theoretical predictions based on its known molecular structure. Here, we report the results of a systematic investigation of the solution properties of a charged IgG1 mAb as a function of concentration and ionic strength using a combination of electrophoretic measurements, static and dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and tracer particle-based microrheology. We analyze and interpret the experimental results using established colloid theory and coarse-grained computer simulations. We discuss the potential and limits of colloidal models for the description of the interaction effects of charged mAbs, in particular pointing out the importance of incorporating shape and charge anisotropy when attempting to predict structural and dynamic solution properties at high concentrations.

Cu fate driven by colloidal polystyrene microplastics with pipe scale destabilization in drinking water distribution systems.

Microplastics (MPs) and Cu have been detected in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Investigating MP effects on Cu adsorption by pipe scales and concomitant variations of pipe scales was critical for improving the water quality, which remained unclear to date. Therefore, polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) were adopted for the model MPs to determine their effects on Cu fate and pipe scale stabilization, containing batch adsorption, metal speciation extraction, and Cu release experiments. Findings demonstrated that complexation and electrostatic interactions were involved in Cu adsorption on pipe scales. PSMPs contributed to Cu adsorption via increasing negative charges of pipe scales and providing additional adsorption sites for Cu, which included the carrying and component effects of free and adsorbed PSMPs, respectively. The decreased iron and manganese oxides fraction (45.57 % to 29.91 %) and increased organic fraction (48.51 % to 63.58 %) of Cu in pipe scales when PSMPs were coexisting illustrated that PSMPs had a greater affinity for Cu than pipe scales and thus influenced its mobility. Additionally, the release of Cu could be facilitated by the coexisted PSMPs, with the destabilization of pipe scales. This study was the first to exhibit that Cu fate and pipe scale stabilization were impacted by MPs, providing new insight into MP hazards in DWDSs.

Enhanced Fe(OH)2-driven reductive Dechlorination via shortened Fe-O bonds and colloidal medium.

Fe2+ is usually adsorbed to the surface of iron-bearing clay, and iron (hydr)oxide in groundwater. However, the reductive activity of Fe(OH)2, a prevalent intermediate during the transformation of Fe2+, remains unclear. In this study, high-purity Fe(OH)2 was synthesized and tested for its activity in the degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT). XRD data confirm that the synthesized material is a pure Fe(OH)2 crystal, exhibiting sharp peaks of (001) and (100) facets. Zeta potential analysis confirms that the off-white Fe(OH)2 is a colloidal suspension with a positive charge of ∼+35-50 mV. FTIR spectra reveal the formation of a coordination compound Fe2+ with OH-/OD-, derived from NaOH/OD. SEM and HRTEM results demonstrate that the Fe(OH)2 crystal has a regular octahedral structure with a size of ∼30-70 nm and average lattice spacings of 2.58 Å. Mössbauer spectrum verifies that the Fe2+ in Fe(OH)2/Fe(OD)2 is hexacoordinated with six Fe-O bonds. XAFS data demonstrate that the Fe-O bonds become shorter as the OH-:Fe(II) ratios increase. DFT results indicate that the (100) crystal face of Fe(OH)2 more readily transfers electrons to CT. In addition to being adsorbed to iron compounds, structural Fe2+ compounds such as Fe(OH)2 could also accelerate the electron transfer from Fe2+ to CT through shortened Fe-O bonds. The rate constant of CT reduction by Fe(OH)2 is as high as 0.794 min-1 when the OH-:Fe(II) ratio is 2.5 in water. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the structure-reactivity relationship of Fe2+ compounds in groundwater, particularly in relation to electron transfer mechanisms.

Organic-mineral colloids regulate the migration and fractionation of rare earth elements in groundwater systems impacted by ion-adsorption deposits mining in South China.

Ion-adsorption rare earth element (REE) deposits distributed in the subtropics provide a rich global source of REEs, but in situ injection of REEs extractant into the mine can result in leachate being leaked into the surrounding groundwater systems. Due to the lack of understanding of REE speciation distribution, particularly colloidal characteristics in a mining area, the risks of REEs migration caused by in situ leaching of ion-adsorption REE deposits has not been concerned. Here, ultrafiltration and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (AF4-ICP-MS) were integrated to characterize the size and composition of REEs in leachate and groundwater from mining catchments in South China. Results show that REEs were associated with four fractions: 1) the <1 kDa fraction including dissolved REEs; 2) the 1 - 100 kDa nano-colloidal fraction containing organic compounds; 3) the 100 kDa - 220 nm fine colloids including organic-mineral (Fe, Mn and Al (oxy)hydroxides and clay minerals); 4) the >220 nm coarse colloids and acid soluble particles (ASPs) comprising minerals. Influenced by the ion exchange effect of in situ leaching, REEs in leachate were mostly dissolved (79 %). The pH of the groundwater far from the mine site was increased (5.8 - 7.3), the fine organic-mineral colloids (46 % - 80 %) were the main vectors of transport for REEs. Further analysis by AF4 revealed that the fine colloids can be divided into mineral-rich (F1, 100 kDa - 120 nm) and organic matter-rich (F2, 120 - 220 nm) populations. The main colloids associated with REEs shifted from F1 (64 % ∼ 76 %) to F2 (50 % ∼ 52 %) away from the mining area. For F1 and F2, the metal/C molar ratio decreased away from the mining area and middle to heavy REE enrichment was presented. According to the REE fractionation, organic matter was the predominant component capable of binding REEs in fine colloids. Overall, our results indicate that REEs in the groundwater system shifted from the dissolved to the colloidal phase in a catchment affected by in situ leaching, and organic-mineral colloids play an important role in facilitating the migration of REEs.

Bioinspired zwitterionic triblock copolymers designed for colloidal drug delivery: 2 - Biological evaluation.

In this work, poly(lactide) nanoparticles were equipped with a bioinspired coating layer based on poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] and then evaluated when administered to the lungs and after intravenous injection. Compared to the plain counterparts, the chosen zwitterionic polymer shell prevented the coated colloidal formulation from aggregation and conditioned it for lower cytotoxicity, protein adsorption, complement activation and phagocytic cell uptake. Consequently, no interference with the biophysical function of the lung surfactant system could be detected accompanied by negligible protein and cell influx into the bronchoalveolar space after intratracheal administration. When injected into the central compartment, the coated formulation showed a prolonged circulation half-life and a delayed biodistribution to the liver. Taken together, colloidal drug delivery vehicles would clearly benefit from the investigated poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine]-based polymer coatings.

Synthesis and characterization of antimicrobial colloidal polyanilines.

The potential application of colloidal polyaniline (PANI) as an antimicrobial is limited by challenges related to solubility in common organic solvents, scalability, and antimicrobial potency. To address these limitations, we introduced a functionalized PANI (fPANI) with carboxyl groups through the polymerisation of aniline and 3-aminobenzoic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio. fPANI is more soluble than PANI which was determined using a qualitative study. We further enhanced the solubility and antimicrobial activity of fPANI by incorporating Ag nanoparticles onto the synthesized fPANI colloid via direct addition of 10 mM AgNO3. The improved solubility can be attributed to an approximately 3-fold reduction in size of particles. Mean particle sizes are measured at 1322 nm for fPANI colloid and 473 nm for fPANI-Ag colloid, showing a high dispersion and deagglomeration effect from Ag nanoparticles. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated that fPANI-Ag colloids exhibited superior potency against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and Bacteriophage PhiX 174 when compared to fPANI alone. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum virucidal concentration (MVC) values were halved for fPANI-Ag compared to fPANI colloid and attributed to the combination of Ag nanoparticles with the fPANI polymer. The antimicrobial fPANI-Ag colloid presented in this study shows promising results, and further exploration into scale-up can be pursued for potential biomedical applications.

Application of gums as techno-functional hydrocolloids in meat processing and preservation: A review.

The global consumption of meat products is on the rise, leading to concerns about sustainability, fat content, and shelf life. Synthetic additives and preservatives used to extend the shelf life of meat often have negative health and environmental implications. Natural polysaccharides such as seed gums possess unique techno-functional properties, including water holding capacity, emulsifying, and film forming, offering potential alternatives in meat processing and preservation. This study explores the use of gums in meat and meat product processing and preservation. The water holding and emulsifying properties of gums can potentially bind fat and reduce overall lipid content, while their antimicrobial and film-forming properties can inhibit the microbial growth and reduce oxidation, thereby extending the shelf life. Incorporating gums as a fat replacer and edible coating shows promise for reducing fat content and extending the shelf life of meat and meat products.

Co-transport behavior of Am(III) and natural colloids in the vadose zone sediments.

Americium (III) (Am(III)) in the natural environment is considered immobile due to its low solubility, strong adsorption, and high affinity to solid surfaces. However, the presence of natural colloids may carry Am(III) transport for long distance. The individual and co-transport behaviors of Am(III) and natural colloids through the unsaturated packed columns were investigated under the influence of pH, electrolyte concentration, velocity, Am(III) concentration and natural colloids concentration. Under all experimental conditions, Am(III) individual transport construct sight breakthrough curves (BTCs, CAm/C0 < 3%), but the presence of natural colloids increased the BTCs plateau of Am(III) significantly (30% < CAm/C0 < 80%), indicating that the colloids were able to promote Am(III) transport in the unsaturated porous media. DLVO theoretical calculations reveal that the increased pH and decreased electrolyte concentration lead to a rase in electrostatic repulsion, and the natural colloids tend to be dispersed and stabilized, which facilitates elution. In addition to this, the increase of velocity and colloids concentration will lead to greater breakthrough of natural colloids. The non-equilibrium two-site model and the two-site kinetic retention model well-described the BTCs of Am(III) and natural colloids, respectively. This study provide new insights into the behavior of natural colloids carrying the Am(III) into aquifers through the vadose zone sediments.

In situ enzymatic control of colloidal phoresis and catalysis through hydrolysis of ATP.

The ability to sense chemical gradients and respond with directional motility and chemical activity is a defining feature of complex living systems. There is a strong interest among scientists to design synthetic systems that emulate these properties. Here, we realize and control such behaviors in a synthetic system by tailoring multivalent interactions of adenosine nucleotides with catalytic microbeads. We first show that multivalent interactions of the bead with gradients of adenosine mono-, di- and trinucleotides (AM/D/TP) control both the phoretic motion and a proton-transfer catalytic reaction, and find that both effects are diminished greatly with increasing valence of phosphates. We exploit this behavior by using enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP to AMP, which downregulates multivalent interactivity in situ. This produces a sudden increase in transport of the catalytic microbeads (a phoretic jump), which is accompanied by increased catalytic activity. Finally, we show how this enzymatic activity can be systematically tuned, leading to simultaneous in situ spatial and temporal control of the location of the microbeads, as well as the products of the reaction that they catalyze. These findings open up new avenues for utilizing multivalent interaction-mediated programming of complex chemo-mechanical behaviors into active systems.

An Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Sesame Paste Produced by Ball Milling Compared against Conventional Colloid Milling.

The physicochemical characteristics and general food quality were greatly impacted by milling. In order to investigate the effect of milling technique for physicochemical properties of sesame paste of sesame paste, samples were prepared using ball mill and colloid mill by varying grinding times. The samples prepared by ball milling had the higher moisture contents (0.07% - 0.14%) than colloid milling (p < 0.05), except for colloid milling for one cycle (0.11%). The particle size curves showed the multimodal distributions. Compared to colloid milled samples, ball milled samples have smaller particle sizes and more uniform particle distribution. The L* values of samples prepared by ball milling were higher than colloid milling. The ball mill produced sesame paste with a wider range of hardness and silkier texture, and the samples made by ball milling for 30 min had the highest hardness. And the hardness of both CMS and BMS showed a decreasing trend with increasing grinding time. During ball milling, high-speed cutting and collision caused breakage of disulfide bonds, and the sesame proteins were decomposed to their subunits. In conclusions, ball milling may be an alternative and promising process for the preparation of sesame paste.

Implantable Resistive Strain Sensor-Decorated Colloidal Crystal Hydrogel Catheter for Intestinal Tract Pressure Sensing.

In the quest to develop advanced monitoring systems for intestinal peristaltic stress, this study introduces a groundbreaking approach inspired by nature's sensory networks. By the integration of novel materials and innovative manufacturing techniques, a multifunctional Janus hydrogel patch has been engineered. This unique patch not only demonstrates superior stress-sensing capabilities in the intricate intestinal environment but also enables adhesion to wet tissue surfaces. This achievement opens new avenues for real-time physiological monitoring and potential therapeutic interventions in the realm of gastrointestinal health.

Digital colloid-enhanced Raman spectroscopy by single-molecule counting.

Quantitative detection of various molecules at very low concentrations in complex mixtures has been the main objective in many fields of science and engineering, from the detection of cancer-causing mutagens and early disease markers to environmental pollutants and bioterror agents1-5. Moreover, technologies that can detect these analytes without external labels or modifications are extremely valuable and often preferred6. In this regard, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can detect molecular species in complex mixtures on the basis only of their intrinsic and unique vibrational signatures7. However, the development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for this purpose has been challenging so far because of uncontrollable signal heterogeneity and poor reproducibility at low analyte concentrations8. Here, as a proof of concept, we show that, using digital (nano)colloid-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, reproducible quantification of a broad range of target molecules at very low concentrations can be routinely achieved with single-molecule counting, limited only by the Poisson noise of the measurement process. As metallic colloidal nanoparticles that enhance these vibrational signatures, including hydroxylamine-reduced-silver colloids, can be fabricated at large scale under routine conditions, we anticipate that digital (nano)colloid-enhanced Raman spectroscopy will become the technology of choice for the reliable and ultrasensitive detection of various analytes, including those of great importance for human health.

Cotransport of aged biochar colloids and thallium(I) in water-saturated porous media: Impact of the ionic strength, pH and aging degree.

Biochar colloids entering the soil undergo aging over time and exhibit strong capabilities in adsorbing and transporting pollutants. Therefore, investigating the cotransport of aged biochar colloids and thallium (Tl(I)) in quartz sand media is crucial for understanding Tl(I) migration in underground environments. This study investigated the migration of biochar colloids with two different aging degrees and Tl(I) in quartz sand media at various pH and ionic strengths (ISs). The results revealed that under all ISs and pH, 30%AWB (biochar aged with 30 % (w/w) HNO3) inhibited Tl(I) migration in media. This inhibition primarily arose from the introduction of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups during aging, which significantly enhanced colloid adsorption onto Tl(I). At lower ISs, 30%AWB colloids exhibited greater inhibition of Tl(I) migration due to their increased adsorption capacity. Additionally, aging promoted the migration of biochar colloids in the media. Greater biochar aging notably enhanced this promotion, potentially owing to reduced colloidal particle size and the formation of biochar derivatives. Moreover, 50%AWB (biochar aged with 50 % (w/w) HNO3) inhibited Tl(I) migration under low ISs but had almost no impact under high ISs. Nonetheless, at high pH, 50%AWB colloids facilitated Tl(I) migration. This phenomenon might be attributed to the inhibitory effect of aged biochar colloids on Tl(I) adsorption onto media at a high pH, as well as the stable binding between Tl(I) and aged biochar colloids. This study discusses the cotransport of biochar with various degrees of aging and Tl(I) in media, providing insights into remediating soils contaminated with Tl.

Sluggish and Ion-Resilient Behavior of Interfacial Aqueous Layer on Single-Layer Graphene Oxide: Insights from In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy.

Understanding interfacial interactions of graphene oxide (GO) is important to evaluate its colloidal behavior and environmental fate. Single-layer GO is the fundamental unit of GO colloids, and its interfacial aqueous layers critically dictate these interfacial interactions. However, conventional techniques like X-ray diffraction are limited to multilayer systems and are inapplicable to single-layer GO. Therefore, our study employed atomic force microscopy to precisely observe the in situ dynamic behaviors of interfacial aqueous layers on single-layer GO. The interfacial aqueous layer height was detected at the subnanometer level. In real-time monitoring, the single-layer height increased from 1.17 to 1.70 nm within 3 h immersion. This sluggish process is different from the rapid equilibration of multilayer GO in previous studies, underscoring a gradual transition in hydration kinetics. Ion strength exhibited negligible influence on the single-layer height, suggesting a resilient response of the interfacial aqueous layer to ion-related perturbations due to intricate ion interactions and electrical double-layer compression. Humic acid led to a substantial increase in the interfacial aqueous layers, improving the colloidal stability of GO and augmenting its potential for migration. These findings hold considerable significance regarding the environmental behaviors of the GO interfacial aqueous layer in ion- and organic-rich water and soil.