The transformation of psychoanalysis in America: emigré analysts and the New York Psychoanalytic Society and institute, 1935-1961.

Part I reviews the role of the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration of the American Psychoanalytic Association, chaired by Lawrence Kubie and Bettina Warburg, members of the New York Psychoanalytic Society, in facilitating the immigration to the United States of scores of European analysts and candidates between 1938 and 1943. The challenges facing the committee are outlined in reports written by Kubie and Warburg. In particular, the intractable problem of how to integrate European lay analysts into the American Psychoanalytic Association was an ever present problem. Part II describes the impact emigré analysts had on the intellectual life of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, and considers how the psychoanalytic work of the emigrés was influenced by their move to America. The reminiscences of two emigré analysts, Peter Neubauer and Kurt R. Eissler, on their experience of coming to the United States close the paper.

The "experimenting agency". The California Youth Authority Research Division.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the California Youth Authority embarked on a series of randomized field trials to test interventions for juvenile and young adult offenders. This article examines the institutional and political reasons why rigorous tests were adopted for such interventions as the Community Treatment Program. It also describes the effect these trials had on the agency and on California justice, as well as how the experimental method eventually became less often used in the Youth Authority. The authors explore some general reasons why this happened.

The Nursing Research Committee: the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital.

Nursing research has been a part of the culture at the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital for many years. A Nursing Research Committee (NRC) has been an integral part of this success. The emphasis remains on involving the staff nurse in nursing research. By defining clear-cut goals and objectives, leadership of the NRC reaps substantial professional results.

[Members of the Vaccine Central Committee: a group of men deserving their native land and even humanity]. / Les membres du Comité Central de Vaccine, une poignée d'hommes qui ont bien mérité de leur patrie, et même de l'humanité.

Two hundred years ago, in May 1800, a private initiative set up a "Central Committee of Vaccine" in Paris. A handful of men launched an extraordinary research: how to implement a still recent and little-known discovery, a method to protect people against small pox. The news came from England, with which France was on bad terms. Smallpox was a fearsome disease killing one tenth of the population and disfiguring or maiming as many again. After several failed attempts, success was reached and the value of the method demonstrated. The committee played a major role in spreading the vaccine (thanks to Jenner) not only in France but also in the whole of the Napoleonic Empire. His remarkable experiments were published and made known to the whole western world. The Committee was made official en 1804 and operated until the foundation of the Academy of medicine, which took over its duties and responsibilities. The French owe a lot to this Central Committee of Vaccine, which greatly contributed to fighting small pox and eradicating the disease finally.

Comitê de Mortalidade Materna do Estado de Säo Paulo: trajetória e vicissitudes / Säo Paulo State Committee for Health Mortality: trajectory and vicissitudes

Objetivo: Tem como objetivo recuperar e caracterizar a trajetória da criaçäo e implantaçäo do Comitê de Estudos de Morte Materna e os fatores intervenientes no seu percurso evolutivo. Métodos: Os dados que constituíram a base empírica do estudo foram entrevistas com integrantes, ex-integrantes e fundadores do Comitê do Estado de Säo Paulo e documentos como: atos oficiais, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniöes, normas operacionais, entre outros. Resultados: A análise dos dados mostrou uma trajetória oscilante, marcada por períodos de atividade e de refluxo tendo sido alteradas, ao longo do tempo, a sua composiçäo e estrutura organizacional, mantendo-se, porém, seus objetivos e funçöes. Consideraçöes finais: Os dados examinados revelaram que a criaçäo do Comitê representou um avanço para a saúde materna. Mostraram também uma expressiva influência, no percurso do Comitê, das injunçöes político-institucionais, no âmbito da administraçäo governamental do estado, no período estudado e o reconhecimento de sua posiçäo como instância situada para além de uma estratégia de vigilância epidemiológica