Occupational elbow musculoskeletal disorders in Tunisia: Epidemiology and socio-professional consequences.

INTRODUCTION: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are as the primary occupational disease (OD) in Tunisia. They can touch the elbow and cause occupational disability. AIMS: Describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of elbow MSDs recognized in Tunisia, identify the factors associated with these MSDs and assess their socio-professional impact. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of elbow MSDs recognized as compensable OD by the Committees for the Recognition of Occupational Diseases of National Health Insurance Fund, in Tunisia, from 2012 to 2018. RESULTS: We collected 431 cases of elbow MSDs or 8.35% of all recognized MSDs and 11.8% of recognized MSDs during the same period. The average annual incidence was 4.3 cases. Patients had a mean age of 43.59 years and a clear female predominance (82.2%). The largest provider was the textile industry (60.6%). The average length of employment was 16.78 years. Biomechanical factors were repetitive movements (92.8%), forced movements (67.1%) and prolonged static posture (7.4%). These were lateral epicondylitis (79.1%), medial epicondylitis (14.2%) and ulnar nerve syndrome (10.7%). These pathologies were associated with other MSDs including carpal tunnel syndrome (25.8%). These MSDs were responsible for 15,342 days of lost work. The rate of permanent partial incapacity was 10.6% with a job loss in 15.63%. CONCLUSION: Elbow MSDs are responsible for heavy economic and socio-professional consequences justifying the implementation of a preventive strategy adapted within risk sectors.

Does the ulnohumeral angle have a role in the aetiopathogenesis of lateral epicondylitis?

The pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis (LE) remains not fully elucidated, as it involves a complex interaction of anatomical structures. The primary objective of the research is to identify a potential relationship between LE and the ulnohumeral angle (UHA), which demonstrates the coronal alignment of the elbow. Patients diagnosed with LE between September 1st, 2020, and September 1st, 2023, were retrospectively examined. Demographic information and UHA measurements of patients meeting the inclusion criteria and a control group with similar criteria were collected. Measurements were independently conducted by 2 orthopedists at a 2-week interval and compared. Among 413 patients meeting the inclusion criteria and the control group comprising 420 patients, there were no significant differences in age, gender, and side (P = .447, P = .288, P = .159, respectively). The mean UHA for the LE group was 13.49 ±â€…4.24, while for the control group, it was 12.82 ±â€…9.19, showing a significant difference (P = .026). The inter-observer and intraobserver reliability of the angle measurements were both above 0.80. We hypothesize that the increase in UHA in patients with LE reflects an adaptive change secondary to compressive forces acting on the lateral aspect of the elbow. This study is the first to describe the relationship between LE and UHA based on anatomical-biomechanical foundations, suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship. Further studies are warranted to delve deeper into this relationship.

A meta-analysis of the risk factors for lateral epicondylitis.

BACKGROUND: Very few meta-analyses discussed risk factors for lateral epicondylitis (LE), and previous meta-analyses reached conflicting conclusions with each other on some specific risk factors. PURPOSE: To investigate the risk factors for LE through meta-analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies in January 2022. Raw data were extracted into a predefined worksheet, and quality analysis was conducted by the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. R package "meta" was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Female sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.33 and p-value<0.05), smoking history (OR=1.46 and p-value<0.001), manual labor (OR=2.39 and p-value<0.001), and hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.67 and p-value<0.05) were significant risk factors for LE. CONCLUSIONS: Female gender, smoking history, manual labor, and hypercholesterolemia could increase the risk of LE. According to an additional literature review, statin treatment for hypercholesterolemia is described as potentially related to the development of LE.

Electromyography-informed musculoskeletal modeling provides new insight into hand tendon forces during tennis forehand.

Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is a major health issue among tennis players. This musculo-skeletal disorder affects hand extensor tendons, results in substantial pain and impairments for sporting and everyday activities and requires several weeks of recovery. Unfortunately, prevention remains limited by the lack of data regarding biomechanical risk factors, especially because in vivo evaluation of hand tendon forces remains challenging. Electromyography-informed musculo-skeletal modeling is a noninvasive approach to provide physiological estimation of tendon forces based on motion capture and electromyography but was never applied to study hand tendon loading during tennis playing. The objective of this study was to develop such electromyography-informed musculo-skeletal model to provide new insight into hand tendon loading in tennis players. The model was tested with three-dimensional kinematics and electromyography data of two players performing forehand drives at two-shot speeds and with three rackets. Muscle forces increased with shot speed but were moderately affected by racket properties. Wrist prime extensors withstood the highest forces, but their relative implication compared to flexors depended on the player-specific grip force and racket motion strategy. When normalizing wrist extensor forces by shot speed and grip strength, up to threefold differences were observed between players, suggesting that gesture technique, for example, grip position or joint motion coordination, could play a role in the overloading of wrist extensor tendons. This study provided a new methodology for in situ analysis of hand biomechanical loadings during tennis gesture and shed a new light on lateral epicondylitis risk factors.

Lateral Epicondylitis: Critical Analysis Review of Current Nonoperative Treatments.

¼: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) or tennis elbow is a common cause of elbow pain in the general population, especially women in the fourth and fifth decades of life who participate in repetitive forceful movements involving the wrist and forearm. ¼: The pathogenesis of this overuse injury is believed to start from an overload event leading to a microtear in or near the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis that is subsequently prone to additional injury and structural weakness over time. ¼: Treatment of LE often begins with a wide variety of nonoperative modalities including rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bracing, and physical therapy. For recalcitrant symptoms, additional nonoperative therapies are implemented; however, there remains a lack of comparative efficacy between these adjunct treatments. ¼: In this article, we examine the available literature regarding nonoperative management of LE and provide supplementary insight into the effectiveness of current modalities.

Sex differences in wrist torque and endurance-Biomechanical factors associated with developing lateral epicondylitis of the humerus.

Since eccentric contractions contribute to the development of tendinopathy, sex differences in wrist torque and endurance may be involved in the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis and its refractoriness. Therefore, the present study investigated sex differences in wrist torque and endurance. The wrist extension and flexion torques of the 100 wrists of 25 males and 25 females were measured. The following parameters were assessed: muscle strength at the starting- and end point for the measurement, Δ muscle strength, that is, the amount of a loss over time, and the muscle endurance ratio, that is, the decrease rate over time. Each parameter in males and females was statistically analyzed. In wrist extension, muscle strength at the starting point was 6.1 Nm for males and 3.3 Nm for females (p < 0.001); Δ Muscle strength was -0.052 Nm/s for males and -0.038 Nm/s for females (p = 0.036); The muscle endurance ratio was 99.1%/s for males and 98.8%/s for females (p = 0.015). In wrist flexion, muscle strength at the starting point and absolute value of Δ muscle strength were significantly larger in males than in females; No significant difference was observed in the muscle endurance ratio in wrist flexion between males and females. These results revealed sex differences in wrist torque and endurance. The muscle endurance ratio of the wrist extensors was lower in females than in males, which suggests that females need to exert more effort to maintain the wrist extension position under resistance. This may predispose the wrist extensor muscles in females to eccentric contractions.

Physical and psychosocial work-related exposures and the occurrence of disorders of the elbow: A systematic review.

This systematic review updates a previous systematic review on work-related physical and psychosocial risk factors for elbow disorders. Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central and PsycINFO were searched for studies on associations between work-related physical or psychosocial risk factors and the occurrence of elbow disorders. Two independent reviewers selected eligible studies and assessed risk of bias (RoB). Results of studies were synthesized narratively. We identified 17 new studies and lateral epicondylitis was the most studied disorder (13 studies). Five studies had a prospective cohort design, eight were cross-sectional and four were case-control. Only one study had no items rated as high RoB. Combined physical exposure indicators (e.g. physical exertion combined with elbow movement) were associated with the occurrence of lateral epicondylitis. No other consistent associations were observed for other physical and psychosocial exposures. These results prevent strong conclusions regarding associations between work-related exposures, and the occurrence of elbow disorders.

Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Case Report and Comprehensive Critical Review of a Compression Neuropathy Surrounded by Controversy.

Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is an uncommon controversial entity thought to cause chronic lateral proximal forearm pain due to compression of the deep branch of the radial nerve, without paralysis or sensory changes. Diagnostic confusion for pain conditions in this region results from inconsistent definitions, terminology, tests, and descriptions in the literature of RTS and "tennis elbow," or lateral epicondylitis. A case of bilateral RTS with signs discordant with traditionally used clinical diagnostic tests was successfully relieved with surgical decompression and led us to perform a comprehensive critical review of the condition. We delineate the controversy surrounding its diagnosis and aim to facilitate appropriate management and identify other areas for further study in this controversial condition. Clinical validity and evidence of anatomical rationale for the traditionally used Maudsley's provocative test is unclear in diagnosis of RTS or in chronic lateral elbow pain, if at all. Neither imaging nor electrophysiological studies contribute to a clinical diagnosis which is supported by short-term improvement after an injection with long-acting local anesthetic and corticosteroid. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of RTS can significantly improve quality of life, but validity and evidence for traditional clinical tests and definitions must be clarified.

[MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS (GOLFER'S ELBOW) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT].

INTRODUCTION: Medial epicondylitis, which is also called "Golfer's Elbow" is a pathology which typically presents as medial elbow pain. It affects 1% of the general population, yet affects 3.8% to 8.2% of work-related complaints. Golfer's elbow is common in the 40 to 60-year-old age group so those suffering from it are part of the workforce and hence, its economic impact. Women and men alike suffer from golfer's elbow, and microtrauma combined with attritional changes in the common flexor tendon origin at the medial aspect of the elbow are the culprit of this pathology. The first line of treatment is conservative therapy and only when it fails is an open surgical approach utilized. New approaches to treating this ailment such as use of Extra Corporeal Shock Wave therapy and the use of injectable blood derivatives, as well as new surgical techniques are also being applied.

Lateral epicondylosis: A literature review to link pathology and tendon function to tissue-level treatment and ergonomic interventions.

BACKGROUND: Common treatments for lateral epicondylosis (LE) focus on tissue healing. Ergonomic advice is suggested broadly, but recommendations based on biomechanical motion parameters associated with functional activities are rarely made. This review analyzes the role of body functions and activities in LE and integrates the findings to suggest motion parameters applicable to education and interventions relevant to activities and life roles for patients. PURPOSE: This study examines LE pathology, tendon and muscle biomechanics, and population exposure outlining potentially hazardous activities and integrates those to provide motion parameters for ergonomic interventions to treat or prevent LE. A disease model is discussed to align treatment approaches to the stage of LE tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN: Integrative review METHODS: We conducted in-depth searches using PubMed, Medline, and government websites. All levels of evidence were included, and the framework for behavioral research from the National Institutes of Health was used to synthesize ergonomic research. RESULTS: The review broadened the diagnosis of LE from a tendon ailment to one affecting the enthesis of the capitellum. It reinforced the continuum of severity to encompass degeneration as well as regeneration. Systematic reviews confirmed the availability of evidence for tissue-based treatments, but evidence of well-defined harm reducing occupational interventions was scattered amongst evidence levels. Integration of biomechanical studies and population information gave insight into types of potentially hazardous activities and provided a theoretical basis for limiting hazardous exposures to wrist extensor tendons by reducing force, compression, and shearing during functional activities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may broaden the first treatment approach from a passive, watchful waiting into an active exploration and reduction of at-risk activities and motions. Including the findings into education modules may provide patients with the knowledge to lastingly reduce potentially hazardous motions during their daily activities, and researchers to define parameters of ergonomic interventions.

"Tennis Leg": A State-of-the-Science Review.

BACKGROUND: Tennis leg (TL), a musculotendon injury to the gastrocnemius, has been associated with the eponymous sport since 1883. This article examines the historical context of TL as a sports compared with an occupational injury. This was juxtaposed with the history of tennis elbow, a tendon injury to the upper extremity also associated with sport. METHODS: Bibliometric databases (PubMed, Web of Science [WOS], Hathi Trust) were keyword-searched; relevant citations were investigated in depth. RESULTS: The search yielded 71 citations for TL (PubMed). The majority (n = 43) were key word linked to sport terms; only one was linked to work-related search terms. Furthermore, none of the top four cited publications (Web of Science) alluded to work-related risk factors in TL in full textual analysis. Hathi Trust yielded the earliest work-related case, reported in a non-biomedical source. Tennis elbow was more frequently reported (n = 189 citations in PubMed) and more frequently linked (n = 193; 9.7%) to occupational search terms. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: The history of TL, juxtaposed with tennis elbow, demonstrates how nosology can influence but does not wholly explain disease attribution, potentially to the detriment of taking into account occupational causality. The lack of recognition of occupational factors revealed in this literature search was notable because TL occurred most commonly in males of working age. By providing perspective on how historical context and nosology can affect the conceptualization of disease, this review may help inform prevention, treatment, and regulatory policy.

Lateral epicondylitis: Current concepts.

BACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis, more commonly referred to as 'tennis elbow', is a common condition seen in general practice. It effects approximately 4-7 per 1000 individuals. Despite this, the aetiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Often presenting as lateral elbow pain, the differential diagnosis includes entrapment syndromes, cervical radiculopathy, osseous pathology and inflammatory conditions. Though in 90% of cases the condition is self-limiting, persistent symptoms can be difficult to manage. OBJECTIVE: In this article, a review of recent English-language journal articles explores current concepts related to lateral epicondylitis and examines the evidence behind the recommendation for the use of non-operative and operative treatment modalities. DISCUSSION: Lateral epicondylitis is an enthesopathy associated with the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. A clinical history and examination is usually sufficient to make a diagnosis. Maudsley's and Cozen's clinical tests have a high sensitivity in diagnosing lateral epicondylitis. The available evidence supports the use of non-operative treatment modalities in managing this condition. When comparing the different operative treatments described, there appears to be no significant advantage of intervention over the natural history of lateral epicondylitis.

Risk factors of lateral epicondylitis: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Lateral Epicondylitis is commonly associated with numerous anatomical and mechanical risk factors. Thus far, there have been no reviews synthesising the risk factors of lateral epicondylitis. We hence aimed to perform a meta-analysis of factors associated with lateral epicondylitis. METHODOLOGY: We searched MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science for 1032 articles. Eventually, based on our exclusion criteria, we had 33 articles remaining for our systematic review. 15 of these articles were used for our meta-analysis. Data was analysed using Mantel-Haenszel statistics and random effect models where appropriate. RESULTS: Females had a 1.29 times higher odds of sustaining lateral epicondylitis (OR Males: Females = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.67-0.89, Z = 3.52, I2 = 33%, p < 0.001). The odds of an individual with a current or past tobacco smoking history sustaining lateral epicondylitis was 1.49 times that of an individual with no tobacco smoking history (95% CI = 1.18-1.87, Z = 3.40, I2 = 0%, p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in sustaining lateral epicondylitis when comparing individuals with a current tobacco smoking history to individuals with a past or no tobacco smoking history (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.91-1.51, Z = 1.26, I2 = 0%, p = 0.21). Neither was there a statistical difference in sustaining lateral epicondylitis when comparing individuals with a BM ≥ 25 to those with a BMI<25 (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.69-1.83, Z = 0.46, I2 = 62%, p = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Female gender and a positive and past smoking history were associated with lateral epicondylitis. Further studies should focus on identifying other associations with lateral epicondylitis and the pathophysiological explanation of such associations.

Hand-Arm Vibration Assessment and Changes in the Thermal Map of the Skin in Tennis Athletes during the Service.

During recent years the number of tennis athletes has increased significantly. When playing tennis, the human body is exposed to many situations which can lead to human injuries, such as the so-called tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis). In this work a biomechanical analysis of tennis athletes, particularly during the service, was performed, considering three different types of over-grip and the presence of one anti-vibrator device. One part of the study evaluates the exposure to hand-arm vibration of the athlete, based on the European Directive 2002/44/EC concerning the minimum health and safety requirements, regarding the exposure of workers to risks from physical agents. The second part of the study considers an infrared thermography analysis in order to identify signs of risk of injury, particularly tennis elbow, one of the most common injuries in this sport. The results show that the presence of the anti-vibrator influences the vibration values greatly in the case of athletes with more experience and also for athletes with less performance. The presence of the Cork and/or Tourna on the racket grip does not have any significant effect on the hand-arm vibration (HAV), similarly in the case of athletes with the best performance and athletes with less technique. The results indicated that the infrared thermography technique may be used to identify the risk of injuries in tennis players.

Lateral epicondylitis: the condition and current management strategies.

Lateral epicondylitis or tennis elbow is a common condition estimated to affect between 1 and 3% of adults. As a result of its high prevalence, both primary and secondary care physicians are frequently presented with this problem, so knowledge of its presentation and up-to-date management strategies is essential. This review collates the most recent evidence on lateral epicondylitis to help the clinician perform assessments and make treatment decisions, based on the best current clinical practice.

A potential factor in the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis: The long sarcomere length of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle and implications for physiotherapy.

Lateral epicondylitis is a chronic angiofibroblastic degeneration of the origins of the wrist extensor muscles and is characterized by diffuse elbow pain. Although it is the most common syndrome of the elbow joint, the most affected structure is the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis, however, there is no evidence to show that the sarcomere length and microanatomical features of the ECRB muscle can be affected by the elongated position of the muscle. We hypothesized that the tensile response may be the responsible mechanism in the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis due to the microanatomy of the ECRB muscle and its functioning in the elongated position. Elongated position leads to elongation of the sarcomere length by forming a functional traction angle in the ECRB muscle. The elongated sarcomere length negatively affects muscular microcirculation. Poor microcirculation triggers ischemia in the muscle and tendon and leads to an increase in immature Type III collagen synthesis. Disruption of the collagen continuity and the loss of load-bearing capacity initiate the neovascularization process. This situation accelerates the degeneration process in the tendon and prevents healing. Furthermore, based on our hypothesis, we recommend new physiotherapy approaches that may contribute to reducing the increased incidence of tendinopathy and to the healing process.

Investigation of Lateral Epicondylitis in Neurosurgeons.

AIM: To investigate the frequency of lateral epicondylitis (LE), depending on the tasks performed by neurosurgeons, and to determine whether it can be accepted as an occupational disease depending on its frequency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All neurosurgery specialists enrolled in the Turkish Neurosurgical Society website were prospectively included. A questionnaire form was shared, and the subsequent responses were recorded. Those who provided incomplete responses were excluded from the study. The respondents diagnosed with LE were recorded. Exclusion criteria were investigated on complaints of pain. They were examined by an orthopedics and traumatology specialist with application of Thomsen test and necessary maneuvers. RESULTS: The study was conducted with 216 neurosurgeons. Those with more than 30 operations per month (p=0.002), those with a specialization duration of 10-20 years and > 20 years (p=0.001), and those who specialized in spinal surgery (p=0.014) had a significantly higher prevalence of epicondylitis. Considering the relationship between lumbar/thoracic pedicle screw insertion and epicondylitis, the epicondylitis diagnosis rate was significantly higher in physicians inserting 20â€"60 screws per month than those inserting < 20 screws (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: LE frequently occurs in neurosurgeons who regularly perform spinal instrumentation and appears to be an occupational disease. However, data obtained during the current study should be combined with findings from case-control studies of neurosurgeons.

It's time to change perspective! New diagnostic tools for lateral elbow pain.

PURPOSE: The presence of intra-articular findings that may complement the extra-articular pathology in lateral epicondilytis has been suggested, and a role for minor instability of the elbow as part of the causative process of this disease has been postulated. This study was designed to describe two new clinical tests, aimed at detecting intra-articular pathology in patients affected by recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis and investigate their diagnostic performance. METHODS: Ten patients suffering of atraumatic lateral elbow pain unresponsive to conservative treatment were considered in this study. Two clinical tests were developed and administrated prior to arthroscopy: Supination and Antero-Lateral pain Test (SALT); Posterior Elbow Pain by Palpation-Extension of the Radiocapitellar joint (PEPPER). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy of SALT and PEPPER as diagnostic tests for seven intra-articular findings were calculated. RESULTS: In 90% of the patients, at least one test was positive. All patients with signs of lateral ligamentous patholaxity or intra-articular abnormal findings had a positive response to at least one of the two tests. SALT proved to have a high sensitivity but a low specificity and is accurate in detecting the presence of intra-articular abnormal findings, especially synovitis. PEPPER test was sensible, specific and accurate in the detection of radial head chondropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Two new diagnostic tests (SALT and PEPPER) were specifically designed to evoke pain from intra-articular structures. These tests could be a valid support in the diagnostic algorithm of recalcitrant lateral elbow pain. Positive findings may be indicative of a minor instability of the lateral elbow condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic study, development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients, level II.