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1.
Theor Appl Genet ; 137(10): 225, 2024 Sep 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39287784

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: We identified a 580 bp deletion of CmaKNAT6 coding region influences peel colour of mature Cucurbita maxima fruit. Peel colour is an important agronomic characteristic affecting commodity quality in Cucurbit plants. Genetic mapping of fruit peel colour promotes molecular breeding and provides an important basis for understanding the regulatory mechanism in Cucurbit plants. In the present study, the Cucurbita maxima inbred line '9-6' which has a grey peel colour and 'U3-3-44' which has a dark green peel colour in the mature fruit stage, were used as plant materials. At 5-40 days after pollination (DAP), the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the 'U3-3-44' peels were significantly greater than those in the '9-6' peels. In the epicarp of the '9-6' mature fruit, the presence of nonpigmented cell layers and few chloroplasts in each cell in the pigmented layers were observed. Six generations derived by crossing '9-6' and 'U3-3-44' were constructed, and the dark green peel was found to be controlled by a single dominant locus, which was named CmaMg (mature green peel). Through bulked-segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and insertion-deletion (InDel) markers, CmaMg was mapped to a region of approximately 449.51 kb on chromosome 11 using 177 F2 individuals. Additionally, 1703 F2 plants were used for fine mapping to compress the candidate interval to a region of 32.34 kb. Five coding genes were in this region, and CmaCh11G000900 was identified as a promising candidate gene according to the reported function, sequence alignment, and expression analyses. CmaCh11G000900 (CmaKNAT6) encodes the homeobox protein knotted-1-like 6 and contains 4 conserved domains. CmaKNAT6 of '9-6' had a 580 bp deletion, leading to premature transcriptional termination. The expression of CmaKNAT6 tended to increase sharply during the early fruit development stage but decrease gradually during the late period of fruit development. Allelic diversity analysis of pumpkin germplasm resources indicated that the 580 bp deletion in the of CmaKNAT6 coding region was associated with peel colour. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CmaKNAT6 is a nuclear protein. Transcriptomic analysis of the inbred lines '9-6' and 'U3-3-44' indicated that genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis were more enriched in 'U3-3-44' than in '9-6'. Additionally, the expression of transcription factor genes that positively regulate chlorophyll synthesis and light signal transduction pathways was upregulated in 'U3-3-44'. These results lay a foundation for further studies on the genetic mechanism underlying peel colour and for optimizing peel colour-based breeding strategies for C. maxima.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cucurbita , Frutas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Pigmentação , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pigmentação/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Clorofila/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas , Carotenoides/metabolismo
2.
PLoS One ; 19(8): e0305798, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39172947

RESUMO

Cucurbita moschata varieties grown in Africa have very low yield. They have been neglected, and totally ignored in agricultural research programs. However, interest in their fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves is growing nowadays due to their nutritional and medicinal potentials. That growing interest has prompted plant breeders and agronomists to develop research programs for their improvement. A complete diallel cross analysis of four parental lines, Long, Zouan-H, Oval, and Soubre and their twelve F1 hybrids, was carried out in a farming environment at the University Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. The four parental lines and the F1 hybrids were evaluated for their general performances, combining abilities, potency ratio and heterosis effects. The investigated traits included plant height, and eleven fruit- and seed-related characters. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all traits studied. In addition, the diallel model yielded highly significant gca effects of the female parents. The gca effects of the male parents were significant for all traits except plant height, length of the fruit, width of the fruit and length of the seed. Highly significant sca effects were observed in the crosses for all the traits. Strong maternal effects were observed for the weight and diameter of the fruit, weight of the pulp, number of seeds per fruit, weight of the fresh seeds and 100-seed weight. The general predictive ratio approached the value 1 for all the traits except weight of the fresh seed and width of the dry seed. Most of the characters under this study are predominantly determined by the effects of additive genes. But, weight of the fresh seed and width of the dry seed may be controlled by non-additive genes. Mid-parent heterosis was significant for all measured traits in the crosses, except the length of the fruit. And better-parent heterosis was significant for all traits except plant height, number of fruits per plant and length of the fruit. Gene expression is described by a super-dominance for many traits, and partial dominance for some other traits in all twelve F1 hybrids. Classification of the parental lines based on the effects of their general combining ability grouped the Soubre lines as promising contributors to fruit yield. The parental lines Long and Oval formed another group likely on the basis of the small size of their fruits, the small pulps, the smaller number of fruits per plant and the large number of seeds per fruit. However, Long would be a candidate parent for the development of cultivars with longer vegetative growth. The parental line Zouan-H formed the third group and it was mostly characterized by its large number of seeds per fruit and relatively large fruits.


Assuntos
Cucurbita , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Côte d'Ivoire , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vigor Híbrido , Melhoramento Vegetal , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/genética , Fenótipo , Cruzamentos Genéticos
3.
PeerJ ; 12: e17927, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39210917

RESUMO

Melatonin regulates defense responses in plants under environmental stress. This study aimed to explore the impact of exogenous melatonin on the phenotype and physiology of 'BM1' pumpkin seedlings subjected to waterlogging stress. Waterlogging stress was induced following foliar spraying of melatonin at various concentrations (CK, 0, 10, 100, 200, and 300 µmol·L-1). The growth parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulatory substance levels, and other physiological indicators were assessed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying the role of exogenous melatonin in mitigating waterlogging stress in pumpkin seedlings. The results indicate that pumpkin seedlings exhibit waterlogging symptoms, such as leaf wilting, water loss, edge chlorosis, and fading, under waterlogging stress conditions. Various growth indicators of the seedlings, including plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh and dry weight, and leaf chlorophyll content, were significantly reduced. Moreover, the MDA content in leaves and roots increased significantly, along with elevated activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and soluble protein contents. When different concentrations of melatonin were sprayed on the leaves post waterlogging stress treatment, pumpkin seedlings showed varying degrees of recovery, with the 100 µmol·L-1 treatment displaying the best growth status and plant morphological phenotypes. There were no significant differences compared to the control group. Seedling growth indicators, chlorophyll content, root activity, antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble protein content, and osmotic adjustment substance content all increased to varying degrees with increasing melatonin concentration, peaking at 100 µmol·L-1. Melatonin also reduced membrane damage caused by oxidative stress and alleviated osmotic imbalance. Exogenous melatonin enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and systems involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species, with 100 µmol·L-1 as the optimal concentration. These findings underscore the crucial role of exogenous melatonin in alleviating waterlogging stress in pumpkins. The findings of this study offer a theoretical framework and technical assistance for cultivating waterlogging-resistant pumpkins in practical settings. Additionally, it establishes a theoretical groundwork for the molecular breeding of pumpkins with increased tolerance to waterlogging.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Cucurbita , Melatonina , Plântula , Estresse Fisiológico , Melatonina/farmacologia , Melatonina/administração & dosagem , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cucurbita/efeitos dos fármacos , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água/metabolismo
4.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(16)2024 Aug 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39201415

RESUMO

The crosstalk of phytohormones in the regulation of growth and development and the response of plants to environmental stresses is a cutting-edge research topic, especially in crop species. In this paper, we study the role and crosstalk between abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and jasmonate (JA) in the control of germination and seedling growth in water or in standard nutrient solution and under salt stress (supplemented with 100-200 mM NaCl). The roles of ET and JA were studied using squash ET- and JA-deficient mutants aco1a and lox3a, respectively, while the crosstalk between ET, JA, and ABA was determined by comparing the expression of the key ABA, JA, and ET genes in wild-type (WT) and mutant genotypes under standard conditions and salt stress. Data showed that ET and JA are positive regulators of squash germination, a function that was found to be mediated by downregulating the ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Under salt stress, aco1a germinated earlier than WT, while lox3a showed the same germination rate as WT, indicating that ET, but not JA, restricts squash germination under unfavorable salinity conditions, a function that was also mediated by upregulation of ABA. ET and JA were found to be negative regulators of plant growth during seedling establishment, although ET inhibits both the aerial part and the root, while JA inhibits only the root. Both aco1a and lox3a mutant roots showed increased tolerance to salt stress, a phenotype that was found to be mainly mediated by JA, although we cannot exclude that it is also mediated by ABA.


Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico , Cucurbita , Ciclopentanos , Etilenos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Germinação , Oxilipinas , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Estresse Salino , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Etilenos/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/metabolismo , Plântula/genética , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética
5.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 214: 108923, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39002308

RESUMO

Jasmonates are growth regulators that play a key role in flower development, fruit ripening, root growth, and plant defence. The study explores the coordination of floral organ maturation to ensure proper flower opening for pollination and fertilization. A new mutant (jar1b) was discovered, lacking petal elongation and flower opening but showing normal pistil and stamen development, leading to parthenocarpic fruit development. The mutation also enhanced the elongation of roots while reducing the formation of root hairs. BSA sequencing showed that jar1b is a missense mutation in the gene CpJAR1B, which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation between JA and the amino acid isoleucine. The loss of function mutation in CpJAR1B produced a deficiency in biologically active (+) -7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which was not complemented by the paralogous gene CpJAR1A or any other redundant gene. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) demonstrated that jar1b is partially insensitive to JA in both flowers and roots. Further experimentation involving the combination of JA-Ile deficient and ethylene-deficient, and ET insensitive mutations in double mutants revealed that CpJAR1B mediated ET action in female petal maturation and flower opening, but JA and ET have independent additive effects as negative regulators of the set and development of squash fruits. CpJAR1B also regulated the aperture of male flowers in an ethylene-independent manner. The root phenotype of jar1b and effects of external MeJA treatments indicated that CpJAR1B has a dual role in root development, inhibiting the elongation of primary and secondary roots, but promoting the formation of root hairs.


Assuntos
Cucurbita , Ciclopentanos , Flores , Frutas , Oxilipinas , Proteínas de Plantas , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/efeitos dos fármacos , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Isoleucina/farmacologia , Isoleucina/metabolismo , Isoleucina/análogos & derivados , Mutação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetatos/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia
6.
Theor Appl Genet ; 137(7): 167, 2024 Jun 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38909110

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: A large fragment deletion of CpAPRR2, encoding a two-component response regulator-like protein, which influences immature white rind color formation in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). Fruit rind color is an important agronomic trait that affects commodity quality and consumer choice in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). However, the molecular mechanism controlling rind color is unclear. We characterized two zucchini inbred lines: '19' (dark green rind) and '113' (white rind). Genetic analysis revealed white immature fruit rind color to be controlled by a dominant locus (CpW). Combining bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers, we mapped the CpW locus to a 100.4 kb region on chromosome 5 and then narrow down the candidate region to 37.5 kb using linkage analysis of 532 BC1 and 1613 F2 individuals, including 6 coding genes. Among them, Cp4.1LG05g02070 (CpAPRR2), encoding a two-component response regulator-like protein, was regarded to be a promising candidate gene. The expression level of CpAPRR2 in dark green rind was significantly higher than that in white rind and was induced by light. A deletion of 2227 bp at the 5' end of CpAPRR2 in '113' might explain the white phenotype. Further analysis of allelic diversity in zucchini germplasm resources revealed rind color to be associated with the deletion of CpAPRR2. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CpAPRR2 was a nuclear protein. Transcriptome analysis using near-isogenic lines with dark green (DG) and white (W) rind indicated that genes involved in photosynthesis and porphyrin metabolism pathways were enriched in DG compared with W. Additionally, chlorophyll synthesis-related genes were upregulated in DG. These results identify mechanisms of zucchini rind color and provide genetic resources for breeding.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cucurbita , Frutas , Fenótipo , Pigmentação , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pigmentação/genética , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ligação Genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Alelos , Genes de Plantas , Cor , Transcriptoma
7.
Biosens Bioelectron ; 259: 116379, 2024 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38749288

RESUMO

The emerging wearable plant sensors demonstrate the capability of in-situ measurement of physiological and micro-environmental information of plants. However, the stretchability and breathability of current wearable plant sensors are restricted mainly due to their 2D planar structures, which interfere with plant growth and development. Here, origami-inspired 3D wearable sensors have been developed for plant growth and microclimate monitoring. Unlike 2D counterparts, the 3D sensors demonstrate theoretically infinitely high stretchability and breathability derived from the structure rather than the material. They are adjusted to 100% and 111.55 mg cm-2·h-1 in the optimized design. In addition to stretchability and breathability, the structural parameters are also used to control the strain distribution of the 3D sensors to enhance sensitivity and minimize interference. After integrating with corresponding sensing materials, electrodes, data acquisition and transmission circuits, and a mobile App, a miniaturized sensing system is produced with the capability of in-situ and online monitoring of plant elongation and microclimate. As a demonstration, the 3D sensors are worn on pumpkin leaves, which can accurately monitor the leaf elongation and microclimate with negligible hindrance to plant growth. Finally, the effects of the microclimate on the plant growth is resolved by analyzing the monitored data. This study would significantly promote the development of wearable plant sensors and their applications in the fields of plant phenomics, plant-environment interface, and smart agriculture.


Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais , Microclima , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Dispositivos Eletrônicos Vestíveis , Técnicas Biossensoriais/instrumentação , Humanos , Desenho de Equipamento , Folhas de Planta/química , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento
8.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(8)2024 Apr 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38673762

RESUMO

The WRKY gene family is crucial for regulating plant growth and development. However, the WRKY gene is rarely studied in naked kernel formation in hull-less Cucurbita pepo L. (HLCP), a natural mutant that lacks the seed coat. In this research, 76 WRKY genes were identified through bioinformatics-based methods in C. pepo, and their phylogenetics, conserved motifs, synteny, collinearity, and temporal expression during seed coat development were analyzed. The results showed that 76 CpWRKYs were identified and categorized into three main groups (I-III), with Group II further divided into five subgroups (IIa-IIe). Moreover, 31 segmental duplication events were identified in 49 CpWRKY genes. A synteny analysis revealed that C. pepo shared more collinear regions with cucumber than with melon. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated the differential expression of CpWRKYs across different varieties, with notable variations in seed coat development between HLCP and CP being attributed to differences in CpWRKY5 expression. To investigate this further, CpWRKY5-overexpression tobacco plants were generated, resulting in increased lignin content and an upregulation of related genes, as confirmed by qRT-PCR. This study offers valuable insights for future functional investigations of CpWRKY genes and presents novel information for understanding the regulation mechanism of lignin synthesis.


Assuntos
Cucurbita , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Família Multigênica , Proteínas de Plantas , Fatores de Transcrição , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genoma de Planta , Lignina/metabolismo , Lignina/biossíntese , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sintenia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
9.
Plant Cell ; 36(6): 2272-2288, 2024 May 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38421027

RESUMO

A number of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) conserved during evolution have been found to be responsible for phenotypic novelty and variation. Cucurbit crops such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), and squash (Cucurbita maxima) develop fruits from an inferior ovary and share some similar biological processes during fruit development. Whether conserved regulatory sequences play critical roles in fruit development of cucurbit crops remains to be explored. In six well-studied cucurbit species, we identified 392,438 conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs), including 82,756 that are specific to cucurbits, by comparative genomics. Genome-wide profiling of accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) and gene expression patterns mapped 20,865 to 43,204 ACRs and their potential target genes for two fruit tissues at two key developmental stages in six cucurbits. Integrated analysis of CNSs and ACRs revealed 4,431 syntenic orthologous CNSs, including 1,687 cucurbit-specific CNSs that overlap with ACRs that are present in all six cucurbit crops and that may regulate the expression of 757 adjacent orthologous genes. CRISPR mutations targeting two CNSs present in the 1,687 cucurbit-specific sequences resulted in substantially altered fruit shape and gene expression patterns of adjacent NAC1 (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) and EXT-like (EXTENSIN-like) genes, validating the regulatory roles of these CNSs in fruit development. These results not only provide a number of target CREs for cucurbit crop improvement, but also provide insight into the roles of CREs in plant biology and during evolution.


Assuntos
Sequência Conservada , Frutas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Citrullus/genética , Citrullus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Citrullus/metabolismo , Cucumis sativus/genética , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Genoma de Planta/genética
10.
Plant Physiol ; 195(2): 940-957, 2024 May 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38417836

RESUMO

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes. However, the regulatory roles of lncRNAs underlying fruit development have not been extensively studied. The pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is a preferred model for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating fruit development because of its variable shape and size and large inferior ovary. Here, we performed strand-specific transcriptome sequencing on pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima "Rimu") fruits at 6 developmental stages and identified 5,425 reliably expressed lncRNAs. Among the 332 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed during fruit development, the lncRNA MSTRG.44863.1 was identified as a negative regulator of pumpkin fruit development. MSTRG.44863.1 showed a relatively high expression level and an obvious period-specific expression pattern. Transient overexpression and silencing of MSTRG.44863.1 significantly increased and decreased the content of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (a precursor of ethylene) and ethylene production, respectively. RNA pull-down and microscale thermophoresis assays further revealed that MSTRG.44863.1 can interact with S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), an enzyme in the ethylene synthesis pathway. Considering that ethylene negatively regulates fruit development, these results indicate that MSTRG.44863.1 plays an important role in the regulation of pumpkin fruit development, possibly through interacting with SAMS and affecting ethylene synthesis. Overall, our findings provide a rich resource for further study of fruit-related lncRNAs while offering insights into the regulation of fruit development in plants.


Assuntos
Cucurbita , Frutas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Metionina Adenosiltransferase , RNA Longo não Codificante , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Metionina Adenosiltransferase/genética , Metionina Adenosiltransferase/metabolismo , RNA de Plantas/genética , RNA de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo
11.
J Biosci ; 472022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35092411

RESUMO

To increase agriculture production, accurate and fast detection of plant disease is required. Expert advice is needed to detect disease in plants, nutrition deficiencies or any other abnormalities caused by extreme weather conditions. But this process is very tedious, costly, and takes more time. In this paper, hyperspectral imaging and machine learning were used to detect different stages (early, middle, and critical stage) of the powderly mildew disease (PMD) in squash plants. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to collect the data from the field and Locality Preserving Discriminative Broad Learning (LPDBL) was used to distinguish the diseased and healthy plants. In addition, the ability to detect the diseased plant by the proposed method was evaluated using 10 different spectral vegetation indices (VIs). The results show the proposed method detected the disease accurately in the early, middle, and critical stages of the squash plant. The proposed method's performance is compared with six different PMDs under indoor laboratory test and UAV-based field test conditions. The comparison's results show that the LPDBL provides better accuracy in detecting disease in the squash plant.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/microbiologia , Aprendizado de Máquina , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Dispositivos Aéreos não Tripulados , Agricultura/métodos , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise Discriminante , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia
12.
Biomolecules ; 11(8)2021 07 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34439770

RESUMO

Climate change is a pressing matter of anthropogenic nature to which agriculture contributes by abusing production inputs such as inorganic fertilizers and fertigation water, thus degrading land and water sources. Moreover, as the increase in the demand of food in 2050 is estimated to be 25 to 70% more than what is currently produced today, a sustainable intensification of agriculture is needed. Biostimulant substances are products that the EU states work by promoting growth, resistance to plant abiotic stress, and increasing produce quality, and may be a valid strategy to enhance sustainable agricultural practice. Presented in this review is a comprehensive look at the scientific literature regarding the widely used and EU-sanctioned biostimulant substances categories of silicon, seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, and humic substances. Starting from their origin, the modulation of plants' hormonal networks, physiology, and stress defense systems, their in vivo effects are discussed on some of the most prominent vegetable species of the popular plant groupings of cucurbits, leafy greens, and nightshades. The review concludes by identifying several research areas relevant to biostimulant substances to exploit and enhance the biostimulant action of these substances and signaling molecules in horticulture.


Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura/tendências , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fertilizantes , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/efeitos dos fármacos , Verduras , Mudança Climática , Cucurbita/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias Húmicas , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Alga Marinha , Silicatos , Silício/química
13.
Theor Appl Genet ; 134(8): 2531-2545, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33914112

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: Powdery mildew resistance in zucchini is controlled by one major dominant locus, CpPM10.1. CpPM10.1 was fine mapped. The expression of candidate gene Cp4.1LG10g02780 in resistant individuals was significantly upregulated after inoculation with the powdery mildew. Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases, reducing the productivity of Cucurbita crops globally. PM influences the photosynthesis, growth and development of infected zucchini and seriously reduces fruit yield and quality. In the present study, the zucchini inbred line 'X10' had highly stable PM resistance, and the inbred line 'Jin234' was highly susceptible to PM in the seedling stage and adult stages. Genetic analysis revealed that PM resistance in 'X10' is controlled by one major dominant locus. Based on the strategy of QTL-seq combined with linkage analysis and developed molecular markers, the major locus was found to be located in a 382.9-kb candidate region on chromosome 10; therefore, the major locus was named CpPM10.1. Using 1,400 F2 individuals derived from a cross between 'X10' and 'JIN234' and F2:3 offspring of the recombinants, the CpPM10.1 locus was defined in a region of approximately 20.9 kb that contained 5 coding genes. Among them, Cp4.1LG10g02780 contained a conserved domain (RPW8), which controls resistance to a broad range of PM pathogens. Cp4.1LG10g02780 also had nonsynonymous SNPs between the resistant 'X10' and susceptible 'Jin234.' Furthermore, the expression of Cp4.1LG10g02780 was strongly positively involved in PM resistance in the key period of inoculation. Further allelic diversity analysis in zucchini germplasm resources indicated that PM resistance was associated with two SNPs in the Cp4.1LG10g02780 RPW8 domain. This study not only provides highly stable PM resistance gene resources for cucurbit crops but also lays the foundation for the functional analysis of PM resistance and resistance breeding in zucchini.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Cucurbita/genética , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética
14.
Gene ; 788: 145674, 2021 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33887370

RESUMO

During the growing season of 2018, several field-grown cucurbit plants in different parts of Iraq and Iran were surveyed for the presence of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), using two degenerate primer pairs (CIF/Rev and NIb2F/3R) targeting the two separated partial regions of the potyvirus genome (CI and NIb respectively). 7 out of 20 samples were confirmed to be infected with ZYMV. Phylogenetic analyses based on the CI gene grouped all Iranian and two Iraqi (ZYMV1 and ZYMV2) isolates together with isolates from the Middle East in the subgroup (AI), whereas the other Iraqi (ZYMV3 and ZYMV4) isolates were clustered in the subgroup (DI), which was only consisted of American isolates. The highest and lowest identity between the studied isolates and the GenBank isolates showed that the two genes (CI, NIb) of each isolate particularly the Iraqi isolates were more similar to a specific and geographically scattered mosaic of worldwide isolates, suggestive of mixed infection might have occurred between different worldwide isolates in Iraq. Furthermore, the first complete nucleotide sequence of an Iraqi ZYMV (ZYMV-Iq) isolate was done, using the Illumina sequencing technique. The complete nucleotide sequence of ZYMV-Iq isolate was 9650 nt, excluding the 3'poly (A) tail. ZYMV-Iq isolate shared the highest nt identity of 98.8% with an American (KC665630) isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full genome sequence placed ZYMV-Iq in subgroup A of group I alongside 18 isolates from the US and two isolates from Australia. In addition, recombination analysis detected lone significant recombination between ZYMV-Iq and South Korean (AY279000) isolate. Moreover, the results showed that symptom intensity was varied across experimental host plants.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Potyvirus/classificação , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodos , Austrália , Cucurbita/virologia , Tamanho do Genoma , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Irã (Geográfico) , Iraque , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Potyvirus/genética , Potyvirus/isolamento & purificação , Recombinação Genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Estados Unidos
15.
Plant Sci ; 306: 110857, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33775356

RESUMO

Dwarfism is an important agronomic trait in pumpkin that can increase yield. In this study, the dwarf Cucurbita pepo L. line X10 exhibited significantly longitudinally shorter cell length in the stem than did the normal-vine line JIN234. The dwarf stature of X10 was recovered with exogenous gibberellin (GA3) application, suggesting that X10 might be sensitive to GA biosynthesis. Genetic analysis revealed that this dwarf trait is controlled by a single completely dominant locus: CpDw (Cucurbita pepo L. Dwarf). Using 1,300 F2 individuals derived from a cross between X10 and JIN234, we mapped the CpDw locus to a region of approximately 24.6 kb on chromosome 10 that contain 5 annotated genes. The high expression level of Cp4.1LG10g05910.1 and high GA2ox enzyme activity in X10 revealed that the GA 2-oxidase gene Cp4.1LG10g05910.1 is a candidate gene for CpDw. Alignment of the Cp4.1LG10g05910.1 gene revealed two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations in the two exons, as well as several SNPs and InDels in the important functional elements of promoter between parental lines. Further allelic diversity analysis of the Cucurbita spp. germplasm resources indicated that Cp4.1LG10g05910.1 may be involved in vine growth during the early developmental stage in C. pepo but not in C. maxima or C. moschata. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the genetic regulation of vine length and crop breeding in pumpkin.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , Caules de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Caules de Planta/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Fenótipo , Caules de Planta/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas
16.
Plant Sci ; 306: 110852, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33775359

RESUMO

The effect of the rootstock on the acropetal and basipetal transport of photoassimilates and hormones was studied in the 'Kiran' (Ki) melon cultivar grafted onto pumpkin rootstocks with different degrees of compatibility. A complementary experiment was performed to compare the incompatible combination (as evidenced by plant collapse at the fruit ripening stage), designated Ki/r53, with self-grafted r53/r53 as a model compatible combination. Both experiments showed the accumulation of a number of amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols in the scion of the incompatible Ki/r53 grafts. Additionally, they showed a marked reduction of trans-zeatin-type cytokinins and an elevated content of cis-zeatin-type cytokinins in the rootstock, and the opposite pattern in the scion, hinting at the possible involvement of a hormonal signal for graft compatibility. There was no direct evidence of a blockage at the graft union, since hormone acropetal and basipetal trafficking was demonstrated for all combinations. Dye uptake experiments did not show xylem flow impairment. A possibly significant finding in the incompatible combination was the deposition of undifferentiated cells in the hollow space that replaces the pith region in melon and pumpkin. The link between the above findings and the collapse of the plants of the incompatible combination remains unclear.


Assuntos
Transporte Biológico/fisiologia , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucumis sativus/genética , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/genética , Fotossíntese/fisiologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/fisiologia , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fotossíntese/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento
17.
Plant Cell Environ ; 44(8): 2466-2479, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33764536

RESUMO

The finely tuned balance between sources and sinks determines plant resource partitioning and regulates growth and development. Understanding and measuring metabolic indicators of source or sink limitation forms a vital part of global efforts to increase crop yield for future food security. We measured metabolic profiles of Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) grown in the field under carbon sink limitation and control conditions. We demonstrate that these profiles can be measured non-destructively using hyperspectral reflectance at both leaf and canopy scales. Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) increased 82% in sink-limited plants; leaf mass per unit area (LMA) increased 38% and free amino acids increased 22%. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models link these measured functional traits with reflectance data, enabling high-throughput estimation of traits comprising the sink limitation response. Leaf- and canopy-scale models for TNC had R2 values of 0.93 and 0.64 and %RMSE of 13 and 38%, respectively. For LMA, R2 values were 0.91 and 0.60 and %RMSE 7 and 14%; for free amino acids, R2 was 0.53 and 0.21 with %RMSE 20 and 26%. Remote sensing can enable accurate, rapid detection of sink limitation in the field at the leaf and canopy scale, greatly expanding our ability to understand and measure metabolic responses to stress.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Análise Espectral/métodos , Sequestro de Carbono , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise Discriminante , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Modelos Biológicos , New York , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Estresse Fisiológico
18.
J Agric Food Chem ; 68(36): 9690-9696, 2020 Sep 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32794755

RESUMO

Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata; Cucurbitaceae) are the rich source of nutrients and valued for their biologically active substances to be used for the treatment of several diseases. The contents, composition, and conformation of starch are the significant quality traits of C. moschata. Two germplasms were targeted for analysis regarding the taste difference. Results indicated that the total starch contents and amylose/amylopectin ratio were high in CMO-X as compared to CMO-E during each fruit development stage. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that smooth surface starch granules fused together to enhance the starch accumulation. For a comparison of fruit development in CMO-E and CMO-X, the putative pathway for starch metabolism was developed and homologs were identified for each key gene involved in the pathway. GBSS and SBE were correlated with the difference in the amylose/amylopectin ratio of CMO-E and CMO-X. Conclusively, the developmental regulation of genes associated with starch accumulation can be considered as an important factor for the determination of fruit quality.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/química , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Extratos Vegetais/química , Amido/química , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/química
19.
Microbiol Res ; 240: 126535, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32629360

RESUMO

Verticillium dahliae is a significant pathogen in cucurbit cropping systems for which there are limited control options outside of soil fumigation. Endophytes, fungi and bacteria that live within plant hosts without impacting the host negatively, have exhibited antagonism to V. dahliae. The objectives of this study were to survey potential V. dahliae-antagonistic endophytes from roots of 'Cinnamon Girl' pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) grown under either polyethylene (PE), an experimental polylactic acid/ poly(hydroxalkanoate) (PLA/PHA) mulch, Weed Guard Plus, or no mulch, as well as from 'Sugar Baby' watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and 'Tetsukabuto' squash (C. maxima x C. moschata). Four selected endophytes were screened for antagonism against V. dahliae in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. A total of 777 isolates of potential fungal endophytes were recovered from pumpkin, watermelon, and squash roots between 2015 and 2016 of which 198 isolates were identified down to the genus level. Of those isolates, frequency of isolation was greatest for Dichotomopilus/Chaetomium spp. (5%), Cladosporium spp. (15.2 %), Clonostachys spp. (5.6 %), Epicoccum spp. (22.2 %), and Fusarium spp. (24.7 %). All five genera only weakly associated with roots grown under a particular mulch treatment (Cramer's V = 0.22) or cucurbit host (Cramer's V = 0.1925). In a laboratory culture plate assay, V. dahliae isolate JAW-113 was plated against one of four prospective endophytes (Dichotomopilus sp., Epicoccum sp., Microdochium sp., or Schizothecium sp.). The area under the Verticillium culture growth curve (AUVGC) was significantly highest (P < 0.0001) when V. dahliae was by Schizothecium sp. or Dichotomopilus sp. In a greenhouse study using a Mason jar assay with V. dahliae amended potting mix, pumpkin plant vigor, plant fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for plants inoculated with Dichotomopilus sp., Epicoccum sp., Microdochium sp., and Schizothecium sp. compared to plants without endophyte inoculation. Subsequent field trials in 2017 and 2018 showed no significant differences in foliar disease severity or fruit yield, regardless of whether plants were inoculated with an endophyte or not. However, recovery of V. dahliae colony forming units from pumpkin stem sap was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) for plants inoculated with either Dichotomopilus sp. or Schizothecium sp. in 2017 or Dichotomopilus sp. in 2018.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucurbita/microbiologia , Endófitos/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Verticillium , Washington
20.
J Sci Food Agric ; 100(14): 5171-5181, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32530046

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The fruit of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché is known in Mexico as 'chilacayote'. The scientific interest that C. ficifolia Bouché has acquired is due to its important hypoglycemic effect. The present research aimed (i) to discover whether this hypoglycemic property is present at different stages of development of this fruit, and (ii) to characterize some bioactive compounds with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties. Ethylene production, respiration rate, and maturity indices were determined during fruit development. The chemical characterization of the aqueous extracts of each stage of maturity studied was determined and their hypoglycemic effects were bioassayed using groups of normal mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin at a dose of 500 mg-1 kg-1 body weight. RESULTS: Respiration rate and ethylene production showed a typical pattern for non-climacteric fruit and the quality parameters did not show significant changes. Phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and chlorogenic acid were found to have the highest concentration at 15 days of development. Extracts at 15 days showed a hypoglycemic effect that was 11% greater than that of glibenclamide in diabetized mice. CONCLUSION: All stages of development of C. ficifolia fruit had a hypoglycemic effect; however, the aqueous extract from the fruit at 15 days of development showed a better effect than glibenclamide. This finding highlights the potential of this maturity stage, and shows that it is appropriate for inclusion in treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results also indicate that phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for this effect and not d-chiro-inositol as previously thought. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.


Assuntos
Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Frutas/química , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cucurbita/química , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/análise , Hipoglicemiantes/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Fenóis/administração & dosagem , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/metabolismo , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo
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