Crise econômica mundial: infância e adolescência na análise dos documentos do UNICEF / Crisis económica mundial: infancia y adolescencia en el análisis de los documentos de UNICEF / World economic crisis: childhood and adolescence in the analysis of UNICEF documents

RESUMO Este artigo investiga a produção histórica da infância e juventude de diversos países afetados pela crise econômica mundial que eclodiu em 2008, nos Estados Unidos. Foram utilizados documentos produzidos pelo UNICEF acerca das condições de vida garantidas à infância e adolescência, decorrentes das disputas ocasionadas e/ou agravadas pelo colapso financeiro mundial; foram analisados artigos internacionais que deram suporte e contribuíram nas análises dos dados documentais. Esta pesquisa foi feita por de meio de uma revisão histórica e de problematização das narrativas da literatura, com pesquisas voltadas aos países dos continentes: asiático, africano, europeu e americano. Encontraram-se fortes indicadores da precariedade em que está a política pública para a infância ao redor do mundo, principalmente em países com dificuldades socioeconômicas, além dos pertencentes ao leste europeu e nos EUA. Alerta-se acerca da necessidade de estudos sobre o impacto à infância brasileira da crise internacional e como o UNICEF tem abordado essas questões.

RESUMEN Este artículo propuso investigar la producción histórica de la niñez y la juventud de diversos países afectados por la crisis económica mundial que estalló en 2008 en los EEUU. Fueron utilizados documentos elaborados por la UNICEF sobre condiciones de vida garantizados a la infancia y adolescencia, como consecuencia de disputas influenciadas por el colapso financiero mundial; se analizaron artículos internacionales que sirvieron como soporte y contribución. Esta investigación fue realizada mediante una revisión histórica y de problematización de las narrativas de la literatura, dirigidas a la infancia en los continentes: asiático, africano, europeo, y americano. Se encontraron fuertes indicadores de inseguridad que afectan a la política publica de la infancia al rededor del mundo, principalmente en países con dificultades socioeconómicas, además de países de Europa oriental y los EEUU. Se alerta la necesidad de estudios sobre el impacto de la crisis internacional en la infancia brasileña y como la UNICEF viene ocupándose de ello.

ABSTRACT This article had as goal to investigate the historical production of childhood and youth in several countries affected by the global financial crisis that ecloded in 2008 at the United States. Various documents produced by UNICEF describing how the financial system collapse affected or aggravated the life conditions of children and adolescents were used, as well as other international articles that gave support to the documental data analysis. This research was done by means of a historical revision and problematization of literature narratives in the African, Asian, European and American continents. The search found strong indicators about the precariousness of public policies for children around the world, especially in countries with socioeconomic problems, and in Eastern Europe and the USA as well. Therefore, we alert to the need for studies about the impact of the international crisis in Brazilian children and how UNICEF is addressing these issues.

Imagens sociais de crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados e suas famílias / Imágenes sociales de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias / Social images of institutionalized children and adolescents and their families

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão teórica acerca das imagens sociais de crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados e suas famílias. Parte-se de uma perspectiva histórica acerca das instituições no Brasil até os dias atuais, em que a política de atendimento é regida pela Doutrina da Proteção Integral, prevista pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, destacando-se os prejuízos das imagens sociais negativas relativas a crianças e adolescentes em acolhimento e suas famílias. São discutidos alguns trabalhos que enfocam as imagens construídas acerca dessa população e suas consequências, tanto para os sujeitos em situação de institucionalização quanto para os profissionais que com eles trabalham. Conclui-se destacando a importância de trabalhos de sensibilização junto a profissionais que atuam na área da proteção, saúde e educação.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una reflexión teórica sobre las imágenes sociales de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias. Inicia con una perspectiva histórica sobre las instituciones de protección en Brasil hasta en la actualidad, cuando la política de asistencia se rige por la Doctrina de Protección Integral prevista por el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente, haciendo énfasis en las imágenes sociales negativas acerca de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias. Se presentan algunos trabajos que se centran en las imágenes construidas sobre esta población y sus consecuencias, tanto para los sujetos institucionalizados como para los profesionales que trabajan con ellos. Se concluye resaltando la importancia del trabajo de difusión con los profesionales que actúan en el ámbito de la protección, salud y educación.

Abstract This study presents a theoretical reflection about the social images of institutionalized children and adolescents and their families. It introduces a historical perspective about these institutions in Brazil until nowadays, in which the attendance policy is governed by the Doctrine of Integral Protection, provided by the Statute for Children and Adolescents. We highlight the prejudice of negative social images related to children and adolescents in social care and their families. Some papers that focus on the constructed images of this population and their consequences, both for the individuals in situation of institutionalization as for professionals who work with them, are discussed. In conclusion, it is highlighted the importance of awareness-raising activities with professionals working in the area of protection, health and education.

FACE DA MORTE: A LEI EM CONFLITO COM O ADOLESCENTE / EL ROSTRO DE LA MUERTE: LA LEY EN CONFLICTO CON EL ADOLESCENTE / FACE OF DEATH: THE LAW IN CONFLICT WITH YOUTHS

O artigo traça um breve panorama histórico de como a lei tem abordado a temática da infância e adolescência no Brasil desde o Código de Menores ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, priorizando o adolescente em conflito com a lei. A partir do Mapeamento Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto e do Índice de Homicídios na Adolescência, relaciona o perfil dos adolescentes brasileiros integrantes do sistema socioeducativo em meio aberto com aquele dos adolescentes vítimas de homicídio: são do sexo masculino, pobres, de baixa escolaridade, vivendo nas regiões metropolitanas dos grandes centros urbanos, embora nos últimos anos tenha se observado um processo de interiorização das mortes violentas. Partindo das compreensões de disciplina e biopoder, conforme postuladas por Michel Foucault, busca promover reflexões acerca da incidência das medidas socioeducativas sobre um determinado grupo, justamente aquele que diariamente engrossa as estatísticas de mortalidade decorrente de causas violentas...

Este artículo traza un breve panorama histórico que indica cómo se ha abordado en la legislación la temática de la infancia y la adolescencia en Brasil desde el Código de Menores hasta el Estatuto del Niño y el Adolescente, haciendo hincapié en el adolescente en conflicto con la ley. Con base en el Mapeo Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas en Medio Abierto y en el Índice de Homicidios durante la Adolescencia, se vincula el perfil de los adolescentes brasileños insertados en el sistema socioeducativo en medio abierto con el de los adolescentes víctimas de homicidios: son del sexo masculino, pobres, de escasa escolaridad y viven en las zonas metropolitanas de los grandes centros urbanos, aunque en los últimos años se ha detectado un proceso de interiorización de las muertes violentas. A partir de la comprensión de los conceptos de disciplina y biopoder, tal como los postulara Michel Foucault, se apunta a promover reflexiones acerca la incidencia de las medidas socioeducativas sobre un grupo determinado, precisamente aquél que diariamente abulta las estadísticas de mortalidad derivada de causas violentas...

The article provides a historical overview on how Brazilian law has addressed the topic of child and youth since the Minors Code to the Children and Adolescent Statute, prioritizing adolescents in conflict with law. From the National Mapping of Socio-educational Measures in Semi-Open Conditions and the Index of Homicide in Youth lists the profile of Brazilian youths that integrate the socio educative system in semi-open conditions with youths homicide victims: they are male, poor and low-schooling, living in metropolitan areas of large urban centers; although it has been observed in the recent years a process of violent deaths moving inland. Starting from the comprehensions of discipline and biopower as postulated by Michel Foucault, we seek to promote reflections regarding the incidence of socio-educational measures around a determined group, precisely the one that day-by-day monopolizes mortality statistics resulting from violent causes...

[Auguste Ambroise Tardiue--the pre-eminent forensic medical scientist and children's rights advocate].

This article is devoted to the outstanding forensic medical expert whose activities exerted the great influence on the development of forensic medicine in France and all over the world. The paper present the biographical facts concerning A A Tardiue and characterizes the contribution he made to different field of forensic medicine in the middle of the XIX century including various forms of child abuse and neglect. A brief summary of the circumstances of some court trials in which A A Tardiue participated in the capacity of a forensic medical expert is presented in conjunction with the overview of his three most important written works.

American juvenile justice system: history in the making.

The original theory behind separating juvenile offenders from adult offenders was to provide care and direction for youngsters instead of isolation and punishment. This idea took hold in the 19th century and became mainstream by the early 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, public concern grew because of a perceived lack of effectiveness and lack of rights. The Supreme Court made a series of rulings solidifying juvenile rights including the right to receive notice of charges, the right to have an attorney and the right to have charges proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In the 1980s, the public view was that the juvenile court system was too lenient and that juvenile crimes were on the rise. In the 1990s, many states passed punitive laws, including mandatory sentencing and blanket transfers to adult courts for certain crimes. As a result, the pendulum is now swinging back toward the middle from rehabilitation toward punishment.

Salem witchcraft and lessons for contemporary forensic psychiatry.

In 1692 and 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts, more than 150 colonists were accused of witchcraft, resulting in 19 being hanged and one man being crushed to death. Contributions to these events included: historical, religious and cultural belief systems; social and community concerns; economic, gender, and political factors; and local family grievances. Child witnessing, certainty of physician diagnosis, use of special evidence in the absence of scholarly and legal scrutiny, and tautological reasoning were important factors, as well. For forensic psychiatry, the events at Salem in 1692 still hold contemporary implications. These events of three centuries ago call to mind more recent daycare sexual abuse scandals.

Child abuse and its legislation: the global picture.

Amid the high income nations the first recognisable child abuse society was founded in the late 19th century in North America, but it was a century before the first global rights-based legislation in the form of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) came into play. In isolation, international legislation is insufficient to protect children but becoming party to international law sends a clear signal to the community and stakeholders that a country is committed to ensuring child protection. Incorporating and implementing the UNCRC and other child protection based legislation on a global scale is not without difficulty and there are many obstacles to fulfilling its principles and monitoring its progress. The author reviews the global pandemic of violence against children and provides an overview of the legislation that has evolved over the last century in response to it. The author also seeks to examine some of the practical difficulties and limitations in implementing global child abuse legislation with reference to three important areas: the prohibition of violence, professional capacity enhancement, and data collection and research. The role of the paediatrician is also discussed in applying a rights-based approach to promoting global child protection.

Gender, professionalization, and the child in the Progressive Era: Patty Smith Hill, 1868-1946.

This article discusses the career of Patty Smith Hill, a major figure in the American kindergarten movement, in the context of the Progressive Era in American history. Hill, an educator and child-welfare activist, became known both as a reformer of early-childhood education and as an advocate of the inclusion of the kindergarten, originally a private institution, in public-school systems. The article acknowledges this as one of the most significant achievements of the woman-led reform movements of the Progressive Era, but at the same time notes that it involved a substantial transfer of power from the women who had originally developed the kindergarten to the male principals and superintendants who now supervised kindergarten teachers, often without much understanding of their distinctive methods and aims. As a professor at Columbia Teachers College, Hill also exercised an international influence. Hill's career exemplifies broader patterns of women's professionalization during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries.

Infância e vulnerabilidade: repensando a proteção social / Childhood and vulnerability: rethinking social protection

Datam do início do século XX preocupações com o destino da infância pobre e, na sequência, a necessidade de elaboração de políticas públicas para atendê-la. Num período que antecede a inserção formal do Estado na formulação dessas políticas, tomamos como exemplo a atuação do médico Arthur Moncorvo Filho (1871-1944), que fomentou, nas primeiras quatro décadas do século passado, um grande projeto de atendimento médico e assistencial às crianças nominadas "material e moralmente abandonadas". A proteção social à infância era apresentada como baluarte de inserção do Brasil no rol das nações modernas a despeito das contradições sociais que se acirravam. Voltando os olhos para o passado e resgatando a historicidade das políticas de atendimento, confirmamos a remota existência de uma infância desprotegida. Pretendemos com este resgate refletir sobre como tem sido recorrente a defesa da proteção social, cujos desdobramentos nas políticas atuais têm outorgado à psicologia um lugar de destaque.

Since the early 20th century, there has been concern with the future of the concept of poor childhood and the creation of public policies to assist it. In a period that precedes the formal insertion of the State in the formulation of these policies, we took as example the performance of Dr. Arthur Moncorvo Filho (1871-1944), who in the first four decades of last century promoted a great project of medical service and assistance to the children considered to be "materially and morally abandoned". Social protection to childhood was presented as a bastion of Brazil's insertion in the list of modern nations, in spite of the social contradictions that were becoming more extreme. Looking back at the past and rescuing the historicity of service policies, we confirmed the existence remote of an unprotected childhood. With this recollection, we intended to reflect upon how recurring has been the defense of social protection, whose unfolding in current policies have given psychology a prominence place.

Coleman Advocates for Children And Youth: a pioneering child advocacy organization (1974-2008).

Coleman Advocates for Youth and Children is a pioneering 30-year-old child advocacy organization founded by several affluent community members and children's service professionals to stop housing abused and neglected children in juvenile hall. Today, low-income youth and parents in families of color are now assuming leadership in developing a unique hybrid approach that integrates community organizing with more traditional child advocacy strategies and focuses on increasing affordable housing and improving the city's educational system. The strategies employed by Coleman have also evolved, shifting from insider advocacy with administrative officials to public campaigns targeting the city budget process, to local initiative campaigns, and most recently to electoral politics. This organizational history features the issues mission and structure, leadership, managing issues, advocacy strategies and community relations, and funding.