RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Distinct diseases prevent endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) recovery. Fundamental etiological factors include nutriments, a mayor component of habitat quality. Undernutrition affects growth, skeletal development, osteopathology, reproduction and immunocompetence: this paper amplifies data corroborating micro-nutrient deficiencies among huemul. RESULTS: In Argentina, 57% huemul cadavers exhibited osteopathology, with new cases reported here. Recently, 86% live huemul had osteopathology: cranial lesions involved antemortem tooth loss, reducing feeding efficiency and body condition, with starvation deaths. This population had tissues well deficient compared to other cervids, averaging 0.28 ppm selenium, 4.98 ppm copper, whereas for manganese 55% were deficient (2.52 ppm) and 45% adequate (42.79 ppm). Recently, lesions in one Chilean huemul were interpreted to stem from parapoxvirus. That population also has cases with cranial osteopathologies, high disease susceptibility (parapoxvirus, parasitism, foot lesions), crippled antlers, and low density, indicative of marginal habitat and primary etiological factors like undernutrition and immunosuppression. The reported atypical symptoms attributed to parapoxvirus may relate to probable diagnostic limitations, but does support presence of nutritional deficiencies. Patagonia has selenium deficient plants and livestock, including severe muscular dystrophy, and soil levels in extant huemul areas considered very deficient. Moreover, 73% of Chilean huemul were selenium deficient and 64% severely deficient with concomitant cranial osteopathology.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas/veterinária , Cervos , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/veterinária , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Doenças Dentárias/veterinária , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Autopsia , Doenças Ósseas/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/epidemiologia , Masculino , Infecções por Poxviridae/epidemiologia , Doenças Dentárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Species differences in calcium and phosphorus metabolism can be expressed via dietary and faecal calcium/phosphorus ratios. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to use faecal Ca/P ratios as an indicator of phosphorus digestibility in growing pigs as a simple diagnostic tool. This tool can be useful in cases of suspected phosphorus deficiency but adequate dietary calcium and phosphorus contents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Studies (n = 34) with phytase-supplemented (PHYT; n = 110) and non-supplemented control (CON; n = 106) diets were analysed for dietary intake, faecal excretion and apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus. A modified Lucas-test was used for both minerals plotting intake against faecal excretion (mg/kg body weight0.75). RESULTS: For calcium, there was no significant difference between PHYT and CON (p = 0.29) while in accordance with literature, the relative faecal phosphorus excretion was significantly lower in PHYT than CON (p < 0.01). Faecal calcium/phosphorus ratios were calculated and grouped according to the animals' body weight and apparent phosphorus digestibility (body weight ≤ 30 kg: apparent phosphorus digestibility ≤ 60 % and > 60 %; body weight > 30 kg: apparent phosphorus digestibility ≤ 40 % and > 40 %). CONCLUSION: Data distribution as displayed in a box plot shows that - given a dietary Ca/P ratio of > 1.2 - faecal Ca/P ratios of > 1.5 in pigs with a body weight of ≤ 30 kg and of > 1.2 in pigs with a body weight of > 30 kg indicate a high apparent digestibility of phosphorus of > 60 % and > 40 %, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When faecal samples reveal a Ca/P ratio above the indicated thresholds, a low phosphorus digestibility is unlikely. No conclusion regarding the apparent phosphorus digestibility can be drawn from faecal Ca/P ratios below this threshold.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Deficiências Nutricionais , Fezes/química , Fósforo , 6-Fitase/análise , Animais , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Cálcio da Dieta/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/diagnóstico , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Digestão/fisiologia , Fósforo/análise , Fósforo/deficiência , Fósforo/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
This case report presents investigations of muscle problems in three male water buffaloes (1-2 years) kept extensively (loose housing, pasture). The bulls were presented because of listlessness and increased lying periods. They displayed difficulties to stand up, a stilted gait, and tremor in the legs. The determination of the selenium concentration by the measurement of glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood samples (EDTA) demonstrated selenium deficiency in all three buffaloes. This confirmed the tentative diagnosis of nutritive myodystrophy due to selenium deficiency. Following a single injection of 1500 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopherol acetate and 11 mg sodium selenite, the bulls recovered clinically. The whole blood samples taken subsequently from seven adult water buffaloes on the farm showed selenium deficiency in all animals. Consequently, slow-release multi-trace element boluses were administered once orally - as far as possible - to all adult animals of the herd. After 1 year, a good to very good selenium supply was observed in all these buffaloes, except for one cow, in which bolus application had failed.
Assuntos
Búfalos , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Agricultura Orgânica , Selênio/deficiência , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Deficiências Nutricionais/tratamento farmacológico , Fazendas , Masculino , Distrofias Musculares/etiologia , Selenito de Sódio/administração & dosagem , alfa-Tocoferol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
: In 2015, an emaciated Rocky Mountain bighorn ( Ovis canadensis) ram was submitted to the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. There were numerous thick-walled abscesses subcutaneously and internally, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture. In addition, the ram was severely copper deficient, with a liver copper concentration of 1.6 mg/kg.
Assuntos
Cobre/deficiência , Infecções por Corynebacterium/veterinária , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Carneiro da Montanha , Animais , Infecções por Corynebacterium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/patologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/patologia , Masculino , Utah/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Subclinical zinc deficiency (SZD) represents the common zinc malnutrition phenotype. However, its association with oxidative stress is not well understood. The heart muscle may be a promising target for studying early changes in redox metabolism.Objective: We investigated the effects of short-term SZD on cardiac redox metabolism in weaned piglets.Methods: Forty-eight weaned German Large White × Landrace × Piétrain piglets (50% castrated males and 50% females; body weight of 8.5 kg) were fed diets with different zinc concentrations for 8 d. Measurements included cardiac parameters of antioxidative capacity, stress-associated gene expression, and tissue zinc status. Analyses comprised (linear, broken-line) regression models and Pearson correlation coefficients.Results: Glutathione and α-tocopherol concentrations as well as catalase, glutathione reductase, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, and caspase 9 gene expression plateaued in response to reduction in dietary zinc from 88.0 to 57.6, 36.0, 36.5, 41.3, 55.3, and 33.8 mg/kg, respectively (P < 0.0001). Further reduction in dietary zinc promoted a linear decrease of glutathione and α-tocopherol (30 and 0.6 nmol/mg dietary Zn, respectively; P < 0.05) and a linear increase of gene expression [0.02, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.02 Log10(2-ΔΔCt)/mg dietary Zn, respectively; P < 0.05)]. Tissue zinc declined linearly with reduction in dietary zinc (0.21 mg tissue Zn/mg dietary Zn; P = 0.004) from 88.0 to 42.7 mg/kg (P < 0.0001), below which it linearly increased inversely to further reduction in dietary zinc (0.57 mg tissue Zn/mg dietary Zn; P = 0.006). H2O2-detoxification activity and metallothionein 1A gene expression decreased linearly with reduction in dietary zinc from 88.0 to 28.1 mg/kg [0.02 mU and 0.008 Log10(2-ΔΔCt)/mg dietary Zn, respectively; P < 0.05]. Fas cell-surface death receptor, etoposide-induced 2.4 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A gene expression correlated positively to cardiac zinc in piglets fed ≤42.7 mg Zn/kg (r ≥ 0.97; P < 0.05).Conclusions: Short-term SZD decreased cardiac antioxidative capacity of weaned piglets while simultaneously increasing stress-associated gene expression and zinc concentration. This is the first report to our knowledge on the effects of SZD on redox metabolism.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Coração/fisiologia , Suínos , Zinco/deficiência , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Oxirredução , Zinco/químicaRESUMO
For this study, threonine (Thr) deficiency was hypothesised to exacerbate the intestinal damage induced by feed withdrawal with coccidial infection because of its high obligatory requirement by the gut; two dietary Thr treatments (0·49 and 0·90 %) were applied to chicks from 0 to 21 d of age. At 13 d of age, feed was withdrawn for 24 h from one-half of birds of each dietary treatment with subsequent gavage of a 25× dose of coccidial vaccine. Overall, there were four treatments with eight replicate cages per treatment. Under combined challenge, birds fed the Thr-deficient diet had 38 % lower 13-21-d body weight gain (P≤0·05) compared with birds fed the Thr-control diet. At 21 d, the challenged group fed low Thr had higher number of oocysts (+40 %, P=0·03) and lower crypt depth (-31 %, P0·05). Overall, Thr deficiency worsened the detrimental effects of combined feed withdrawal and coccidial infection on growth performance and oocyst shedding by impairing intestinal morphology, barrier function, lymphocyte profiles and their cytokine expressions.
Assuntos
Coccidiose/veterinária , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Imunidade nas Mucosas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/fisiopatologia , Vacinas Protozoárias/uso terapêutico , Treonina/deficiência , Administração Oral , Animais , Restrição Calórica/efeitos adversos , Restrição Calórica/veterinária , Ceco/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/imunologia , Ceco/parasitologia , Ceco/patologia , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coccidiose/imunologia , Coccidiose/patologia , Coccidiose/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/veterinária , Eimeria/efeitos dos fármacos , Eimeria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eimeria/imunologia , Eimeria/isolamento & purificação , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/imunologia , Íleo/parasitologia , Íleo/patologia , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Jejuno/imunologia , Masculino , Oocistos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oocistos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oocistos/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Protozoárias/administração & dosagem , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The study was conducted to identify the major production constraints of Hamari sheep in Darfur and Kordofan Regions of Western Sudan. A structured questionnaire was administered to 128 farmers in Darfur and Kordofan. Feed shortages, prevalence of diseases and parasites, and predation were more severe in Darfur than Kordofan (P < 0.05). Thefts were ranked higher by farmers using the sedentary system compared to those using semi-nomadic system (P < 0.05). Water shortage was ranked higher by farmers with small flocks, large flocks, semi-nomadic and sedentary husbandry system in Kordofan than their counterparts in Darfur Region (P < 0.05). Farmers practising semi-nomadic husbandry system and sedentary system in Darfur region ranked diseases, parasites and predation higher than those practising semi-nomadic and sedentary system in Kordofan region (P < 0.05). Feed shortage was ranked higher as a challenge by farmers practising semi-nomadic system in Darfur Region than those practising semi-nomadic system in Kordofan Region (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the severity of challenges facing Hamari sheep producers vary with flock size, region and production system used.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Agricultura , Animais , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Secas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Ovinos , Sudão/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Selenium, a "dual-surface" element, maintains a very thin line between a level of necessity and harmfulness. Because of this, a deficiency or excess of this element in an organism is dangerous and causes health-related problems, both physically and mentally. The main source of selenium is a balanced diet, with a proper selection of meat and plant products. Meanwhile, the proper assimilation of selenium into these products depends on their bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and/or bioactivity of a given selenium compound. From the time when it was discovered that selenium and its compounds have a significant influence on metabolic processes and in many countries throughout the world, a low quantity of selenium was found in different parts of the environment, pressure was put upon an effective and fast method of supplementing the environment with the help of selenium. This work describes supplementation methods applied with the use of selenium, as well as new ideas for increasing the level of this element in various organisms. Based on the fact that selenium appears in the environment at trace levels, the determination of total amount of selenium or selenium speciation in a given sample demands the selection of appropriate measurement methods. These methods are most often comprised of a sample preparation technique and/or a separation technique as well as a detection system. The work presents information on the subject of analytical methods used for determining selenium and its compounds as well as examples in literature of their application.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Compostos de Selênio/uso terapêutico , Selênio/uso terapêutico , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Valor Nutritivo , Selênio/análise , Selênio/deficiência , Selênio/intoxicação , Compostos de Selênio/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Selênio/análise , Compostos de Selênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), a catadromous teleost of significant and growing commercial importance, are reported to have limited fatty acid bioconversion capability and therefore require preformed long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) as dietary essential fatty acid (EFA). In this study, the response of juvenile barramundi (47·0 g/fish initial weight) fed isolipidic and isoenergetic diets with 8·2% added oil was tested. The experimental test diets were either devoid of fish oil (FO), and thus with no n-3 LC-PUFA (FO FREE diet), or with a low inclusion of FO (FO LOW diet). These were compared against a control diet containing only FO (FO CTRL diet) as the added lipid source, over an 8-week period. Interim samples and measurements were taken fortnightly during the trial in order to define the aetiology of the onset and progression of EFA deficiency. After 2 weeks, the fish fed the FO FREE and FO LOW diets had significantly lower live-weights, and after 8 weeks significant differences were detected for all performance parameters. The fish fed the FO FREE diet also had a significantly higher incidence of external abnormalities. The transcription of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism was affected after 2 weeks of feeding, showing a rapid nutritional regulation. This experiment documents the aetiology of the onset and the progression of EFA deficiency in juvenile barramundi and demonstrates that such deficiencies can be detected within 2 weeks in juvenile fish.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/deficiência , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Peixes/metabolismo , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Fígado/enzimologia , Animais , Comportamento Apetitivo , Aquicultura , Austrália , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Doenças dos Peixes/enzimologia , Doenças dos Peixes/fisiopatologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Óleos de Peixe/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Azeite de Oliva/efeitos adversos , Tamanho do Órgão , Óleo de Palmeira , Óleos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A current priority in aquaculture is the replacement of fish meal with alternative feedstuffs to ensure the industry's sustainability. However, most alternative protein sources are deficient in at least 1 indispensable amino acid (IAA). Therefore, there is a critical need to establish refined estimates of IAA requirements of fish. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the total aromatic amino acid (TAAA) requirement (Phe + Tyr) and the Tyr replacement value for Phe in juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. METHODS: The TAAA requirement was obtained by feeding juvenile red drum diets that contained incremental amounts of Phe (0.54, 0.84, 1.14, 1.44, 1.74, and 2.04 g/100 g dry diet) and a fixed concentration of Tyr. Because of the TAAA requirement obtained, a second feeding trial was conducted to determine the maximum Tyr replacement value for Phe when a control diet was prepared with an 80%:20% Phe-to-Tyr ratio (Phe:Tyr; 1.60 g Phe/100 g dry diet and 0.41 g Tyr/100 g), and 5 experimental diets were prepared by decreasing the inclusion of Phe and increasing the inclusion of Tyr (Phe:Tyr of 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%, 40%:60%, and 30%:70%). RESULTS: Weight gain, the feed efficiency ratio, and the protein efficiency ratio increased 354%, 133%, and 134%, respectively, relative to that of fish fed the basal diet as the Phe concentration increased to 1.44 g/100 g of dry diet; at higher concentrations of Phe, no significant differences were found between treatments. Analysis of the weight gain data with a broken-line model estimated the TAAA requirement of red drum to be 2.10 g/100 g dry diet (1.69 g Phe + 0.41 g Tyr). The maximum Tyr replacement value for Phe was estimated at 40%:60% Phe:Tyr, because only fish fed the diet with a 30%:70% Phe:Tyr ratio had a significant reduction (42%) in growth performance. CONCLUSION: The TAAA requirement for maximum growth of juvenile red drum was estimated to be 2.10 ± 0.08 g/100 g dry diet. Moreover, Tyr can account for up to 60% of the TAAA requirement of juvenile red drum.
Assuntos
Dieta/veterinária , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Biológicos , Fenilalanina/administração & dosagem , Tirosina/administração & dosagem , Adiposidade , Aminoácidos Aromáticos/deficiência , Animais , Aquicultura , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Ingestão de Energia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Necessidades Nutricionais , Tamanho do Órgão , Fenilalanina/deficiência , Fenilalanina/uso terapêutico , Alimentos Marinhos , Texas , Tirosina/uso terapêutico , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
In the present study, a linear regression analysis between lysine intake and lysine retention was conducted to investigate the efficiency of lysine utilisation (k(Lys)) at marginal lysine intake of either protein-bound or free lysine sources in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). For this purpose, nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 2·25-4·12 g lysine/100 g crude protein (CP) to ensure that lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all diets. The basal diet contained 2·25 g lysine/100 g CP. Graded levels of casein (Cas), fishmeal (FM) and L-lysine HCl (Lys) were added to the experimental diets to achieve stepwise lysine increments. A total of 240 fish (initial weight 50·1 g) were hand-fed all the experimental diets once daily until apparent satiation over a period of 56 d. Feed intake was significantly affected by dietary lysine concentration rather than by dietary lysine source. Specific growth rate increased significantly at higher lysine concentrations (P< 0·001). CP, crude lipid and crude ash contents in the whole body were affected by the dietary treatments. The linear regression slope between lysine retention and lysine intake (k(Lys)) was similar between all the dietary lysine sources. The k(Lys) values for the diets supplemented with Cas, Lys or FM were 0·833, 0·857 and 0·684, respectively. The bioavailability of lysine from the respective lysine sources was determined by a slope-ratio approach. The bioavailability of lysine (relative to the reference lysine source Cas) from FM and Lys was 82·1 and 103 %, respectively. Nutrient requirement for maintenance was in the range of 16·7-23·4 mg/kg(0·8) per d, and did not differ between the treatments. There were no significant differences in lysine utilisation efficiency or bioavailability of protein-bound or crystalline lysine from the respective sources observed when lysine was confirmed to be the first-limiting nutrient.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/veterinária , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Produtos Pesqueiros , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Linguados/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lisina/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Animais , Aquicultura , Caseínas/administração & dosagem , Caseínas/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/uso terapêutico , Ingestão de Energia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Proteínas de Peixes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Peixes/uso terapêutico , Glutens/efeitos adversos , Modelos Lineares , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lisina/administração & dosagem , Lisina/deficiência , Lisina/uso terapêutico , Valor Nutritivo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
A20 is an anti-inflammatory protein that suppresses ubiquitin-dependent nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, which can be regulated by the microelement zinc (Zn). In mammals, Zn deficiency contributes to a decrease in A20 abundance, which impairs the gut mucosa barrier. However, it is unclear whether the epigenetic reprogramming of the A20 promoter is involved in enhanced Zn-induced intestinal immunity, especially in avian species. Herein, we show that maternal organic Zn exposure resulted in significantly improved intestinal morphological characteristics, increased mucin 2 (MUC2) abundance and secretory IgA (sIgA) production in progeny jejunums. Maternal and offspring Zn supplementation partially alleviated Zn-deficiency-induced inflammatory response, accompanied by repression of NF-κB signaling. Additionally, we observed DNA hypomethylation and histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) hyperacetylation at the A20 promoter region and subsequent activated A20 expression in Zn-supplemented hens compared with control. Notably, maternal dietary organic Zn exposure exhibited greater attenuation of gut impairment, along with increased MUC2 expression and sIgA level, and decreased the abundance of TNF-α and A20 relative to the inorganic-Zn group. Furthermore, enhanced acetylated H3K9 and A20 transcription at day 14 was found in the offspring adequate dietary Zn group. Thus, A20 may be a novel inflammatory-suppressed factor of chick gut that is persistently promoted by dietary Zn supplementation via epigenetic modifications at A20 promoter.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves/prevenção & controle , Dieta/veterinária , Enterite/veterinária , Histonas/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Acetilação , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Proteínas Aviárias/agonistas , Proteínas Aviárias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves/etiologia , Doenças das Aves/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Galinhas , China , Metilação de DNA , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Enterite/metabolismo , Enterite/patologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Jejuno/imunologia , Jejuno/metabolismo , Jejuno/patologia , Masculino , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Zinco/deficiênciaRESUMO
Selenium (Se) is a trace element playing an important role in animal and human physiological homeostasis. It is a key component in selenoproteins (SeP) exerting multiple actions on endocrine, immune, inflammatory and reproductive processes. The SeP family of glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px) inactivates peroxides and thereby maintains physiological muscle function in humans and animals. Animals with high feed conversion efficiency and substantial muscle mass have shown susceptibility to Se deficiency related diseases since nutritional requirements of the organism may not be covered. Mulberry Heart Disease (MHD) in pigs is an important manifestation of Se deficiency often implicating acute heart failure and sudden death without prior clinical signs. Post-mortem findings include hemorrhagic and pale myocardial areas accompanied by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac and pleural cavity. Challenges in MHD are emerging in various parts of the world. Se is of fundamental importance also to human health. In the 1930s the Se deficiency associated cardiomyopathy named Keshan Disease (KD) was described for the first time in China. Various manifestations, such as cardiogenic shock, enlarged heart, congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias are common. Multifocal necrosis and fibrous replacement of myocardium are characteristic findings. Pathological findings in MD and KD show striking similarities.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Cardiomiopatias/etiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Modelos Biológicos , Selênio/deficiência , Doenças dos Suínos/etiologia , Animais , Cardiomiopatias/prevenção & controle , Cardiomiopatias/veterinária , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Humanos , Necessidades Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional , Selênio/metabolismo , Selênio/uso terapêutico , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/fisiopatologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Despite different geological features the Nordic countries are generally selenium-poor areas. In each country various factors such as food importation and life-style determine the selenium (Se) intake. Due to an extremely low Se intake in the 1970s in Finland, 0.025 mg/day, an official decision was made in 1984 to supplement multinutrient fertilizers with Se in the chemical form of sodium selenate. Almost all fertilizers used in Finland since 1985 have contained Se. Currently all crop fertilizers contain 15 mg Se/kg. Finland is still the only country to take this country-wide measure. In a national monitoring programme, sampling of cereals, basic foodstuffs, feeds, fertilizers, soils, and human tissues has been carried out annually since 1985 by four governmental research organizations. Sampling of foods has been done four times per year and human blood has been obtained annually from the same (n=60) adults. The accuracy of analyses has been verified by annual interlaboratory quality control. During this programme the selenium concentration of spring cereals has increased on average 15-fold compared with the level before the Se fertilization. The mean increase in the Se concentration in beef, pork and milk was 6-, 2- and 3-fold. In terms of Se, organically grown foods of plant origin are generally comparable to products produced before the Se supplementation of fertilizers. Milk from organically fed cows is 50% lower in Se than the usual milk. The average dietary human intake increased from 0.04 mg Se/day/10 MJ in 1985 to a present plateau of 0.08 mg Se/day/10 MJ, which is well above the current nutrition recommendations. Foods of animal origin contribute over 70% of the total daily Se intake. The mean human plasma Se concentration increased from 0.89 µmol/L to a general level of 1.40 µmol/L that can be considered to be an optimal status. The absence of Se deficiency diseases and a reference population have made conclusions on the impact on human health difficult. However, the rates of cardiovascular diseases and cancers have remained similar during the pre- and post-supplementation indicating medical and life-style factors to be much stronger determinants than Se. The nationwide supplementation of fertilizers with sodium selenate is shown to be effective and safe in increasing the Se intake of the whole population. Also, the health of animals has improved.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Fertilizantes , Política Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Finlândia , Humanos , Ácido Selênico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Selênico/metabolismo , Ácido Selênico/uso terapêutico , Selênio/deficiência , Selênio/metabolismo , Selênio/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In the present study, thirty-five Nellore bulls were used to determine the effects of two levels and two sources (organic and inorganic) of Cu supplementation on the oxidative stability of lipids, measured by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) test, meat colour and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities. The following treatments were used: (1) control (C) - basal diet without supplementation of Cu (7 mg Cu/kg DM); (2) I10 - basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate (inorganic form); (3) I40 - basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate; (4) O10 - basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate (organic form); (5) O40 - basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate. Lipid oxidation was determined in meat samples exposed to display, modified atmosphere (MA) and vacuum packaging (VC) conditions and in liver samples using the TBARS test. These samples were also evaluated for meat discolouration after exposure to air. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes were determined in liver samples. In display, MA and VC conditions, the TBARS values of samples from animals supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM were lower than those of samples from control animals. There was no effect of treatment on the colour variables (L*, a*, b*). There was also no significant effect of treatment on hepatic TBARS concentrations and GSH-Px activity. Supplementation with Cu at 40 mg/kg, regardless of the source, induced higher hepatic SOD activity compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, Cu supplementation improved the oxidative stability of lipids in samples exposed to display, MA and VC conditions, demonstrating the antioxidant effect of this mineral.
Assuntos
Cobre/uso terapêutico , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/enzimologia , Carne/análise , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Bovinos , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/efeitos adversos , Cobre/deficiência , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Embalagem de Alimentos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Pigmentação , Superóxido Dismutase/química , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
During the last few decades, plant protein ingredients such as soya proteins have replaced fishmeal in the diets of aquacultured species. This may affect the requirement and metabolism of methionine as soya contains less methionine compared with fishmeal. To assess whether methionine limitation affects decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine availability and polyamine status, in the present study, juvenile Atlantic salmon were fed a methionine-deficient plant protein-based diet or the same diet supplemented with dl-methionine for 8 weeks. The test diets were compared with a fishmeal-based control diet to assess their effects on the growth performance of fish. Methionine limitation reduced growth and protein accretion, but when fish were fed the dl-methionine-supplemented diet their growth and protein accretion equalled those of fish fed the fishmeal-based control diet. Methionine limitation reduced free methionine concentrations in the plasma and muscle, while those in the liver were not affected. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentrations were higher in the liver of fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, while S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations were not affected. Putrescine concentrations were higher and spermine concentrations were lower in the liver of fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, while the gene expression of SAM decarboxylase (SAMdc) and the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was not affected. Polyamine turnover, as assessed by spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase (SSAT) abundance, activity and gene expression, was not affected by treatment. However, the gene expression of the cytokine TNF-α increased in fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, indicative of stressful conditions in the liver. Even though taurine concentrations in the liver were not affected by treatment, methionine and taurine concentrations in muscle decreased due to methionine deficiency. Concomitantly, liver phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were reduced, while NEFA concentrations were elevated. In conclusion, methionine deficiency did not increase polyamine turnover through depletion of hepatic SAM, as assessed by SSAT activity and abundance.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Fígado/metabolismo , Metionina/deficiência , Poliaminas/metabolismo , S-Adenosilmetionina/metabolismo , Salmo salar/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Acetiltransferases/genética , Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Adenosilmetionina Descarboxilase/genética , Adenosilmetionina Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Animais , Aquicultura , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/patologia , Metionina/metabolismo , Metionina/uso terapêutico , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Noruega , Ornitina Descarboxilase/genética , Ornitina Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Putrescina/metabolismo , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Espermina/metabolismo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Methionine is a limiting essential amino acid in most plant-based ingredients of fish feed. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of dietary methionine concentrations on several main factors involved in the regulation of mRNA translation and the two major proteolytic pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal) in the white muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish were fed for 6 weeks one of the three isonitrogenous diets providing three different methionine concentrations (deficient (DEF), adequate (ADQ) and excess (EXC)). At the end of the experiment, the fish fed the DEF diet had a significantly lower body weight and feed efficiency compared with those fed the EXC and ADQ diets. This reduction in the growth of fish fed the DEF diet was accompanied by a decrease in the activation of the translation initiation factors ribosomal protein S6 and eIF2α. The levels of the main autophagy-related markers (LC3-II and beclin 1) as well as the expression of several autophagy genes (atg4b, atg12 l, Uvrag, SQSTM1, Mul1 and Bnip3) were higher in the white muscle of fish fed the DEF diet. Similarly, the mRNA levels of several proteasome-related genes (Fbx32, MuRF2, MuRF3, ZNF216 and Trim32) were significantly up-regulated by methionine limitation. Together, these results extend our understanding of mechanisms regulating the reduction of muscle growth induced by dietary methionine deficiency, providing valuable information on the biomarkers of the effects of low-fishmeal diets.
Assuntos
Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Metionina/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolismo , Animais , Aquicultura , Autofagia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/patologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Doenças dos Peixes/etiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Doenças dos Peixes/fisiopatologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , França , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Metionina/administração & dosagem , Metionina/deficiência , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/patologia , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/etiologia , Doenças Musculares/veterinária , Oncorhynchus mykiss/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteínas Ubiquitinadas/genética , Proteínas Ubiquitinadas/metabolismo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of differences in the selenium supply of cattle across Europe. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 35,722 serum samples from cattle throughout Europe (unknown clinical status), which had been sent by veterinarians to the IDEXX Vet Med Lab Ludwigsburg, Germany between January 1st, 2006, and June 30th, 2013, were analyzed routinely for the selenium concentration using ICP-analysis. RESULTS: The collective data of the selenium concentration in cattle serum display seasonal variations, with a lower concentration during summer when compared to the winter. In recent years, the selenium supply has decreased. The farm size, husbandry conditions, economic situation, soil selenium concentration and the countries' specific feeding together play a key role in the selenium supply of the herd. Hungary and the Scandinavian countries Sweden and Denmark show the best selenium supply in Europe. A very poor situation exists in France and Luxembourg (> 50% of the cattle samples are undersupplied). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An optimal selenium supply for cattle is very important; a trace element deficiency can cause negative health effects and impair herd performance. The selenium concentration varies considerably, depending upon feeding and husbandry conditions. Therefore, a serum selenium analysis in cattle is essential and should be performed annually.