Dental anomalies in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and comparative studies.

BACKGROUND: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder primarily caused by mutations in the genes involved in the production of type 1 collagen. OI is also known as brittle bone disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the prevalence of dental anomalies (except dentinogenesis imperfecta) in individuals with OI, and compare the prevalence of dental anomalies between individuals with and without OI and between individuals with different types of OI. SEARCH METHODS: Searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, and gray literature were performed in October 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: Observational studies (with or without a comparison group) that evaluated the prevalence of dental anomalies in individuals with OI. Data collection and analysis: Data items were extracted by two authors. Quality assessment employing the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and meta-analyses was conducted. Results were provided in prevalence values and odds ratio (OR) / 95% confidence interval (CI). Strength of evidence was determined. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included. Most prevalent dental anomalies in individuals with OI included pulp obliteration (46.4%), dental impaction (33.5%), dental impaction of second molars (27%), and tooth agenesis (23.9%). Individuals with OI type III/IV had 20.16-fold greater chance of exhibiting tooth discoloration in comparison with individuals with OI type I (CI: 1.10-370.98). In comparison with the group without OI, the individuals with OI had 6.90-fold greater chance of exhibiting dental impaction (CI: 1.54-31.00). High methodological quality was found in 47% of the studies. Strength of evidence was low or very low. CONCLUSIONS: Pulp obliteration, dental impaction, and tooth agenesis were the most prevalent dental anomalies in the OI group. Individuals with OI were more likely to have dental impaction than individuals without OI. Individuals with OI type III/IV (severe-moderate) are more likely to have tooth discoloration than individuals with OI type I (mild).

[Risk factors for the presence of dental black stain in 82 children].

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of dental black stain in children and analyze the risk factors of dental black stain. METHODS: We conducted this investigation through a case-control study. A total of 164 children (82 children with dental black stain and 82 children without dental black stain) were recruited from Shanghai Stomatological Hospital. Data regarding their oral hygiene habits, dietary habits, diseases and medication situations were collected by a questionnaire survey. Samples of saliva were collected for pH analysis. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of children in the black stain group who used bottled water as the main source of drinking water was lower than that in the control group (18.3% vs 35.4%), and the proportion of children who used Chinese herbs or eating more vegetables(≥2 times/day) was higher than that in the control group(23.2% vs 9.8%，29.3% vs 14.6%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that taking Chinese herbal medicine and eating more vegetables(≥2 times/day) were risk factors for tooth black stains(P<0.05), and use of bottled water as the main source of drinking water was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: Taking Chinese herbal medicine and eating more vegetables(≥2 times/day) are risk factors for tooth pigmentation, while drinking more bottled water can reduce the risk of pigmentation.

Forensic Identification Through Tooth Discoloration And Alignment.

BACKGROUND: Due to poor oral hygiene and use of tobacco, dental discolorations are present in some people and may indicate presence of toxic substances in food or body, while some have anatomical faulty alignment of teeth. The objective of the study was to know the frequency of these discolorations and faulty dental alignment in the target population so that a forensic tool could be developed. METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the Dentistry Department of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad during the month of October 2019, on routine patients visiting the department, using non-probability convenience sampling. A Performa was made to be filled by dentists examining their patients using the standard dentition chart to locate teeth; notation chart was used for recording observations. The preliminaries along with subvariables were recorded in the Performa for each of 101 patients observed; data were analyzed by SPSS 20 for descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the Dentistry Department of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad during the month of October 2019, on routine patients visiting the department, using non-probability convenience sampling. A Performa was made to be filled by dentists examining their patients using the standard dentition chart to locate teeth; notation chart was used for recording observations. The preliminaries along with subvariables were recorded in the Performa for each of 101 patients observed; data were analyzed by SPSS 20 for descriptive statistics. CONCLUSIONS: Dental discolorations and faulty alignment of teeth can be utilized as useful tools in exclusionary method of identification which can be used in living and dead for investigation of identification. It was also observed that there is need to emphasize on community dental hygiene in our hospitals.

Do Patients with Extrinsic Black Tooth Stains Have a Lower Dental Caries Experience? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Studies have suggested that individuals affected by extrinsic black tooth stains have less dental caries experience in comparison to those without this condition. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether there is scientific evidence demonstrating that extrinsic black stains are a protective factor for the occurrence of dental caries. This systematic review was developed in accordance with the PRISMA statement and the research question was determined using the PECO strategy. Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Science Direct, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles published up to September 2018. All articles included were submitted to an appraisal of methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the data were extracted for meta-analysis. The search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 9,108 publications. After the application of the eligibility criteria, 18 articles were selected for analysis, 13 of which were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that individuals with extrinsic black stains involving primary (median, MD: -0.78 [-1.09; -0.48]; I2 = 44%) and permanent (MD: -0.50 [-0.93; -0.08]; I2 = 86%) teeth have a lower dental caries experience in comparison to those without this condition. Patients with extrinsic black tooth stains have a lower dental caries experience in cross-sectional studies.

Profile of intrusive luxation and healing complications in deciduous and permanent teeth - a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study analyse the profile of intrusion in deciduous (DT) and permanent teeth (PT), the occurrence of healing complications (HC), type of treatments and predisposing factors. METHODS: The records of patients attended from 2005 to 2011 were analysed. Records of patients who had one or more intruded DT or PT were included in the study. Data collected from dental records included age, gender, attendance (immediate/mediate), healing complications and type of treatment. A Chi-square test and Logistic regression (p ≤ .05) were performed to evaluate the associations between the type of teeth and presence of HC, as well as to explore the interactions between predisposing factors. RESULTS: The intrusion prevalence was 9.98% in DT and 2.45% in PT. Partial intrusion (57.3%) with palatal direction of the crown (61.8%) was most prevalent in DT, while complete intrusion (56.7%) with buccal direction of the crown (58.1%) was predominant for PT. Mobility was the most common HC in DT compared to root resorption in PT. Minimally invasive treatments were the most common therapy for DT compared to invasive treatments for PT. PT demonstrated increased HC when compared to DT (p = .004). A logistic regression illustrated that the level of intrusion and crown direction during the trauma did not influence the occurrence of HC (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Intrusion's profile in DT and PT are different. PT showed more HC than DT, however the level of intrusion and crown direction were not associated with the presence of HC.

Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain

The aim of the study was to show whether there is any influence of food, drink or drug intake on the formation of tooth discoloration. A total of 500 patients aged 15-25 years were examined to take part in the study. Of these, 60 patients were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 included patients with black pigmentation on vestibular/oral tooth surfaces. Group 2 included patients without discoloration (control). Data were recorded in a questionnaire. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine elements in discoloration samples. The Caries Risk Test (CRT) buffer was used to assess buffer capacity of saliva, while CRT bacteria were used to determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Statistically significant between-group differences were found for the intake of collard greens and beets (p<0.05), but not for other vegetables. As for drink consumption, patients with pigmentation reported less wine intake (p<0.05) than those without pigmentation. There was no difference according to drug intake between patients with and without pigmentation. Patients with pigmentation were older, smoked and had lower saliva pH with lower presence of Streptococcus mutans than those without pigmentation (p<0.05). In tooth discoloration samples, there were traces of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. The appearance of tooth discoloration is influenced by many factors, among which diet and saliva seem to be very important. Our study showed that patients with black pigmentation used to take more beets, while patients without pigmentation were taking more collard greens and red wine.

Changes of tooth color in middle and old age: A longitudinal study over a decade.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in tooth color for 2 age cohorts (younger cohort, YC: 1950-1952; older cohort, OC: 1930-1932) over a mean observation period of 8 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-one participants with 106 upper central incisors were subjected to baseline and follow-up examinations (YC: n = 46/OC: n = 15). International Commission on Illumination color coordinates of 1 or 2 unrestored test teeth for each participant were recorded by use of a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade 1) during both measurement times. Changes of color coordinates during the study period were evaluated by use of generalized linear mixed models with the variable "participant" as random effect. ΔEab and E2000 color differences were calculated between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Significant changes in color coordinates were observed, with the exception of lightness in OC. The direction of the changes depended on the cohort. A decrease of lightness (value) was observed in YC (ΔL = 4.0; P < .001) whereas in OC chroma increased (ΔC = -3.3; P < .001). For both groups, a significant shift to more reddish tooth colors was observed. In almost all cases, color differences between baseline and follow-up exceeded the 50:50 acceptability thresholds for color differences (ΔE = 2.7) in both YC (≈90%) and OC (≈80%). CONCLUSIONS: For both quinquagenarians and septuagenarians, clinically relevant changes in tooth color were observed after a decade; these could affect the long-term success of prosthetic restorations in terms of a satisfactory color match between natural teeth and dental prostheses. In contrast with the findings of cross-sectional studies, the changes were partially age-group-specific. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Tooth color can change over a decade. When fixed dental prostheses are planned, one should consider that changes of tooth color could lead to mismatch between a restoration and adjacent teeth during the period in clinical service.

Effect of dark discolouration and enamel/dentine fracture on the oral health-related quality of life of pre-schoolers.

AIM: To determine the effect of different types of dental trauma on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among pre-school children. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-nine Brazilian pre-schoolers aged 3-5 years were submitted to an oral examination in the school environment for the evaluation of dental trauma using the criteria proposed by Andreasen et al. (2007). Parents answered a questionnaire on the OHRQoL of the children using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and another one on socio-demographic characteristics of the children and their families. The questionnaires were sent to the parents to be answered at home. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney test and Poisson regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Children with dark discolouration and enamel-dentine fracture without pulp exposure had higher mean ECOHIS scores than those without these alterations. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that pre-school children with dark discolouration (PR 1.79; 95% CI 1.24-2.58) and enamel-dentine fracture without pulp exposure (PR 1.89; 95% CI 1.22-2.92) had a higher impact on quality of life than those without these alterations. CONCLUSION: Dark discolouration and enamel-dentine fracture without pulp exposure were associated with a negative impact on the life of pre-schoolers.

Tabaquismo, su relación con la salud bucal en adultos jóvenes de La Rioja, Argentina / Smoking, its relationship with oral health in young adults of La Rioja, Argentina

El tabaquismo es una adicción perjudicial para la salud general y bucal; la nicotina del tabaco estimulala producción de dopamina en el cerebro medio favoreciendo la instalación de la adicción. Desconocemos el estado bucal en los adultos jóvenes que fuman en nuestra provincia. Objetivo: estudiar la salud bucal relacionada con el tabaquismo en adultos jóvenes en estado saludable de La Rioja. Materiales y Métodos: desde febrero de 2015 hasta mayo de 2016 se obtuvo una muestra de 268 adultos, se dividió en grupo Problema y Control, n=134 y ambos grupos se subdividieron en 67 hombres y mujeres respectivamente. Se registraron en la historia clínica: edad, sexo, lugar de nacimiento, estudios, actividad laboral, fuma sí/no, cantidad de cigarrillos diarios, gingivitis, dientes con caries y manchados por nicotina. Diseño observacional de casos y controles, se aplicó ANOVA, Chi cuadrado con p≤0,05. Resultados: En los fumadores prevalece la educación primaria p=0,022, el trabajo en relación de dependencia p= 0,021, gingivitisp=0,009, dientes manchados por nicotina p<0,001, los hombres fuman 10,8±9,1 cigarrillos promedio por día y las mujeres 8,1±7,6. La mujer tiene promedio 4,73 caries y 2,36 dientes extraídos y el hombre 3,79 y 1,19 respectivamente. Conclusiones: En el tabaquismo prevalece: educación primaria, trabajo en relación de dependencia, gingivitis y dientes manchados por nicotina. Los hombres fuman más que las mujeres y las mujeres tienen más piezas extraídas que los hombres. Se debe concientizar a la población de las consecuencias del tabaquismo para la salud bucal.

Smoking is a harmful addiction to health. Tobacco nicotine stimulates the production of dopaminein the middle brain favoring the installation of addiction. We do not know the oral condition in youngadults who smoke in our province. Objective: to study oral health related to smoking in healthy youngadults in La Rioja. Materials and Methods: a sample of 268 adults was obtained from February 2015to May 2016, divided into a Problem and Control group, n=134, and both groups were subdividedinto 67 men and women respectively. They were recorded in the medical history: age, sex, place ofbirth, studies, work activity, smoke yes / no, number of cigarettes per day, gingivitis, teeth with cariesand stained by nicotine. Observational design of cases and controls, ANOVA was applied, Chi squarewith p≤0.05. Results: Predominates in smokers primary education p=0.022, dependency work p=0.021,gingivitis p=0.009, nicotine stained teeth p<0.001, men smoke 10, 8± 9, 1 cigarettes per day and women8,1±7,6. Women has an average of 4.73 caries and the man 3,79 with p=0.029. The women has moreextracted teeth 2,36 than man 1,19; p=0,0255. Conclusions: smoking prevalence: primary education, employee, gingivitis, nicotine stained teeth, men smoke more than women, and women have more extracted teeth than men. The application of law number 7.525 in the province should be strengthenedto preserve the oral health of the population. The population should be made aware of the consequences of smoking for oral health.

A comparative evaluation of dental caries status among hearing-impaired and normal children of Malda, West Bengal, evaluated with the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment.

CONTEXT: Dental caries is one of the major modern-day diseases of dental hard tissue. It may affect both normal and hearing-impaired children. AIMS: This study is aimed to evaluate and compare the prevalence of dental caries in hearing-impaired and normal children of Malda, West Bengal, utilizing the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In a cross-sectional, case-control study of dental caries status of 6-12-year-old children was assessed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Statistically significant difference was found in studied (hearing-impaired) and control group (normal children). In the present study, caries affected hearing-impaired children found to be about 30.51% compared to 15.81% in normal children, and the result was statistically significant. Regarding individual caries assessment criteria, nearly all subgroups reflect statistically significant difference except sealed tooth structure group, internal caries-related discoloration in dentin, and distinct cavitation into dentine group, and the result is significant at P < 0.05. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was carried out utilizing Z-test. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was found in studied (hearing-impaired) and control group (normal children). In the present study, caries effected hearing-impaired children found about 30.51% instead of 15.81% in normal children, and the result was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Regarding individual caries assessment criteria, nearly all subgroups reflect statistically significant difference except sealed tooth structure group, internal caries-related discoloration in dentin, and distinct cavitation into dentine group. CONCLUSIONS: Dental health of hearing-impaired children was found unsatisfactory than normal children when studied in relation to dental caries status evaluated with CAST.

Prevalence and risk factors of tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study of 1455 patients.

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tooth discolouration and to examine the factors that may pose a higher risk for tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery. This was a retrospective study of 1455 orthognathic surgeries. The following data were collected for analysis: presence of discoloured teeth, sex, age at operation, the extent of the surgical displacement of the maxilla, and whether patients had undergone genioplasty, zygomaplasty, or descending palatine artery (DPA) ligation. Out of 1339 patients who underwent double-jaw surgery, 49 received root canal treatment due to tooth discolouration. No tooth discolouration was found in the 116 patients undergoing single-jaw surgery. DPA ligation, genioplasty, and mandibular sub-apical osteotomy were associated with a significant risk of tooth discolouration. Patients should be informed preoperatively of the possibility of tooth discolouration. Additionally, the DPA should be preserved during Le Fort I osteotomy to reduce the risk of tooth discolouration.

Dental disorders in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) maintained in captivity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate dental disorders of brown howler monkeys maintained in captivity. The hypothesis is that the identification and diagnosis of the lesions may contribute to control and prevention. METHODS: Sixteen intact brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), eight females and eight males, weighing from 3.9 to 6.8 kg, were studied. Under general anesthesia, the teeth were evaluated by visual inspection, probing, palpation, and intra-oral radiographic exam. The findings were registered on a dental chart specific for primates. RESULT: Of the 16 monkeys evaluated in the present study, 94% (n = 15) had some type of dental disorder. The lesions observed were dental calculus (88%), dental wear (81%), missing teeth (38%), gingivitis (19%), gingival recession (6%), dental fracture (19%), pulp exposure (19%), and dental staining (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Alouatta guariba clamitans maintained in captivity have a high rate of dental problems.

Structural color changes in permanent enamel of patients with cleft lip and palate: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: White spots are more common in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) than in the normal population. Whether these are due to the cleft itself or concomitant circumstances (e.g., surgical procedures, orthodontic treatments, systemic fluoridation, increased caries risk) remains unclear. This case-control study evaluated both their prevalence in CLP patients versus control subjects and associated risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 73 CLP patients (average age 8.7 years, range 6-18 years, 42 % male) and a control group of 73 age- and gender-matched non-CLP patients were included. Enamel color changes, subsuming mineralization defects (DDE index), mild dental fluorosis (Dean's index), and initial caries (ICDAS score 2), were recorded. Caries index (dmf-t/DMF-T) scores were also recorded to distinguish between high or low caries risk as defined by the Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Jugendzahnpflege criteria. Histories of systemic fluoridation, trauma to primary teeth, surgery, and orthodontic treatment were obtained using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis included t test, χ (2) test, and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Enamel color changes were observed three times more often in the CLP group than in the control group (39.7 vs. 12.3 %; p < 0.001). Significantly more patients in the CLP group had a history of orthodontic treatment (38.4 vs. 15.1 %; p < 0.05). An increased risk for enamel color changes was associated with CLP itself [OR (odds ratio) 3.6; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.3-9.9] and table salt plus tablets combined for systemic fluoridation (OR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.1-6.9). No increased risks were identified for increased caries risk, history of primary-tooth trauma, or history of orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSION: The higher prevalence of enamel color changes in the CLP group (more than threefold compared to the control group) was not related to previous orthodontic treatments; however, systemic fluoridation (table salt and tablets) constituted a risk factor for the enamel color changes seen in the CLP patients.

Black Stains: a microbiological analysis and a view on familiarity and susceptibility to tooth decay of patients in childhood.

AIM: Assess prevalence, familial predisposition and susceptibility to caries of Black Stains (BS). Evaluate the microbiological composition of BS, saliva and subgingival plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty nine subjects with BS (test group) and 120 subjects without BS (control group) were analysed for oral status. For each BS-patient, a BS-deposit, 1 ml of saliva and subgingival plaque were collected and microbiologically analysed. Five deciduous teeth with BS were observed under SEM. RESULTS: This study showed a BS prevalence similar to that of the Mediterranean area and a familiality. The microbiological origin of BS was confirmed by SEM and culture method and the BS flora differ from that of supragingival plaque. CONCLUSIONS: Predominance in BS and saliva of Actinomycetes and the low salivary prevalence of S. mutans and L. acidophilus may be related with low caries incidence in BS patients. The high presence of Actinomyces spp can be a causative factor for BS.

One-year follow-up of at-home bleaching in smokers before and after dental prophylaxis.

OBJECTIVE: This clinical study evaluated the color longevity after one-year of at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) in smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS: Sixty patients, 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers were subjected to bleaching with 10% CP during three hours daily for three weeks. The color was measured at baseline and one week, one month and one year after the completion of dental bleaching using the spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade (ΔE*), shade guide Vita classical organized by value and Vita Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER (ΔSGU). In the one-year recall, the color was assessed before and after dental prophylaxis with Robinson brush and prophylaxis paste. Data from color evaluation were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test for the contrast of means (α=0.05). RESULTS: Twenty-seven smokers and 28 non-smokers attended the one-year recall. For both study groups, only the main factor assessment time was statistically significant for ΔSGU (Vita classical) and ΔE* (p<0.001). Effective whitening was observed for both groups at baseline, which was stable at one-month and one year after dental prophylaxis. A slight darkening was observed after one year when the color was measured without prophylaxis. For the Vita Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER, color rebound was observed irrespectively of dental prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The bleaching with 10% CP remained stable in both groups as long as extrinsic stains from diet and cigarette smoke were removed by professional dental prophylaxis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY: NCT02017873. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study indicate that the bleaching is effective in smokers even after one-year, but dental prophylaxis may be necessary to remove extrinsic stains caused by diet and smoking.

Black stain and dental caries: a review of the literature.

Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.

Frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares de San Juan de la Costa, Chile, 2012 / Frequency of dental stains in schoolchildren of San Juan de la Costa, Chile, 2012

Introducción: las tinciones dentales son sustancias exógenas pigmentadas, que se distribuyen en forma de líneas o puntos paralelos al margen gingival. Se adhieren firmemente al esmalte cervical de la corona dental. Su prevalencia mundial oscila entre 6 y 19 por ciento. Se ha observado una asociación entre su presencia y una baja experiencia de caries. Objetivo: determinar frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares de 6 a 12 años de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional entre abril y junio del año 2012, que midió la presencia y extensión de tinciones dentales en una muestra aleatoria de 267 niños de un universo de 1 243 estudiantes de 6 a 12 años de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Los participantes fueron examinados en las escuelas de la zona con ayuda de instrumental de examen estéril. Se registraron las variables edad, género, ascendencia Mapuche Huilliche, presencia de tinciones y caries a través del COPD; estas se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares es 11,6 por ciento. Conclusión: la frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa es similar a la registrada en la literatura mundial(AU)

Introduction: tooth stains are exogenous pigment substances distributed as parallel lines or points at the gingival margin. They firmly adhere to the cervical enamel of the dental crown. Their worldwide prevalence is between 6 and 19 por ciento. An association between their presence and low caries experience has been observed. Objective: to determine the frequency of tooth stains of 6 to 12 years old in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Methods: an observational study measuring the presence and extension of tooth stains was carried out between April and June of 2012 in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. The research's randomized sample used was a group of 267 from a universe of 1 243 students from 6 to 12 years in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Participants were tested in schools in the area using sterile instrumentation. Variables were age, gender, ancestry Mapuche Huilliche (AMH), presence of stains and decay through the DMFT index. The result was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: the frequency of tooth stains among schoolchildren is 11.6 percent. Conclusion: the frequency of tooth stains among schoolchildren is 11.6 percent, which is similar to the values figuring in the literature available worldwide(AU)

Clinical Effect of Dental Adhesive on Marginal Integrity in Class I And Class II Resin-Composite Restorations.

BACKGROUND: Dental adhesives are believed to influence marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration when used under posterior resin-based composite restorations. Studies on the latest adhesive systems reveal that the group of the three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (3-E&RA) and the one-step self-etch adhesive (1-SEA) have entirely different bonding mechanisms, as well as different bond strength and resistance to chemical, thermal and mechanical factors. STUDY OBJECTIVES: A hypothesis that a 1-SEA would result in greater enamel marginal discoloration and poorer marginal adaptation than a 3-E&RA was tested. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred restorations were placed with a 1-SEA and 100 restorations with a 3-E&RA. Teeth were restored with Filtek Supreme nanofilled resin-composite and were evaluated for marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration at baseline, and 6 months, 12 months, and 36 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in marginal integrity between test groups. The 1-SEA resulted in greater enamel marginal discoloration and poorer marginal adaptation than the 3-E&RA at any recall time. CONCLUSIONS: Marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration depend on the type of dentin adhesive used. The restorations with Filtek Supreme and Scotchbond MP are better than the restorations with Adper Prompt L-Pop with regard to the marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration at 6-, 12- and 36-month evaluations.