Reflection about the hemodialysis water microbiological quality in Brazil

Abstract Dialysis has been widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney diseases and is considered a global public health issue. This treatment, which has changed the prognosis and quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure, can lead to complications that are often fatal. For this reason, there is a need for validation of alternative tests that favor the monitoring of treated water for dialysis in real-time to promote and prevent injuries to patients submitted to this procedure.

Proteomic analysis of plasma proteins of high-flux haemodialysis and on-line haemodiafiltration patients reveals differences in transthyretin levels related with anaemia.

A large proportion of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients under long-term haemodialysis, have persistent anaemia and require high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). However, the underlying mechanisms of renal anaemia have not been fully elucidated in these patients. In this study, we will be focusing on anaemia and plasma proteins in ESRD patients on high-flux haemodialysis (HF) and on-line haemodiafiltration (HDF), to investigate using two proteomic approaches if patients undergoing these treatments develop differences in their plasma protein composition and how this could be related to their anaemia. The demographic and biochemical data revealed that HDF patients had lower anaemia and much lower rhEPO requirements than HF patients. Regarding their plasma proteomes, HDF patients had increased levels of a protein highly similar to serotransferrin, trypsin-1 and immunoglobulin heavy constant chain alpha-1, and lower levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin, transthyretin, apolipoproteins E and C-III, and haptoglobin-related protein. Lower transthyretin levels in HDF patients were further confirmed by transthyretin-peptide quantification and western blot detection. Since ESRD patients have increased transthyretin, a protein that can aggregate and inhibit transferrin endocytosis and erythropoiesis, our finding that HDF patients have lower transthyretin and lower anaemia suggests that the decrease in transthyretin plasma levels would allow an increase in transferrin endocytosis, contributing to erythropoiesis. Thus, transthyretin could be a critical actor for anaemia in ESRD patients and a novel player for haemodialysis adequacy.

Is dialysis water a safe component for hemodialysis treatment in São Paulo State, Brazil?

Failure on the water treatment poses hemodialysis patients at risk of injury and death. Identifying if the patients are exposed to water quality related microbiological risks is an important objective to reduce the mortality for chronic renal patients and is the main issue of this study. We evaluated the microbiological water quality used by 205 dialysis services in São Paulo State, Brazil between 2010 to 2016. The study included heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliforms research, and bacterial endotoxin determination in 1366 dialysis water samples. The number of unsatisfactory clinics for at least one microbiological parameter decreased 16.0% between 2010 to 2015 but increased 57.2% in 2016. In 2010, the most frequent unsatisfactory parameter was related to heterotrophic bacteria count (54.8%) followed by endotoxin determination (45.2%). However, in 2013 an opposite situation was observed: endotoxin determination as the parameter of the higher incidence of nonconformities. Total coliform was verified at a lower frequency. We highlighted the importance of regular monitoring of dialysis water quality to prevent infections caused by dialytic procedures and to ensure that the water is a safe component of the treatment.

Conhecimento sobre a hemodiálise em pacientes renais crônicos: um estudo descritivo / Conocimiento sobre hemodiálisis en pacientes renales crónicos: un estudio descriptivo / Knowledge on hemodialysis in chronic renal patients: a descriptive study

OBJETIVO: Analisar o conhecimento dos pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise referente ao tratamento hemodialítico, de acordo com os indicadores do resultado de enfermagem Conhecimento: procedimentos de tratamento. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo realizado em um hospital público em Pernambuco através da aplicação do resultado de enfermagem Conhecimento: procedimentos de tratamento em 51 pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes pesquisados apresentaram nenhum conhecimento, conhecimento limitado e moderado e não apresentaram o conhecimento amplo e/ou substancial sobre a hemodiálise. DISCUSSÃO: A hemodiálise é um procedimento complexo e que exige do paciente uma adaptação no estilo de vida. Para tanto, conhecer a doença e seu tratamento pode contribuir para o sucesso da terapia. CONCLUSÃO: Através da aplicação dos indicadores do resultado de enfermagem na prática clínica, verificou-se que indivíduos renais crônicos têm um conhecimento moderado, limitado ou não têm conhecimento sobre a hemodiálise.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el conocimiento de pacientes renales crónicos sometidos a hemodiálisis con respecto al tratamiento de hemodiálisis, de acuerdo con los indicadores de resultados de enfermería Conocimiento: procedimientos de tratamiento. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo realizado en un hospital público de Pernambuco mediante la aplicación del resultado de enfermería Conocimiento: procedimientos de tratamiento en 51 pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes encuestados presentaron ningún conocimiento, conocimiento limitado y moderado y no presentaban conocimiento amplio y/o sustancial sobre hemodiálisis. DISCUSIÓN: La hemodiálisis es un procedimiento complejo y requiere del paciente una adaptación de su estilo de vida. Por lo tanto, conocer la enfermedad y su tratamiento puede contribuir al éxito de la terapia. CONCLUSIÓN: Mediante la aplicación de indicadores de resultados de enfermería en la práctica clínica, se descubrió que los pacientes renales crónicos tienen un conocimiento moderado, limitado o no tienen conocimientos sobre la hemodiálisis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the knowledge of the chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis regarding this treatment, according to the indicators of the "Knowledge:Treatment procedures" nursing outcome. METHOD: A descriptive study carried out in a public hospital of Pernambuco through the application of the "Knowledge: Treatment procedures" nursing outcome in 51 patients undergoing hemodialysis. RESULTS: The surveyed patients had no knowledge, or limited and moderate knowledge, and did not have broad and/or substantial knowledge on hemodialysis. DISCUSSION: Hemodialysis is a complex procedure and requires an adaptation of the patient's lifestyle. Therefore, knowing the disease and its treatment may contribute to a successful therapy. CONCLUSION: Through the application of the nursing outcome indicators in the clinical practice, it was verified that chronic renal patients have moderate, limited or no knowledge of hemodialysis.

Direct and indirect costs of end-stage renal disease patients in the first and second years after initiation of nocturnal home haemodialysis, hospital haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

PURPOSE: To estimate the direct and indirect costs of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the first and second years of initiating peritoneal dialysis (PD), hospital-based haemodialysis (HD) and nocturnal home HD. METHODS: A cost analysis was performed to estimate the annual costs of PD, hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD for ESRD patients from both the health service provider's and societal perspectives. Empirical data on healthcare resource use, patients' out-of-pocket costs, time spent on transportation and dialysis by ESRD patients and time spent by caregivers were analysed. All costs were expressed in Hong Kong year 2017 dollars. RESULTS: Analysis was based on 402 ESRD patients on maintenance dialysis (PD: 189; hospital-based HD: 170; and nocturnal home HD: 43). From the perspective of the healthcare provider, hospital-based HD had the highest total annual direct medical costs in the initial year (mean ± SD) (hospital-based HD = $400 057 ± 62 822; PD = $118 467 ± 15 559; nocturnal home HD = $223 358 ± 18 055; P < 0.001) and second year (hospital-based HD = $360 924 ± 63 014; PD = $80 796 ± 15 820; nocturnal home HD = $87 028 ± 9059; P < 0.001). From the societal perspective, hospital-based HD had the highest total annual costs in the initial year (hospital-based HD = $452 151 ± 73 327; PD = $189 191 ± 61 735; nocturnal home HD = $242 038 ± 28 281; P < 0.001) and second year (hospital-based HD = $413 017 ± 73 501; PD = $151 520 ± 60 353; nocturnal home HD = $105 708 ± 23 853; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified the economic burden of ESRD patients, and assessed the annual healthcare and societal costs in the initial and second years of PD, hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD in Hong Kong. From both perspectives, PD is cost-saving relative to hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD, except that nocturnal home HD has the lowest cost in the second year of treatment from the societal perspective. Results from this cost analysis facilitate economic evaluation in Hong Kong for health services and management targeted at ESRD patients.

Association between conversion to in-center nocturnal hemodialysis and right ventricular remodeling.

Background: In-center nocturnal hemodialysis (INHD) is associated with favorable left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Although right ventricular (RV) structure and function carry prognostic significance, the impact of dialysis intensification on RV is unknown. Our objectives were to evaluate changes in RV mass index (MI), end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI) and ejection fraction (EF) after conversion to INHD and their relationship with LV remodeling. Methods: Of 67 conventional hemodialysis (CHD, 4 h/session, three times/week) patients, 30 continued on CHD and 37 converted to INHD (7-8 h/session, three times/week). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 1 year using a standardized protocol; an experienced and blinded reader performed RV measurements. Results: At 1 year there were significant reductions in RVMI {-2.1 g/m2 [95% confidence interval (CI) -3.8 to - 0.4], P = 0.017}, RVEDVI [-9.5 mL/m2 (95% CI - 16.3 to - 2.6), P = 0.008] and RVESVI [-6.2 mL/m2 (95% CI - 10.9 to - 1.6), P = 0.011] in the INHD group; no significant changes were observed in the CHD group. Between-group comparisons showed significantly greater reduction of RVESVI [-7.9 mL/m2 (95% CI - 14.9 to - 0.9), P = 0.03] in the INHD group, a nonsignificant trend toward greater reduction in RVEDVI and no significant difference in RVMI and RVEF changes. There was significant correlation between LV and RV in terms of changes in mass index (MI) (r = 0.46), EDVI (r = 0.73), ESVI (r = 0.7) and EF (r = 0.38) over 1 year (all P < 0.01). Conclusions: Conversion to INHD was associated with a significant reduction of RVESVI. Temporal changes in RV mass, volume and function paralleled those of LV. Our findings support the need for larger, longer-term studies to confirm favorable RV remodeling and determine its impact on clinical outcomes.

Beta-2 microglobulin clearance in high-flux dialysis and convective dialysis modalities: a meta-analysis of published studies.

Background: Recent meta-analyses suggest that higher removal of beta-2 microglobulin (ß2M) with either high-flux (HFD) dialysis or hemodiafiltration (HDF) may be associated with decreased total and cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. However, there are limited data about the performance of high flux dialyzers and/or convective therapies in removing ß2M. Methods: This is a random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression of data extracted from randomized controlled trials and observational studies in hemodialysis, hemofiltration and HDF regarding the efficiency of high flux dialyzers to remove ß2M. Studies were searched using ProQuest in SCOPUS, EMBASE and MEDLINE. Results: We included 69 studies from 1 January 2001 to 12 June 2017 on 1879 patients with 6771 available measurements. Average ß2M clearance was 48.75 mL/min [95% confidence interval (CI) 42.50-55.21] for conventional HF dialysis, and 87.06 mL/min (95% CI 75.08-99.03) for convective therapies (hemofiltration and HDF) with substantial heterogeneity among studies [P (Q) ≤ 0.001]. In multivariable meta-regression analyses, we found significantly higher ß2M clearance for polyarylethersulfone dialyzers when used for HFD and polysulfone membranes in convective therapies. However, the mass of ß2M removed into the dialysate did not depend on membrane material. Adjusted dialysate-side (-22.279, 95% CI -9.8 to -34.757, P < 0.001) ß2M clearances were significantly lower than whole blood clearances, suggesting that adsorption contributes substantially to ß2M removal. Higher Kuf, blood flow and substitution fluid rates but not dialysate flow rates were associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful elevation in ß2M clearance from the body independent of the dialysis modality. Conclusions: Membrane composition and characteristics, modality (convective versus diffusive), blood flow rates and substitution fluid rates in HDF play a significant role in the efficient removal of ß2M from the body in both diffusive and convective dialysis.

Left ventricle ejection fraction may predict mortality in renal transplant patients.

PURPOSE: Mortality is a major problem in renal transplant patients, and appropriate preoperative evaluation is very important. We retrospectively reviewed the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) of renal transplant patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical records of 1763 patients who had preoperative LVEF results and who underwent renal transplantation at Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine during the years 2004-2014 were studied. The LVEF limit was set at 55%. LVEF, age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, type of dialysis were assessed by linear multiple regression analysis on survival. RESULTS: There were a total of 1763 renal transplant patients. Those with LVEF of <55% were identified as having left ventricular dysfunction. The mean LVEF was 59.4 ± 9.1 in the 43 patients who died after renal transplantation, while it was 62.6 ± 7.4 in the survivors (p = 0.02). The mortality rate in the LVEF < 55% group was 6.8% (11/162 patients), while mortality in the LVEF ≥ 55% group was 2% (32/1601 patients, p < 0.001). LVEF was found to be the most powerful variable on survival by the linear multiple regression analysis, R2 = 0.05, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: LVEF may predict mortality in renal transplant patients. LVEF is known to be lower in patients with high cardiac mortality, who may require greater modifications of the postoperative risks.

Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: basic principles.

This article reports the conclusions of a consensus expert conference on the basic principles and nomenclature of renal replacement therapy (RRT) currently utilized to manage acute kidney injury (AKI). This multidisciplinary consensus conference discusses common definitions, components, techniques, and operations of the machines and platforms used to deliver extracorporeal therapies, utilizing a "machine-centric" rather than a "patient-centric" approach. We provide a detailed description of the performance characteristics of membranes, filters, transmembrane transport of solutes and fluid, flows, and methods of measurement of delivered treatment, focusing on continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) which are utilized in the management of critically ill patients with AKI. This is a consensus report on nomenclature harmonization for principles of extracorporeal renal replacement therapies. Devices and operations are classified and defined in detail to serve as guidelines for future use of terminology in papers and research.

The effect of two different high-flux dialysis membranes on insulin resistance in non-diabetic end-stage renal disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different types of high-flux dialysis membranes on insulin resistance among patients who are receiving hemodialysis (HD) due to end-stage renal failure (ESRF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six (21 female, 25 male) patients were included in the study, who were on HD treatment due to stage-5 chronic renal failure. Prior to the study, fasting insulin resistance via Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and fractioned urea clearance (Kt/V) values were calculated using the urokinetic model. The polysulfone (PS) dialysis membrane of all patients included in the study was replaced with "polyarylethersulfone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyamide (PPP)" high-flux membrane that has the same surface area over 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week period, HOMA and Kt/V values were recalculated. RESULTS: At the end of the 12-week period, Kt/V values rose statistically significant from 1.575 to 1.752 (p = 0.002). HOMA-IR values declined, though not statistically significant, from 3.268 to 2.926 (p = 0.085). PPP high-flux membrane increased the Kt/V values significantly compared to the PS membrane, while it decreased the insulin resistance and increased insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The two different types of high-flux dialysis membranes used for HD have different effects on insulin sensitivity. Compared to the PS membrane, PPP high-flux membrane decreased insulin resistance by increasing insulin sensitivity among non-diabetic ESRF patients.

Predictors of treatment with dialysis modalities in observational studies for comparative effectiveness research.

BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine has identified the comparative effectiveness of renal replacement therapies as a kidney-related topic among the top 100 national priorities. Given the importance of ensuring internal and external validity, the goal of this study was to identify potential sources of bias in observational studies that compare outcomes with different dialysis modalities. METHODS: This observational cohort study used data from the electronic medical records of all patients that started maintenance dialysis in the calendar years 2007-2011 and underwent treatment for at least 60 days in any of the 2217 facilities operated by DaVita Inc. Each patient was assigned one of six dialysis modalities for each 91-day period from the date of first dialysis (thrice weekly in-center hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), less-frequent HD, home HD, frequent HD and nocturnal in-center HD). RESULTS: Of the 162 644 patients, 18% underwent treatment with a modality other than HD for at least one 91-day period. Except for PD, patients started treatment with alternative modalities after variable lengths of treatment with HD; the time until a change in modality was shortest for less-frequent HD (median time = 6 months) and longest for frequent HD (median time = 15 months). Between 30 and 78% of patients transferred to another dialysis facility prior to change in modality. Finally, there were significant differences in baseline and time-varying clinical characteristics associated with dialysis modality. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis identified numerous potential sources of bias in studies of the comparative effectiveness of dialysis modalities.

Educação nutricional para pacientes renais crônicos em programa de hemodiálise / Nutritional education for chronic renal failure patients inhemodialysis program

Introduction: Nutritional education is an important matter for hemodialysis patients because it can change patient behavior and, therefore, improve nutritional status, decreasing risks of inadequate diets. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of a specific nutritional education program developed for patients undergoing hemodialysis and the changes that may be induced by the program. Methodology: The effects of the nutritional education program were studied in 27 hemodialysis patients (13 men) with mean age of 50.2±13 years. Before and after the nutritional program, patients answered feed surveys and had their basic nutritional knowledge, laboratory test results, and interdialytic weight gain evaluated. The educational nutrition program itself was evaluated by questioning patients on their impressions and perceptions on the course. Results: A low level of knowledge of nutritional basic aspects was observed before the course, while a significant improvement of understanding was verified after the course (24% and 60% of correct answers before and after the course, respectively; p<0.0001). It was possible to observe a significant reduction of the blood potassium level after the course (5.2±0.9 vs 4.7±0.7mEq/L; p=0.029, before and after the course, respectively), but other laboratory variables were not modified. The feed questionnaire and the interdialytic weight gain were similar in both moments: pre and post course. The evaluation of the course by the patients was extremely positive. Conclusions: The educational nutrition program promoted a gain of knowledge in nutritional aspects for dialysis patients, but it did not foster significant changes in the quality or amount of food intake, interdialytic weight gain, and laboratorial levels. A positive assessment of the program was observed. It is possible that changes in the nutritional aspects andlaboratorial levels demand more monitoring time.

Introdução: A educação nutricional é importante para pacientes em hemodiálise, uma vez que pode provocar mudanças comportamentais, melhorar o estado nutricional e diminuir os riscos de dietas inadequadas. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de educação nutricional para pacientes em hemodiálise e avaliar as mudanças induzidas por ele. Metodologia: Os efeitos do curso educacional foram estudados em 27 pacientes em hemodiálise (13 homens e 14 mulheres), com idade média de 50,2 ± 13 anos. Antes e após o curso, os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliações de conhecimentos relacionados à nutrição, inquéritos limentares, análise dos exames laboratoriais e do ganho de peso interdialítico. O programa educacional foi avaliado através de questionamento aos pacientes sobre suas impressões, percepções e a importância atribuída às aulas. Resultados: Observou-se baixo nível de conhecimento sobre aspectos básicos de nutrição antes do curso (24% de acerto) e importante acréscimo de conhecimento após o mesmo (60% de acerto p < 0,0001). Em relação aos exames laboratoriais, houve diminuição dos valores médios de potássio (5,2 ± 0,9 para 4,7 ± 0,7mEq/L; p = 0,029 antes e após o curso). Outras variáveis laboratoriais, como os inquéritos alimentares e o ganho de peso interdialítico, mostraram-se similares nos dois momentos. Houve elevada satisfação dos pacientes com o curso. Conclusões: O curso melhorou o nível de compreensão dos pacientes sobre os aspectos nutricionais, foi bem avaliado por eles, mas não induziu a mudanças significativas no comportamento alimentar e nos exames laboratoriais. É possível que essas alterações demandem maior tempo de observação.

Adesão ao tratamento dietoterápico sob a ótica dos pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Adherence to dietary treatment from the perspective of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis

changes in their everyday lives, making it an aggravating factor along the dialysis treatment because of poor adherence. The object of this study was to identify the determinants of chronic renal disease patients? adherence to dietary therapy treatment. These patients were receiving treatment at the specialized hemodialysis service of a hospital in the metropolitan area of Goiania, Goias state. Methods: This is across-sectional study of qualitative approach. Data collection for patient identification began with the analysis of medical records, followed by semi-structured interviews with five adult patients and one elderly patient. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results were grouped into the following categories: a) dietary therapy in hemodialysis ? all the interviewees reported difficulties in following quantitative and qualitative food restrictions, particularly to liquids; b) length of hemodialysis ? over time, the majority of the interviewees resumed foodconsumption without restrictions; c) psychosocial factors ? the emotional and social responses were representations of threats to health due to the dietary therapy and dialysis treatment. Conclusions: In conclusion, dietary therapy and dialysis treatment imply behavioral changes and involve a variety of prescriptions and recommendations resulting in different levels of adherence. Adherence is a continuous and dynamic process which comprises not only overall behavior, but also a number of individual behaviors.

Objetivo: O tratamento dietoterápico do paciente que realiza hemodiálise exige profundas mudanças no cotidiano, tornando-se um agravante ao longo do tratamento dialítico, em virtude da baixa adesão. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os determinantes da adesão ao tratamento dietoterápico dos pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica, atendidos no Serviço Especializado em Hemodiálise de um hospital da região metropolitana de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos: Estudo transversal de abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados de identificação dos pacientes iniciou-se nos prontuários, seguida da fase de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco pacientes adultos e um idoso. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: Os resultados foram agrupados em categorias: a) dietoterapia em hemodiálise ? Todos os entrevistados referiram dificuldades de seguir a restriçãoquantitativa e qualitativa da alimentação, principalmente de líquidos; b) tempo de hemodiálise ? Ao longo dos anos, a maioria dos entrevistados voltou a consumir alimentos sem restrições; c) fatores psicossociais ? As respostas emocionais e sociais foram representações de ameaças à saúde em virtude do tratamento dietoterápico e dialítico. Conclusões: Conclui-se que os tratamentos dietoterápico e dialítico implicamalterações comportamentais, e envolvem uma diversidade de prescrições e recomendações, possibilitando níveis diferentes de adesão. A adesão é um processo contínuo e dinâmico que compreende não apenas um comportamento global, mas vários comportamentos individuais.

Histological and clinical findings in patients with post-transplantation and classical encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: a European multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) commonly presents after peritoneal dialysis has been stopped, either post-transplantation (PT-EPS) or after switching to hemodialysis (classical EPS, cEPS). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PT-EPS and cEPS differ in morphology and clinical course. METHODS: In this European multicenter study we included fifty-six EPS patients, retrospectively paired-matched for peritoneal dialysis (PD) duration. Twenty-eight patients developed EPS after renal transplantation, whereas the other twenty-eight patients were classical EPS patients. Demographic data, PD details, and course of disease were documented. Peritoneal biopsies of all patients were investigated using histological criteria. RESULTS: Eighteen patients from the Netherlands and thirty-eight patients from Germany were included. Time on PD was 78(64-95) in the PT-EPS and 72(50-89) months in the cEPS group (p>0.05). There were no significant differences between the morphological findings of cEPS and PT-EPS. Podoplanin positive cells were a prominent feature in both groups, but with a similar distribution of the podoplanin patterns. Time between cessation of PD to the clinical diagnosis of EPS was significantly shorter in the PT-EPS group as compared to cEPS (4(2-9) months versus 23(7-24) months, p<0.001). Peritonitis rate was significantly higher in cEPS. CONCLUSIONS: In peritoneal biopsies PT-EPS and cEPS are not distinguishable by histomorphology and immunohistochemistry, which argues against different entities. The critical phase for PT-EPS is during the first year after transplantation and therefore earlier after PD cessation then in cEPS.

An error taxonomy system for analysis of haemodialysis incidents.

OBJECTIVES: This paper describes the development of a haemodialysis error taxonomy system for analysing incidents and predicting the safety status of a dialysis organisation. METHODS: The error taxonomy system was developed by adapting an error taxonomy system which assumed no specific specialty to haemodialysis situations. Its application was conducted with 1,909 incident reports collected from two dialysis facilities in Japan. RESULTS: Over 70% of haemodialysis incidents were reported as problems or complications related to dialyser, circuit, medication and setting of dialysis condition. Approximately 70% of errors took place immediately before and after the four hours of haemodialysis therapy. Error types most frequently made in the dialysis unit were omission and qualitative errors. Failures or complications classified to staff human factors, communication, task and organisational factors were found in most dialysis incidents. Device/equipment/materials, medicine and clinical documents were most likely to be involved in errors. Haemodialysis nurses were involved in more incidents related to medicine and documents, whereas dialysis technologists made more errors with device/equipment/materials. CONCLUSIONS: This error taxonomy system is able to investigate incidents and adverse events occurring in the dialysis setting but is also able to estimate safety-related status of an organisation, such as reporting culture.

Agreement of reported vascular access on the medical evidence report and on medicare claims at hemodialysis initiation.

BACKGROUND: The choice of vascular access type is an important aspect of care for incident hemodialysis patients. However, data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medical Evidence Report (form CMS-2728) identifying the first access for incident patients have not previously been validated. Medicare began requiring that vascular access type be reported on claims in July 2010. We aimed to determine the agreement between the reported vascular access at initiation from form CMS-2728 and from Medicare claims. METHODS: This retrospective study used a cohort of 9777 patients who initiated dialysis in the latter half of 2010 and were eligible for Medicare at the start of renal replacement therapy to compare the vascular access type reported on form CMS-2728 with the type reported on Medicare outpatient dialysis claims for the same patients. For each patient, the reported access from each data source was compiled; the percent agreement represented the percent of patients for whom the access was the same. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to identify characteristics associated with the agreement of reported access. RESULTS: The two data sources agreed for 94% of patients, with a Kappa statistic of 0.83, indicating an excellent level of agreement. Further, we found no evidence to suggest that agreement was associated with the patient characteristics of age, sex, race, or primary cause of renal failure. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vascular access data as reported on form CMS-2728 are valid and reliable for use in research studies.

Fatores relacionados à força de preensão manual de pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise: ênfase na anemia / Factors related to handgrip strength in patients undergoing hemodialysis: emphasis on anemia

Anemia is a frequent comorbidity in patients undergoing hemodialysis and is associated with reduced functional capacity. Thus, it possible to assume that anemia can also impair muscle strength in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between handgrip strength and anemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fifty five patients on regular hemodialysis program (aged 49.0±14.0, 38 men) were studied. Handgrip strength, assessed by manual dynamometry, was measured in the arm without vascular access functioning after the dialysis session, being considered impaired when values were lower than the 10th percentile of age and gender specific values btained from an urban population in Rio de Janeiro. Biochemical data and body composition were also evaluated. Sixty-two percent of patients presented anemia and 34.5% showed handgrip strength compromised. The handgrip strength was positively correlated with height, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, corrected arm muscle area and fat-free mass; and negatively correlated with age and dialysis efficiency. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not correlated with handgrip strength and they did not differ between patients with preserved handgrip strength and those with handgrip strength compromised. Thus, anemia did not exert influence on the handgrip strength in patients undergoing hemodialysis, which reinforces the use of manual dynamometry as a reliable method for the assessment of nutritional status in this population.

La anemia es una comorbilidad frecuente en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis y se asocia con una capacidad funcional reducida. Por lo tanto, podemos suponer que la anemia también puede comprometer la fuerza muscular en esos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si existe una asociación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y el estado de anemia en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. Se estudiaron 55 pacientes en tratamiento regular de hemodiálisis (49,0±14,0 años de edad, 38 hombres). Se midió, por dinamometría, la fuerza prensil manual en un brazo sin acceso vascular funcional después de la sesión de hemodiálisis. Se consideró que la fuerza prensil se encontraba perjudicada cuando los valores fueron inferiores al 10% del valor correspondiente a sexo y edad, tomando como valores de referencia los obtenidos para la población urbana de Río de Janeiro. Se evaluaron, asimismo, los datos bioquímicos y de composición corporal. El sesenta y dos por ciento de los pacientes tenía anemia y 34,5% presentó fuerza prensil comprometida. La fuerza de prensión manual se correlacionó positivamente con la altura, el peso corporal, el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura, el área muscular del brazo corregida y la masa libre de grasa. Se observó correlación negativa entre la fuerza de prensil manual, la edad y la eficacia de la diálisis. La cantidad de hemoglobina y el hematocrito fueron semejantes entre los pacientes con fuerza prensil normal y comprometida pero no se correlacionaron con la misma Se concluye que la anemia no tuvo ninguna influencia en la fuerza de pensión manual en los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis, lo que refuerza el uso de la dinamometría manual como método confiable para la evaluación del estado nutricional de esa población.

A anemia é uma comorbidade frequente em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise e está associada à redução da capacidade funcional. Desta forma, podemos supor que a anemia é capaz também de comprometer a força muscular destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se há associação entre força de preensão manual e o estado de anemia em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise. Foram estudados 55 pacientes em programa regular de hemodiálise (49,0±14,0 anos de idade, 38 homens). A força de preensão manual, avaliada através de dinamometria manual, foi aferida no braço sem acesso vascular funcionante após a sessão de hemodiálise, sendo considerada comprometida quando os valores foram inferiores ao percentil 10 correspondente, segundo gênero e idade, aos valores de referência obtidos para população urbana do RJ. Dados bioquímicos e de composição corporal também foram avaliados. Sessenta e dois por cento dos pacientes apresentaram anemia e 34,5% exibiram força de preensão manual comprometida. A força de preensão manual apresentou correlação positiva com a estatura, peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, área muscular do braço corrigida e massa livre de gordura e correlação negativa com idade e eficiência dialítica. A hemoglobina e hematócrito não se correlacionaram com força de preensão manual e não diferiram entre os pacientes com força de preensão manual preservada e comprometida. Conclui-se que a anemia não exerceu influência sobre a força de preensão manual de pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise, o que reforça o uso da dinamometria manual como método confiável para avaliação do estado nutricional nesta população.