Assuntos
Conflitos Armados , Diplomacia , Cooperação Internacional , Política , Ciência , Regiões Árticas , Conflitos Armados/história , Diplomacia/ética , Diplomacia/história , Diplomacia/organização & administração , Diplomacia/tendências , Cooperação Internacional/história , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Federação Russa , Ciência/ética , Ciência/história , Ciência/organização & administração , Ciência/tendênciasAssuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Diplomacia , Saúde Global , Programas de Imunização/organização & administração , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diplomacia/história , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XX , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/história , Opinião Pública , Federação Russa , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The establishment of international sanitary institutions, which took place in the context of rivalry among the great European powers and their colonial expansion in Asia, allowed for the development of administrative systems of international epidemiological surveillance as a response to the cholera epidemics at the end of the nineteenth century. In this note, I reflect on how a historical analysis of the inception of international epidemiological surveillance and pandemic management helps us to understand what is happening in the COVID-19 pandemic today.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Saúde Global/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Pandemias/história , Vigilância da População , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/história , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Diplomacia/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO's multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions.
Assuntos
Congressos como Assunto/história , Diplomacia/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Administração em Saúde Pública/história , África Subsaariana , Colonialismo/história , História do Século XX , Organização Mundial da Saúde/históriaRESUMO
Abstract Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO's multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions.
Resumo Trilhando os caminhos da cooperação sanitária na África subsaariana, de intercâmbios incertos a dimensões institucionalizadas dos anos 1920 até início dos anos 1960, este artigo aborda a dinâmica regional na diplomacia sanitária que, até o momento, carece de pesquisas. A evolução, desde os primórdios da Organização da Saúde da Liga das Nações até a Cooperação Técnica na África Subsaariana e o Escritório Regional da África da OMS, demonstra como dimensões bilaterais foram substituídas pelo modelo multilateral da OMS de cooperação sanitária regional. São analisados alinhamentos, divergências e resultados de estratégias e políticas empregados por potências coloniais e Estados africanos independentes em relações inter-regionais, bem como suas implicações em intervenções epidemiológicas e de saúde pública.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Administração em Saúde Pública/história , Congressos como Assunto/história , Diplomacia/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/história , África Subsaariana , Colonialismo/históriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: San Francisco has a distinguished history as a cosmopolitan, progressive, and international city, including extensive associations with global health. These circumstances have contributed to new, interdisciplinary scholarship in the field of global health diplomacy (GHD). In the present review, we describe the evolution and history of GHD at the practical and theoretical levels within the San Francisco medical community, trace related associations between the local and the global, and propose a range of potential opportunities for further development of this dynamic field. METHODS: We provide a historical overview of the development of the "San Francisco Model" of collaborative, community-owned HIV/AIDS treatment and care programs as pioneered under the "Ward 86" paradigm of the 1980s. We traced the expansion and evolution of this model to the national level under the Ryan White Care Act, and internationally via the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. In parallel, we describe the evolution of global health diplomacy practices, from the local to the global, including the integration of GHD principles into intervention design to ensure social, political, and cultural acceptability and sensitivity. RESULTS: Global health programs, as informed by lessons learned from the San Francisco Model, are increasingly aligned with diplomatic principles and practices. This awareness has aided implementation, allowed policymakers to pursue related and progressive social and humanitarian issues in conjunction with medical responses, and elevated global health to the realm of "high politics." CONCLUSIONS: In the 21st century, the integration between diplomatic, medical, and global health practices will continue under "smart global health" and GHD paradigms. These approaches will enhance intervention cost-effectiveness by addressing and optimizing, in tandem with each other, a wide range of (health and non-health) foreign policy, diplomatic, security, and economic priorities in a synergistic manner--without sacrificing health outcomes.