RESUMO
N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic tryptamine acting on 5-HT2A serotonin receptors, which is associated with intense visual hallucinatory phenomena and perceptual changes such as distortions in visual space. The neural underpinnings of these effects remain unknown. We hypothesised that changes in population receptive field (pRF) properties in the primary visual cortex (V1) might underlie visual perceptual experience. We tested this hypothesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a within-subject design. We used a technique called pRF mapping, which measures neural population visual response properties and retinotopic maps in early visual areas. We show that in the presence of visual effects, as documented by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS), the mean pRF sizes in V1 significantly increase in the peripheral visual field for active condition (inhaled DMT) compared to the control. Eye and head movement differences were absent across conditions. This evidence for short-term effects of DMT in pRF may explain perceptual distortions induced by psychedelics such as field blurring, tunnel vision (peripheral vision becoming blurred while central vision remains sharp) and the enlargement of nearby visual space, particularly at the visual locations surrounding the fovea. Our findings are also consistent with a mechanistic framework whereby gain control of ongoing and evoked activity in the visual cortex is controlled by activation of 5-HT2A receptors.
Assuntos
Alucinógenos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Humanos , Alucinógenos/farmacologia , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Córtex Visual/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Visual/fisiologia , Córtex Visual/diagnóstico por imagem , Distorção da Percepção/efeitos dos fármacos , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , N,N-Dimetiltriptamina/farmacologia , Campos Visuais/efeitos dos fármacos , Campos Visuais/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/efeitos dos fármacos , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Triptaminas/farmacologia , Córtex Visual Primário/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Visual Primário/fisiologia , Córtex Visual Primário/diagnóstico por imagem , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodosRESUMO
Objectively quantifying subjective phenomena like visual illusions is challenging. We address this issue in the context of the Flashed Face Distortion Effect (FFDE), where faces presented in succession appear distorted and grotesque. We first show that the traditional method of quantifying FFDE - via subjective ratings of the level of distortion - is subject to substantial biases. Motivated by this finding, we develop an objective method for quantifying FFDE by introducing two design innovations. First, we create artificially distorted faces and ask subjects to discriminate between undistorted and objectively distorted faces. Second, we employ both an illusion condition, which includes a succession of 15 face flashes, and a control condition, which includes a single face flash and does not induce an illusion. Using these innovations, we quantify the strength of the face distortion illusion by comparing the response bias for identifying distorted faces between the illusion and control conditions. We find that our method successfully quantifies the face distortion, with subjects exhibiting a more liberal response bias in the illusion condition. Finally, we apply our new method to evaluate how the face distortion illusion is modulated by face eccentricity, face inversion, the temporal frequency of the face flashes, and presence of temporal gaps between consecutive faces. Our results demonstrate the utility of our objective method in quantifying the subjective illusion of face distortion. Critically, the method is general and can be applied to other phenomena that are inherently subjective.
Assuntos
Reconhecimento Facial , Humanos , Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Ilusões/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologiaRESUMO
Decreased sleep spindle activity in individuals with psychotic disorders is well studied, but its contribution to psychotic symptom formation is not well understood. This study explored potential underlying mechanisms explaining the association between decreased sleep spindle activity and psychotic symptoms. To this end, we analysed the links between sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences and probed for the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a community sample of young adults (N = 70; 26.33 ± 4.84 years). Polysomnography was recorded during a 90-min daytime nap and duration, amplitude, and density from slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) spindles were extracted. Attentional performance was assessed via a test battery and with an antisaccadic eye movement task. Psychotic experiences (i.e., paranoid thoughts; hallucinatory experiences) and perceptual distortions (i.e., anomalous perceptions; sensory gating deficits) were assessed via self-report questionnaires. We conducted sequential mediation analyses with spindle activity as predictor, psychotic experiences as dependent variable, and attentional performance and perceptual distortions as mediators. We found reduced right central spindle amplitude to be associated with paranoid thoughts. Increased antisaccadic error rate was associated with anomalous perceptions and perceptual distortions were associated with psychotic experiences. We did not find significant mediation effects. The findings support the notion that reduced sleep spindle activity is involved in the formation of paranoid thoughts and that decreased antisaccadic performance is indicative of perceptual distortions as potential precursors for psychotic experiences. However, further research is needed to corroborate the proposed mediation hypothesis.
Assuntos
Distorção da Percepção , Transtornos Psicóticos , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Sono , Polissonografia , Atenção , EletroencefalografiaRESUMO
Visual shape perception is central to many everyday tasks, from object recognition to grasping and handling tools.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Yet how shape is encoded in the visual system remains poorly understood. Here, we probed shape representations using visual aftereffects-perceptual distortions that occur following extended exposure to a stimulus.11,12,13,14,15,16,17 Such effects are thought to be caused by adaptation in neural populations that encode both simple, low-level stimulus characteristics17,18,19,20 and more abstract, high-level object features.21,22,23 To tease these two contributions apart, we used machine-learning methods to synthesize novel shapes in a multidimensional shape space, derived from a large database of natural shapes.24 Stimuli were carefully selected such that low-level and high-level adaptation models made distinct predictions about the shapes that observers would perceive following adaptation. We found that adaptation along vector trajectories in the high-level shape space predicted shape aftereffects better than simple low-level processes. Our findings reveal the central role of high-level statistical features in the visual representation of shape. The findings also hint that human vision is attuned to the distribution of shapes experienced in the natural environment.
Assuntos
Visão Ocular , Percepção Visual , Humanos , Distorção da Percepção , Meio Ambiente , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Estimulação LuminosaRESUMO
Introspective agents can recognize the extent to which their internal perceptual experiences deviate from the actual states of the external world. This ability, also known as insight, is critically required for reality testing and is impaired in psychosis, yet little is known about its cognitive underpinnings. We develop a Bayesian modeling framework and a psychophysics paradigm to quantitatively characterize this type of insight while people experience a motion after-effect illusion. People can incorporate knowledge about the illusion into their decisions when judging the actual direction of a motion stimulus, compensating for the illusion (and often overcompensating). Furthermore, confidence, reaction-time, and pupil-dilation data all show signatures consistent with inferential adjustments in the Bayesian insight model. Our results suggest that people can question the veracity of what they see by making insightful inferences that incorporate introspective knowledge about internal distortions.
Assuntos
Ilusões , Percepção de Movimento , Transtornos Psicóticos , Humanos , Distorção da Percepção , Teorema de Bayes , PsicofísicaRESUMO
Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a rare perceptual disorder characterized mainly by perceptual distortions of visual objects and one's own body. While there are many case reports of visual and somatosensory distortions associated with AIWS, little is known about auditory distortion. Therefore, we present the case of a 22-year-old right-handed woman who described having auditory as well as visual and somatosensory distortion experiences and a family history of AIWS. The subject reported experiencing multisensory perceptual distortions, where she sees other people's faces as larger and hears their voices as louder at the same time. This particular case suggests that auditory distortion - which contributes to constructing the perception of the surrounding space and the body - may also be characterized as a perceptual symptom of AIWS.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Alice no País das Maravilhas , Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome de Alice no País das Maravilhas/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Transtornos da Percepção/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Percepção/etiologia , Transtornos da Percepção Auditiva/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Este artigo realiza um percurso histórico das narrativas teóricas construídas pelas elites intelectuais brancas brasileiras sobre as relações raciais no campo psicológico, bem como os efeitos desse processo no desenvolvimento da psicologia enquanto ciência e profissão. Como a maioria de profissionais da área é branca em um país cuja maioria da população é negra, torna-se cada vez mais urgente e necessário revisitar tanto as bases da psicologia acerca das relações raciais quanto o modo como essas relações se dão no cotidiano, com vistas a construir caminhos para pensar teoria e prática comprometidas com a igualdade racial. Nesse sentido, tecem-se considerações sobre as narrativas teóricas acerca das relações raciais no campo científico brasileiro, destacando o lugar da psicologia nesse percurso. Em seguida, discutem-se as relações entre as perspectivas da realidade social e das produções de saberes nesse campo. Ainda mais especificamente no campo da psicologia, evidenciam-se os paradigmas que orientaram os estudos sobre as relações raciais na área e, por fim, aponta-se um caminho possível para a construção de uma ciência psicológica compromissada com a igualdade racial.(AU)
This paper presents a historical overview of the theoretical narratives constructed by white Brazilian intellectual elites about race relations within psychology and its the effects on the development of Psychology as a science and a profession. As psychology professionals are white, whereas the majority of the population is black, it is increasingly urgent and necessary to revisit the foundations of psychology on everyday life racial relations, towards a theory and practice committed to racial equality. The text presents considerations on the theoretical narratives about race relations in the Brazilian scientific field, highlighting the role played by psychology. It then discusses the relations between social reality and knowledge production in this field. Regarding psychology specifically, it highlights the paradigms that guided studies on race relations in the field and proposes a possible way to develop a psychological science committed to racial equality.(AU)
Este trabajo realiza un recorrido histórico sobre las narrativas teóricas construidas por las élites intelectuales brasileñas blancas sobre las relaciones raciales en el campo de la Psicología, y los efectos de este proceso en el desarrollo de la psicología como ciencia y profesión. Como la mayoría de los profesionales en el área son blancos en un país donde la mayoría de la población es negra, es cada vez más urgente y necesario revisar los fundamentos de la psicología sobre las relaciones raciales, y cómo son estas relaciones en la vida cotidiana, para que podamos construir teoría y práctica comprometidas con la igualdad racial. Primero, se reflexionará sobre las narrativas teóricas de las relaciones raciales en este campo científico brasileño, destacando el lugar de la psicología en este camino. Luego, se discutirán las relaciones entre las perspectivas sobre la realidad social y la producción de conocimiento en este campo. Aún más específicamente en el campo de la psicología, se resaltarán los paradigmas que guiaron los estudios sobre las relaciones raciales en el área y, finalmente, se señalará un posible camino en la construcción de una ciencia psicológica comprometida con la igualdad racial.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicologia , Relações Raciais , Narrativa Pessoal , Distorção da Percepção , Política , Pobreza , Preconceito , Psicanálise , Psicologia Social , Política Pública , Autoimagem , Comportamento Social , Classe Social , Isolamento Social , Justiça Social , Percepção Social , Problemas Sociais , Ciências Sociais , Socialização , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Sociologia , Estereotipagem , Pensamento , Desemprego , Universidades , Variação Genética , Violência , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Imagem Corporal , Brasil , Mobilidade Ocupacional , Saúde Mental , Saúde Pública , Saúde da Mulher , Dissonância Cognitiva , Colonialismo , Campos de Concentração , Conflito Psicológico , Diversidade Cultural , Feminismo , Vulnerabilidade a Desastres , Democracia , Desumanização , Mercantilização , Pesquisa Comportamental , Determinismo Genético , Educação Profissional em Saúde Pública , Grupos Raciais , População Negra , Discriminação Psicológica , Educação , Ego , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Estética , Racismo , Migração Humana , Escravização , Alfabetização , Segregação Social , Dessegregação , Ativismo Político , Sucesso Acadêmico , Fracasso Acadêmico , Desigualdades Étnicas , Privilégio Social , Frustração , Respeito , Angústia Psicológica , Políticas Públicas Antidiscriminatórias , Direito ao Trabalho , Empoderamento , Comparação Social , Representação Social , Justiça Ambiental , Enquadramento Interseccional , Minorias Étnicas e Raciais , Cidadania , Diversidade, Equidade, Inclusão , Disparidades Socioeconômicas em Saúde , Segregação Residencial , Antirracismo , Culpa , Hierarquia Social , Desenvolvimento Humano , Direitos Humanos , Individuação , Inteligência , Relações Interpessoais , Relações Interprofissionais , Jurisprudência , Ira , MoralRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como mulheres adultas (acima de 30 anos) diagnosticadas com transtornos alimentares (TAs) vivenciam o adoecer. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, desenvolvido com base no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (AFI). Participaram seis mulheres, com idades entre 34 e 65 anos, atendidas em um serviço especializado. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista aberta, de inspiração fenomenológica, na modalidade remota. As entrevistas foram audiogravadas, transcritas e analisadas seguindo os passos da AFI. Duas categorias temáticas foram identificadas: "Vivendo antes do adoecer" e "Encontrando-se doente." Constatou-se que os sintomas tiveram início anteriormente à vida adulta e que houve dificuldade na confirmação do diagnóstico. Na perspectiva das participantes, conviver com a sintomatologia ficou mais complicado em função de particularidades de manejo dos sintomas na vida adulta, e a idade é percebida como um fator que impacta e dificulta ainda mais a recuperação. As participantes relataram desesperança em relação ao futuro, apesar de a maioria reconhecer melhoras no quadro clínico ao longo do tempo e de valorizar a relação de confiança estabelecida com a equipe multiprofissional.(AU)
This study aimed to understand the experience of illness of adult women (over 30 years) diagnosed with eating disorders (ED). This is a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as theoretical and methodological framework. A sample of six women aged 34-64 years, assisted in a specialized service, were recruited to complete a phenomenological in-depth open interview. The data were remotely collected. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed following the IPA. Two thematic categories were identified: "Living before the illness" and "Finding about the illness." It was found that the symptoms started before adulthood and that there was difficulty establishing the diagnosis. Living with the symptoms became more complicated due to particularities of symptom management in adulthood and age is perceived as a factor that impacts recovery and makes it even more difficult. The participants reported hopelessness about the future, although most recognized improvements in the clinical condition over time and valued the trusting relationship they established with the multiprofessional team.(AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las experiencias de las mujeres adultas (mayores de 30 años) diagnosticadas con trastornos alimentarios (TA) respecto a la enfermedad. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, desarrollado a partir del marco teórico y metodológico del Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo (AFI). Participaron seis mujeres, con edades de entre 34 y 65 años, atendidas en un servicio especializado. Los datos se recogieron mediante entrevistas abiertas, de inspiración fenomenológica, en la modalidad a distancia. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas siguiendo los pasos del AFI. Se identificaron dos categorías temáticas: "Vivir antes de enfermar" y "Encontrarse enfermo." Se constató que los síntomas comenzaron antes de la edad adulta y que hubo dificultades de establecer el diagnóstico. La convivencia con síntomas se complicó debido a las particularidades del manejo de los síntomas en la vida adulta y la edad se percibe como un factor que influye y dificulta aún más la recuperación. Los participantes manifestaron desesperanza sobre el futuro, aunque reconocieron mejoras en el cuadro clínico con el paso del tiempo y valoraron la relación de confianza establecida con el equipo multiprofesional.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Anorexia Nervosa , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Bulimia Nervosa , Pandemias , Ansiedade , Distorção da Percepção , Apetite , Satisfação Pessoal , Psiquiatria , Psicologia , Psicopatologia , Qualidade de Vida , Autoavaliação (Psicologia) , Autoimagem , Vergonha , Gastropatias , Estresse Psicológico , Conscientização , Terapêutica , Magreza , Indústria da Beleza , Vômito , Recuperação Nutricional , Imagem Corporal , Peso Corporal , Envelhecimento , Menopausa , Redução de Peso , Família , Hiperfagia , Comorbidade , Saúde Mental , Mortalidade , Entrevista , Fatores Culturais , Desidratação , Fatores Genéricos de Transcrição , Desnutrição , Transtorno Depressivo , Diagnóstico , Dieta , Dietoterapia , Emoções , Ciências da Nutrição , Laxantes , Comportamento Alimentar , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar , Bullying , Estigma Social , Aparência Física , Autocontrole , Análise do Comportamento Aplicada , Dependência de Alimentos , Ruminação Digestiva , Recuperação da Saúde Mental , Trajetória do Peso do Corpo , Constrangimento , Transtorno Alimentar Restritivo Evitativo , Vergonha do Corpo , Representação Social , Ortorexia Nervosa , Status Social , Culpa , Promoção da Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Transtornos Mentais , Metabolismo , ObesidadeRESUMO
Orofacial pain patients often report that the painful facial area is "swollen" without clinical signs - known as perceptual distortion (PD). The neuromodulatory effect of facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on PD in healthy individuals was investigated, to provide further support that the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is involved in facial PD. Participants were allocated to active (n = 26) or sham (n = 26) rTMS group in this case-control study. PD was induced experimentally by injecting local anesthesia (LA) in the right infraorbital region. PD was measured at baseline, 6 min after LA, immediately, 20 and 40 min after rTMS. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) as active rTMS and sham rTMS was applied to the face representation area of SI at 10 min after LA. The magnitude of PD was compared between the groups. The magnitude of PD significantly increased immediately after iTBS compared with sham rTMS (P = .009). The PD was significantly higher immediately after iTBS compared to 6 min after LA (P = .004) in the active rTMS group, but not in the sham rTMS group (P = .054). iTBS applied to a somatotopic-relevant cortical region appears to facilitate facial PD further supporting the involvement of SI in the processing of one´s own face and PD. PERSPECTIVE: This study provides information on neural substrate responsible for processing of perceptual distortion of the face which is speculated to contribute to the chronification of orofacial pain. The findings of this study may aid in mechanism-based management of the condition in orofacial pain disorders and possibly other chronic pain states.
Assuntos
Distorção da Percepção , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Dor Facial , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Voluntary movement such as lifting a foot in preparation to stepping acts as a self-initiated perturbation that disturbs postural equilibrium. To maintain and restore equilibrium, humans utilize early, anticipatory, and compensatory postural adjustments. Despite technological progress in accessible virtual reality (VR) devices, little is known on the usage of VR in control and maintenance of balance while standing. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does VR modulate early, anticipatory, and compensatory postural adjustments during a dynamic task of leg lifting while avoiding an obstacle? METHODS: First, the postural adjustments in a single-leg obstacle avoidance were compared between real and VR settings, where a statistical reanalysis was performed with data subsets that minimize the difference of foot elevation speed. Second, the effect of simple foot elevation was examined to identify the fundamental nature of leg lifting motion as a self-initiated perturbation. Lastly, perceptual distortion in VR was assessed by evaluating how the spatial scale of the virtual scene used in the single-leg obstacle avoidance experiment was recognized by participants. RESULTS: The VR setting reduced the activities of lower leg muscles on the supporting side not only in the compensatory phase but also in the preparatory early and anticipatory phases. On the other hand, simple foot elevation resulted in a significant increase of muscle activities with lifting height only found in the compensatory phase. Furthermore, it is suggested that the VR induced perceptual distortion in estimating the sizes of the virtual objects. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings provide more definitive evidence that VR presentation modulates the components of postural adjustments for maintaining upright stance while being perturbed. One of the potential psychophysical factors is perceptual distortion in VR, and this provides critical information for further development of VR based training system.
Assuntos
Distorção da Percepção , Realidade Virtual , Humanos , Perna (Membro)/fisiologia , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Postura/fisiologiaRESUMO
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a devastating public health issue. To successfully address ARHL using existing and future treatments, it is imperative to detect the earliest signs of age-related auditory decline and understand the mechanisms driving it. Here, we explore early signs of age-related auditory decline by characterizing cochlear function in 199 ears aged 10-65 years, all of which had clinically defined normal hearing (i.e., behavioral thresholds ≤ 25 dB HL from .25 to 8 kHz bilaterally) and no history of noise exposure. We characterized cochlear function by measuring behavioral thresholds in two paradigms (traditional audiometric thresholds from .25 to 8 kHz and Békésy tracking thresholds from .125 to 20 kHz) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) growth functions at f2 = 2, 4, and 8 kHz. Behavioral thresholds through a standard clinical frequency range (up to 8 kHz) showed statistically, but not clinically, significant declines across increasing decades of life. In contrast, DPOAE growth measured in the same frequency range showed clear declines as early 30 years of age, particularly across moderate stimulus levels (L2 = 25-45 dB SPL). These substantial declines in DPOAE growth were not fully explained by differences in behavioral thresholds measured in the same frequency region. Additionally, high-frequency Békésy tracking thresholds above ~11.2 kHz showed frank declines with increasing age. Collectively, these results suggest that early age-related cochlear decline (1) begins as early as the third or fourth decade of life, (2) is greatest in the cochlear base but apparent through the length of the cochlear partition, (3) cannot be detected fully by traditional clinical measures, and (4) is likely due to a complex mix of etiologies.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Limiar Auditivo/fisiologia , Cóclea , Transtornos da Audição/diagnóstico , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Audiometria/métodos , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
(AU)A Psicologia tem buscado compreender como ocorrem os processos de interesse e percepção sexual, contudo essa área ainda carece de estudos. Buscando compreender o estado da arte da área dos erros de percepção sexual, esta pesquisa realizou uma revisão integrativa da literatura utilizando o termo "sexual misperception" obtido do APA Thesaurus. Foram pesquisadas as bases PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science™, Lilacs, Wiley e Sage Journals. Foram obtidos, ao final dos processos de inclusão e exclusão, 19 artigos. Foi observada uma concentração das pesquisas nos Estados Unidos, com foco nas diferenças de gênero na percepção sexual. Outras variáveis investigadas estavam relacionadas ao consumo de álcool e comportamentos violentos. Os resultados apontam para poucas pesquisas realizadas nos contextos concretos e com elevada utilização de amostras WEIRD (ocidentais, com alto grau de alto escolaridade, de sociedades industrializadas, ricas e democráticas), as quais devem inspirar estudos em outras realidades. (AU)
Psychology tries to understand how the processes of sexual interest and perception occur however this area still needs further investigation. Focusing on understanding the state of the art in the field of sexual perception errors, we carried out a systematic review of the literature using the term sexual misperception obtained from the APA Thesaurus. We reviewed the following databases; PsycNET, PubMed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Wiley, and Sage Journals. After the inclusion and exclusion processes, we obtained 19 articles. Most studies were performed in the United States, with a focus on gender differences in sexual perception. Other variables investigated were alcohol consumption and violent behavior. We identified a small number of studies carried out in real contexts, using exclusively WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) samples, which should inspire studies in other realities. (AU)
La psicología ha buscado comprender cómo ocurren los procesos de interés y percepción sexual, sin embargo, esta área aún carece de estudios. Buscando comprender el estado del arte en el campo de los errores de percepción sexual, esta investigación llevó a cabo una revisión integradora de la literatura, utilizando el término sexual misperception obtenido del APA Thesauros. Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos: PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science ™, Lilacs, Wiley y Sage Journals. Al finalizar los procesos de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvieron 19 artículos. Se observó una concentración de investigación en los Estados Unidos con enfoque en las diferencias de género en la percepción sexual. Otras variables investigadas fueron el consumo de alcohol y el comportamiento violento. Se identificó un pequeño número de investigaciones realizadas en contextos reales y con alto uso de muestras WEIRD (occidentales, con alto grado de educación, sociedades industrializadas, ricas y democráticas), que deberían inspirar estudios en otras realidades. (AU)
Assuntos
Distorção da Percepção , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Fatores Sexuais , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , IndividualidadeRESUMO
Mechanoreceptors on the skin are heterogeneously distributed, and the sampling of neural signals in the brain can vary depending on the part of the body. Therefore, it can be challenging for the brain to consistently represent stimuli applied to different body sites. Here, we report an example of a regional perceptual distortion of the tactile space. We used a piezoelectric braille display to examine shape perception on the volar surface of the arm and to compare it to that on the palm. We found that the orientation of perceived stimuli on the arm was distorted in certain areas. In particular, an inwardly-inclined line shape was perceived as being more inwardly-inclined than it actually was. On the other hand, an outwardly-inclined line was perceived accurately. When the same stimuli were applied to the palm, this anisotropic bias was not observed. We also found that changing the posture of the arm changed the angle at which this anisotropic distortion occurred, suggesting the influence of the skin frame of reference on this illusion. This study showed a clear example of how the representation of even simple stimuli is complexly distinct when the stimuli are applied to different body sites.
Assuntos
Braço/fisiologia , Mãos/fisiologia , Orientação Espacial/fisiologia , Percepção/fisiologia , Distorção da Percepção , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Percepção do Tato , Adulto , Anisotropia , Feminino , Humanos , Ilusões/fisiologia , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estimulação Física , Postura , Tato , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Concurrent body movements have been shown to enhance the accuracy of spatial judgment, but it remains unclear whether they also contribute to perceptual estimates of gravitational space not involving body movements. To address this, we evaluated the effects of static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged whole-body tilt on the subsequent perceptual estimates of visual or postural vertical. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to continuously perform static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged tilt, and we assessed their effects on the prolonged tilt-induced shifts of subjective visual vertical (SVV) at a tilted position (during-tilt session) or near upright (post-tilt session). In Experiment 2, we evaluated how static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged tilt subsequently affected the subjective postural vertical (SPV). In Experiment 1, we observed that the SVV was significantly shifted toward the direction of prolonged tilt in both sessions. The SVV shifts decreased when performing dynamic arm movements in the during-tilt session, but not in the post-tilt session. In Experiment 2, as well as SVV, the SPV was shifted toward the direction of prolonged tilt, but it was not significantly attenuated by the performance of static or dynamic arm movements. The results of the during-tilt session suggest that the central nervous system utilizes additional information generated by dynamic body movements for perceptual estimates of visual vertical.
Assuntos
Braço/fisiologia , Movimentos da Cabeça/fisiologia , Orientação/fisiologia , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Gravitação , Humanos , Masculino , Movimento , Postura/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Child sexual violence can cause serious damage to the psychosocial development of its victims. Assessments in this context require the use of several psychological tests with proven validity for this purpose. This study aimed to assess children victims of sexual violence using the Zulliger R-Optimized application. The sample consisted of 37 children of both sexes, aged from seven to 13 years old (M = 10.92), distributed in three groups: Sexual Violence Victims (SVV), Cancer Patients (CP) and the Non-Victim Group (NVG). The statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whiney and one-way ANOVA tests. The Zulliger variables concerning the clusters Interpersonal Relationship (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Self-Image (MOR) and Processing (W:M) showed statistical differences when the SVV group was compared to the other groups. The Zulliger R-Optimized application shows promising results in assessing SVV children, indicating its usefulness for assessments in this context.
Resumo A violência sexual infantil pode gerar graves prejuízos para o desenvolvimento psicossocial de suas vítimas. As avaliações nesse contexto requerem o uso de vários testes psicológicos que possuem evidências de validade para este fim. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar crianças vítimas de violência sexual com o Zulliger aplicação R-Otimizada. A amostra consistiu em 37 crianças com idade entre 7 e 13 anos (M = 10,92), de ambos os sexos, distribuídas em três grupos: Vítimas de Violência Sexual (VVS), Pacientes com Câncer (PC) e Grupo de Não-Vítimas (GNV). Realizou-se tratamento estatístico por meio dos testes Mann-Whiney e Anova de uma via. Variáveis do Zulliger concernentes aos agrupamentos de Relacionamento Interpessoal (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Autoimagem (MOR) e Processamento (W:M) apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando o grupo VVS foi comparado aos outros grupos. O Zulliger aplicação R-Otimizada apresenta resultados promissores na avaliação de crianças VVS, indicando sua utilidade em avaliações desse contexto.
Resumen La violencia sexual infantil puede causar daños al desarrollo psicosocial de las víctimas. Evaluaciones en este contexto requieren uso de exámenes psicológicos que tienen evidencia de validez para este propósito. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar niños víctimas de violencia sexual con lo Zulliger aplicación R-Optimizada. La muestra consistió en 37 niños de 7 a 13 años (M = 10.92), ambos sexos, distribuidos en tres grupos: Víctimas de Violencia Sexual (VVS), Pacientes con Cáncer (PC) y Grupo de No-Víctimas (GNV). El tratamiento estadístico se realizó utilizando las pruebas de Mann-Whiney y Anova de una vía. Variables de Zulliger para las agrupaciones de Relaciones Interpersonales (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Autoimagen (MOR) y Procesamiento (W:M) mostraron diferencias estadísticas cuando el grupo VVS se comparó con los otros grupos. Zulliger aplicación R-Optimizada muestra resultados prometedores en la evaluación de niños VVS que indican su usabilidad en las evaluaciones en este contexto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Distorção da Percepção , Testes Psicológicos , Delitos Sexuais , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Análise de Variância , Técnicas Projetivas , NeoplasiasRESUMO
Humans interact in groups through various perception and action channels. The continuity of interaction despite a transient loss of perceptual contact often exists and contributes to goal achievement. Here, we study the dynamics of this continuity, in two experiments involving groups of participants ([Formula: see text]) synchronizing their movements in space and in time. We show that behavioural unison can be maintained after perceptual contact has been lost, for about 7s. Agent similarity and spatial configuration in the group modulated synchronization performance, differently so when perceptual interaction was present or when it was memorized. Modelling these data through a network of oscillators enabled us to clarify the double origin of this memory effect, of individual and social nature. These results shed new light into why humans continue to move in unison after perceptual interruption, and are consequential for a wide variety of applications at work, in art and in sport.
Assuntos
Memória/fisiologia , Movimento , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A longstanding debate in the face recognition field concerns the format of face representations in the brain. New face research clarifies some of this mystery by revealing a face-centered format in a patient with a left splenium lesion of the corpus callosum who perceives the right side of faces as 'melted'.
Assuntos
Reconhecimento Facial , Distorção da Percepção , Encéfalo , Corpo Caloso , Humanos , Orientação EspacialRESUMO
The spatial coordinate system in which a stimulus representation is embedded is known as its reference frame. Every visual representation has a reference frame [1], and the visual system uses a variety of reference frames to efficiently code visual information [e.g., 1-5]. The representation of faces in early stages of visual processing depends on retino-centered reference frames, but little is known about the reference frames that code the high-level representations used to make judgements about faces. Here, we focus on a rare and striking disorder of face perception-hemi-prosopometamorphopsia (hemi-PMO)-to investigate these reference frames. After a left splenium lesion, Patient A.D. perceives features on the right side of faces as if they had melted. The same features were distorted when faces were presented in either visual field, at different in-depth rotations, and at different picture-plane orientations including upside-down. A.D.'s results indicate faces are aligned to a view- and orientation-independent face template encoded in a face-centered reference frame, that these face-centered representations are present in both the left and right hemisphere, and that the representations of the left and right halves of a face are dissociable.
Assuntos
Dano Encefálico Crônico/patologia , Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Lateralidade Funcional/fisiologia , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orientação Espacial , Campos VisuaisRESUMO
Observers can discriminate between blurry and low-contrast images (Morgan, 2017). Wang and Simoncelli (2004) demonstrated that a code for blur is inherent to the phase relationships between localized pattern detectors of different scales. To test whether human observers actually use local phase coherence when discriminating between image blur and loss of contrast, we compared phase-scrambled chessboards with unscrambled chessboards. Although both stimuli had identical amplitude spectra, local phase coherence was disrupted by phase-scrambling. Human observers were required to concurrently detect and identify (as contrast or blur) image manipulations in the 2 × 2 forced-choice paradigm (Nachmias & Weber, 1975; Watson & Robson, 1981) traditionally considered to be a litmus test for "labelled lines" (i.e. detection mechanisms that can be distinguished on the basis of their preferred stimuli). Phase scrambling reduced some observers' ability to discriminate between blur and a reduction in contrast. However, none of our observers produced data consistent with Watson and Robson's most stringent test for labeled lines, regardless whether phases were scrambled or not. Models of performance fit significantly better when (a) the blur detector also responded to contrast modulations, (b) the contrast detector also responded to blur modulations, or (c) noise in the two detectors was anticorrelated.
Assuntos
Sensibilidades de Contraste/fisiologia , Modelos Teóricos , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Distorção da Percepção/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic orofacial pain (COP) patients often perceive the painful face area as "swollen" without clinical signs; such self-reported illusions of the face are termed perceptual distortion (PD). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD remain elusive. OBJECTIVE: To test the neuromodulatory effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on PD in healthy individuals, to gain insight into the cortical mechanisms underlying PD. METHODS: PD was induced experimentally by injections of local anesthetic (LA) around the infraorbital nerve and measured as perceived size changes of the affected area. Participants were randomly allocated to inhibitory rTMS (n = 26) or sham rTMS (n = 26) group. The participants rated PD at baseline, 6 min after LA, immediately, 20 and 40 min after rTMS. The rTMS (inhibitory and sham) was applied to face (lip) representation area of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) as an intervention at 10 min after the LA, when the magnitude of PD is large. As inhibitory rTMS, continuous theta-burst stimulation paradigm (50 Hz) for 40s was employed to inhibit cortical activity. RESULTS: We demonstrated a significant decrease in the magnitude of PD immediately and 20 min after the application of inhibitory rTMS compared with sham rTMS (P < 0.006). In two control experiments, we also showed that peripheral muscle stimulation and stimulation of a cortical region other than the lip representation area had no effect on the magnitude of the PD. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibitory rTMS applied to a somatotopical-relevant cortical region modulates PD of the face in healthy individuals and could potentially have therapeutic implications for COP patients.