Educating donors about deferrals through the provision of tailored materials: Findings from a survey of deferred donors.

BACKGROUND: Receiving a temporary deferral has been shown to negatively affect donor retention. One contributing factor for low donor return may be poor understanding of why the deferral has occurred. The aim of this study was to determine whether new educational materials-a brochure, guided conversation, and follow-up email-increased deferred donors' knowledge about their donation eligibility, satisfaction with the deferral process, intention to return, and odds of rebooking another appointment. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of the educational materials compared to business as usual deferral procedures: (a) In-center brochure and follow-up email; (b) Email only; (c) Control. A survey was administered to a random sample of trial participants (n = 847). RESULTS: Compared with the control condition, donors in the in-center brochure and email condition were more knowledgeable about the end date of their deferral, and reported higher satisfaction with the deferral information provided, and had fewer questions and/or concerns about the deferral. Similar findings were observed when comparing the email only condition to the in-center brochure and email condition. No differences were found in intention to return. Donors in the in-center brochure plus email condition had increased odds (OR:1.385) of rebooking their next appointment compared to the combined email only and control conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The application of a deferral is often misunderstood by donors. Providing educational materials to donors can increase their understanding and may lead to increased retention of donors through rebooking of subsequent donations.

Red cell genotyping of rare blood donors: donation behaviour and data visualization.

BACKGROUND: The continual identification of rare blood among donors is critical to support national programs like the American Rare Donor Program (ARDP). Some blood centres require consent from donors to be registered with a national registry. This situation provides an opportunity to determine whether a donor's willingness to register is associated with a change in donation behaviour. METHODS: Rare donors were identified by molecular typing. The average number of donations per year was compared for each donor prior to and after receiving a consent letter. Donors were categorized as either accepting or declining the request. Non-parametric t tests compared the statistical significance within and between categories. Rare types were overlaid with consensus data to look for trends using data visualization techniques. RESULTS: A total of 270 molecularly typed rare donors received letters over 4 years. Half of the donors (132, 49%) agreed to participate in the ARDP. Overall, donation frequency increased after the letter when enrolled. Both Caucasian and non-Caucasian donors increased their donations after enrolling providing an additional 159 red blood cell units over 3 years. Declining participation did not change donation frequency. Data visualization showed that enrolled donors were more affluent, high school and college educated, and lived in their home for longer periods of time. CONCLUSION: A donor's willingness to enrol in the ARDP was associated with a post-response increase in donation frequency. New interventions to reach non-Caucasian donors may be a prerequisite to increase donation frequency and a willingness to be a rare blood donor.

Effectiveness of the post-donation instruction sheet in conveying information to repeat blood donors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Written materials are commonly used for blood donor education. While pre-donation materials are largely standardized across US blood collectors, the post-donation instruction sheet (PDIS) is variable and few have been evaluated to assess their effectiveness in conveying information as reflected by donors' attention, understanding and recall. METHODS: An online survey was sent to two independent randomly selected samples of repeat donors, before and after implementation of the enhanced PDIS. RESULTS: A total of 12 935 blood donors responded (33·4% response rate). Most donors did not read the entire PDIS - 34·3% less than half and 18·1% none. Of the 10 593 donors who reported reading any of the PDIS, 97·8% recalled instructions about immediate post-donation care (e.g. extra fluids/no exercise) and 88·0% to call with questions/problems. However, only 50·1% remembered reading about what to do if you felt dizzy/faint and 32·4% about care for bruises. Recall rates in every area were similar before and after revision; except after revision, more donors remembered seeing information about maintaining iron and fewer that you should call the centre back with additional health information (P < 0·0001). DISCUSSION: Blood collectors rely heavily on written materials to convey instructions to donors. Most repeat donors do not read the entire PDIS, and many do not recall important information. More donors recalled seeing how to maintain iron with the enhanced PDIS, but recall deficits remained on how to care for adverse reactions. Written materials alone appear to be insufficient to educate some donors about new or updated topics.

Evaluation of donor informed consents and associated predonation educational materials in the United States and Canada: variability in elements of consent and measures of readability and reading burden.

BACKGROUND: Every day, approximately 30,000 donors present to blood collection establishments in the United States or Canada, where they are provided information about donation and asked to sign a consent before donating. We evaluated elements of informational and consent documents and measures of readability that may influence their comprehension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consents for whole blood (WB) and automated collections and predonation reading materials (PRMs) representing over 93% of WB collections in the United States and Canada were evaluated. Elements, including risks of donation, were cataloged. Word count, Flesch-Kinkaid (F-K) reading ease/grade level scores, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade, and percentage of complex words were measured. RESULTS: F-K grade levels ranged from 9.2 to 16.9 for WB consents, 7.8 to 16.0 for apheresis consents, and 6.7 to 10.9 for PRMs, above the recommended level of eighth grade or lower for general audiences. F-K reading ease scores were below the cutoff of 60 for readability. Reading burden was substantial, with word count ranging from 131 to 885, 131 to 996, and 649 to 2743 for WB and apheresis consents and PRMs, respectively. Use of jargon and the absence of consent elements such as confidentiality, voluntariness, ability to withdraw consent, and risks of deferral were common. CONCLUSIONS: Donor consent documents and associated materials vary widely, are written at challenging grade levels, present considerable reading burden, contain substantial jargon, and are missing key elements of consent. The authors recommend an organized effort, including blood donors, legal experts, and blood collection experts, to reach consensus on the minimal requirements for standardized clear and concise consent documents in an optimized format.

Evaluation and improvement of blood donor educational materials: results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Blood collection centers are charged with creating donor educational materials (DnEM) that are easily understood across all prospective donor populations, while addressing mandates and recommendations from regulatory agencies and professional standard setting organizations. Donors must have sufficient information to understand the donation process with its risks and benefits, time to consider options before deciding, and opportunity to choose whether to proceed with or decline donating. The goal of this multisite randomized controlled trial was to evaluate knowledge acquired using standardized DnEM. America's Blood Centers' Working Group (WG) for Donor Education and Communication was formed to evaluate and suggest modifications of these documents. Based on pilot work, a randomized clinical trial was designed to test donor knowledge across a variety of populations. The WG identified several shortcomings in the current DnEM and proposed new DnEM. The new DnEM were tested against the same, current DnEM being used at all three sites (Blood Donor Educational Material, 2016 version 2.0, published in conjunction with the AABB uniform donor history questionnaire). METHODS AND MATERIALS: One-hundred sixty-five first time and returning donors were randomized in a 2x2 model to review either new DnEM or current DnEM. Every participant completed a pre- and post-quiz that tested their understanding of the DnEM. RESULTS: Returning donors had greater baseline knowledge compared to new donors, but new donors improved more versus returning donors. Donors using the new DnEM showed greater improvement in knowledge than those using current DnEM. CONCLUSION: Comprehension of DnEM can be improved. With this sample size the results suggest that the findings are independent of demographic characteristics, but a larger study would be necessary to confirm this.

A university - Led initiative to promote voluntary non-remunerated blood donation in a developing country.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process, challenges and impact of developing a voluntary non-remunerated blood donor programme in a replacement- based blood donation system. BACKGROUND: Trinidad and Tobago is a developing country whose blood transfusion service is based on replacement and remunerated donors. The University of the West Indies Blood Donor Foundation was formed to promote voluntary non-remunerated donation through education, research and example. METHODS/MATERIALS: The process of establishing the Blood Donor Foundation was documented. Age, gender, number, history (first-time or repeat) and serological tests of donors attending 12 consecutive sessions between 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. Comparisons were made to published PAHO data for TTO's replacement blood donor system and the programme's impact on national policy described. Chi square analysis was used to measure significance of associations and p <  0.05 to assign statistical significance. RESULTS: After research and sensitization, 951 units of blood were collected, 50% from people in the 17-25 age group, 54% from females and 55% from repeat donors. Deferrals were <10% and initially reactive serological tests 1.2% compared to 43.6% and 3.04% respectively (p < 0.05 for both) for the national donor pool. The model was accepted for application nationally. CONCLUSION: A voluntary non-remunerated blood donation programme was successfully established within a replacement-based system providing a model for national adoption.

Interventions to Increase Blood Donation among Ethnic/Racial Minorities: A Systematic Review.

Ethnic/racial minorities are under-represented in blood donor populations in most developed countries. This is of particular concern where minorities differ from a country's majority population in terms of blood or tissue typing, especially where type matching is required for effective management of rare disorders such as sickle-cell disease that require multiple transfusions. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of interventions to increase blood donation among ethnic/racial minority populations in developed countries. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and ProQuest on 20 March 2017 with no date restrictions and supplemented this with searches on Google Scholar, blood collection agency websites, reference lists of included studies, and a forward search of citations of included studies. We included intervention studies designed to increase recruitment and/or retention of adult, ethnic/racial minority blood donors in developed countries. The review identified eight studies reported in nine publications. Six were conducted in the USA with African Americans. Four studies reported on multifaceted, community-based interventions; three reported on one-off information and educational video interventions, presented face-to-face, or delivered via post or e-mail. The level of evidence for efficacy was low, and the majority of studies were assessed as having some risk of bias related to one or more methodological issues. All eight studies reported positive outcomes in blood donation and/or intention to donate. Seven trials found that the intervention increased presentation for donation, and three found an increase in the percentage of new donors from the ethnic minority targeted. The review findings demonstrate that it is possible to design and implement effective interventions to motivate individuals from ethnic/racial minority groups to donate blood. One-off interventions may be as effective as multifaceted, community-based interventions. There was insufficient evidence to recommend particular interventions, and future research should empirically assess alternative interventions using robust study designs.

Nursing students' knowledge and attitudes of blood donation: A multicentre study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors involved in the blood donation (BD) in a population of Italian nursing students (NSs). BACKGROUND: Young people are still numerically limited among potential blood donors. Recent research on this topic has underlined the need to promote recruitment programmes and focused advertising campaigns to specific targeted population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. The STROBE checklist was used to grant adequate and complete reporting of research. METHODS: The study was carried out in five Italian Universities, and a structured, 22-item questionnaire was distributed to 532 NSs (mean age = 24.64, SD = 7.41, min = 19; max = 55; population, female = 80.8% of total) to explore propensity, obstacles, knowledge of BD and to assess associations between variables. Descriptive (frequency, mean and SD) and inferential (χ2 ) statistics were conducted. RESULTS: The overall level of knowledge among NSs donors is high, when compared with non-donors (p < 0.05); the propensity for donation is acceptable (34.8% of the total are donors; mean = 3.17 donation). The obstacles perceived by participants are "practical" (20% and 22.8% think they do not have enough time to donate or are unsuitable because of lifestyle reasons; respectively). A relevant aspect regards the NSs' perceived role as future healthcare professionals to be responsible to educate and influence potential donors (81.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Specifically tailored BD campaigning should be implemented to sensitise University students. NSs could become effective motivators among students of different Universities or faculties. Thanks to their role and capability to put themselves in the peer group. NSs could contribute to the promotion of this selfless practice and to the development of a mature, responsible civic attitude. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing educators should play a pivotal role in developing teaching methods to promote BD among NSs.

Fear of blood draw is associated with inflated expectations of faint and prefaint reactions to blood donation.

BACKGROUND: Although the risk of fainting and prefaint reactions (e.g., dizziness, lightheadedness) is low during blood donation, there is evidence that this risk remains a concern for many donors. This study sought to measure perceived risk for such reactions within the general population and to relate perceived risk to individual reports of fear of having blood drawn. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 1019 men and women (52.2% male; mean ± SD age, 37.2 ± 12.3 years; range, 18-80 years) completed an anonymous online survey that included questions that asked about their 1) estimation of the frequency of faint and prefaint symptoms experienced by blood donors and 2) fear of having blood drawn. RESULTS: Survey respondents overestimated the risk of both faint and prefaint reactions to blood donation, with estimates of fainting risk being more than 20 times the actual risk. Further, the perceived risk of both faint reactions (F(4,1008) = 25.88, p < 0.001) and prefaint reactions (F(4,1008) = 17.37, p < 0.001) was higher among those who reported greater fear of having blood drawn. CONCLUSION: The general public has inflated expectations of the risk for faint and prefaint reactions to blood donation, suggesting that efforts to educate prospective donors with accurate information may help to reduce this relatively common concern.

"I didn't have anything to decide, I wanted to help my kids"-An interview-based study of consent procedures for sampling human biological material for genetic research in rural Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Individual, comprehensive, and written informed consent is broadly considered an ethical obligation in research involving the sampling of human material. In developing countries, however, local conditions, such as widespread illiteracy, low levels of education, and hierarchical social structures, complicate compliance with these standards. As a result, researchers may modify the consent process to secure participation. To evaluate the ethical status of such modified consent strategies it is necessary to assess the extent to which local practices accord with the values underlying informed consent. METHODS: Over a 2-week period in April 2014 we conducted semistructured interviews with researchers from a genetic research institute in rural Pakistan and families who had given blood samples for their research. Interviews with researchers focused on the institute's requirements for consent, and the researchers' strategies for and experiences with obtaining consent in the field. Interviews with donors focused on their motivation for donating samples, their experience of consent and donation, and what factors were central in their decisions to give consent. RESULTS: Researchers often reported modifications to consent procedures suited to the local context, standardly employing oral and elder consent, and tailoring information to the social education level of donor families. Central themes in donors' accounts of their decision to consent were the hope of getting something out of their participation and their remarkably high levels of trust in the researchers. Several donor accounts indicated a degree of confusion about participation and diagnosis, resulting in misconceived expectations of therapeutic benefits. CONCLUSIONS: We argue that while building and maintaining trusting relationships in research is important-not least in developing countries-strategies that serve this endeavor should be supplemented with efforts to ensure proper provision and understanding of relevant information, specifically about the nature of research and measures for individual consent and opt-out.

Facilitating donor compliance with strategies to prevent vasovagal reactions: comparison of web-based and in-center approaches.

BACKGROUND: Research has documented beneficial effects of water loading (WL) and applied muscle tension (AMT) on reducing self-reported vasovagal reactions (VVRs) in whole blood (WB) donors. However, the optimal approach to reducing VVRs using these strategies in routine blood collection practice is not known. This study evaluated the effectiveness of embedding newly developed web-based and on-site donor education materials to increase the use of these two prevention techniques during blood collection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two studies were conducted with WB donors. In Study 1, donors (n = 375) were randomly allocated to evaluate one of three forms of educational materials (video, webpage, card) in an online questionnaire. In Study 2, donors (n = 598) were randomly assigned to view either off-site web-based or in-center educational materials and were surveyed after donation to assess compliance to the VVR prevention procedure and to self-report VVR. RESULTS: In Study 1, donors rated the video as having the highest message appeal and indicated greater likelihood to use AMT compared to the webpage and card. No differences were found in likelihood to use WL. In contrast, in Study 2, greater adherence to VVR prevention strategies was observed in donors who received the in-center instruction card in comparison to those who received the web-based materials. Examination of viewing data indicated that only a small number of donors had seen the web-based materials. No significant effects of the techniques were found on self-reported VVRs. CONCLUSION: Providing on-site instructions is the most effective method to increase donor compliance to VVR prevention techniques.

Improving transfusion education for junior doctors; exploring UK experiences.

OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based guidance on how transfusion education should be delivered to junior doctors by employing established qualitative research methodology. BACKGROUND: There is a global call for increased transfusion education for doctors to support the delivery of evidence-based practice. Education is reported as an effective measure to improve transfusion practice, although there is a paucity of research evaluating how this should be effectively delivered. METHODS: Serial focus groups with junior doctors and relevant healthcare professionals explored experiences of, and reactions to, education and competency assessments in transfusion, which were audio-recorded and transcribed. Temporal and final analysis, performed by two independent assessors, informed subsequent recruitment, analysis and challenging of emerging theories - until saturation was reached. RESULTS: Eight focus groups were held involving 53 personnel, 77% of whom were junior doctors. Current transfusion education for doctors in the UK is reliant on e-learning and 'cascade training' (on-the-job from senior clinicians/nursing staff). E-learning is viewed as a 'tick box exercise'. There is a call for relevant and practical continuing education delivered face to face by good educators in an environment away from clinical practice. Preferred methods include small group and simulation learning based on real-life cases. In contrast to practical competency, the assessment of clinical competency is deemed unfeasible. CONCLUSION: Current methods of transfusion education employed in the UK are unsatisfactory to ensure safe transfusion practice. Ongoing education is deemed necessary throughout career progression, and suggested improvements include increased emphasis on face-to-face teaching and simulation training. Employed educational methods and decision support tools require appropriate evaluation.

Deployed skills training for whole blood collection by a special operations expeditionary surgical team.

BACKGROUND: Noncompressible hemorrhage is the leading cause of potentially preventable battlefield death. Combining casualty retrieval from the battlefield and damage control resuscitation (DCR) within the "golden hour" increases survival. However, transfusion requirements may exceed the current blood component stocks held by forward surgical teams. Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) is an alternative. We report WFWB transfusion training developed by and delivered to a US Golden Hour Offset Surgical Treatment Team and the resulting improvement in confidence with WFWB transfusion. METHODS: A bespoke instructional package was derived from existing operational clinical guidelines. All Golden Hour Offset Surgical Treatment Team personnel completed initial training, reinforced through ongoing casualty simulations. A record of blood types and donor eligibility was established to facilitate rapid identification of potential WFWB donors. Self-reported confidence in seven aspects of the WFWB transfusion process was assessed before and after training using a five-point Likert scale. Personnel were analyzed by groups consisting of those whose operational role includes WFWB transfusion ("transfusers"), clinical personnel without such responsibilities ("nontransfusers") and nonclinical personnel (other). Comparisons within and between groups were made using appropriate nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Data were collected from 39 (89%) of 44 training participants: 24 (62%) transfusers, 12 (31%) nontransfusing clinicians, and 3 (8%) other personnel. Transfusers and nontransfusers reported increased comfort with all practical elements of WFWB transfusion. The confidence of other personnel also increased, but (likely due to small numbers) was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: WFWB transfusion is an integral part of modern deployed military remote DCR. Our in-theater training program rapidly and reproducibly enhanced the comfort in WFWB transfusion in providers from a range of backgrounds and skill-mixes. This model has the potential to improve both safety and effectiveness of WFWB remote DCR in the far-forward deployed setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management study, level IV.

The impact of the context and recruitment materials on nondonors' willingness to donate blood.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is a frequently cited barrier to blood donor recruitment. Although the mere presence of donation paraphernalia can heighten anxiety for some individuals, such stimuli are a necessary and unavoidable part of donation. Drawing on France and colleagues' research on tailored donor education and coping materials, the current study assessed whether modifying recruitment materials could improve donor recruitment in a context where anxiety is heightened. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A field study comprising a 2 (presence or absence of a mobile blood collection unit [MCU]) × 2 (recruitment brochure: standard, coping) between-subjects design was conducted with 922 nondonors who believed themselves eligible to donate blood. In either the presence or absence of the MCU, participants received a standard or modified recruitment brochure modeled on France and colleagues' education and coping materials. Donation anxiety, attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, and intention were assessed, and donation behavior was tracked for 30 days. RESULTS: Participants who were assessed in the presence of the MCU reported heightened anxiety, and female participants reported decreased self-efficacy. The coping brochure improved self-efficacy, heightened the intention to donate in the presence of the MCU, and promoted blood donation behavior relative to the standard brochure. Path analyses supported a model in which, in the presence of the MCU, the coping brochure boosted self-efficacy and led to increased donation intention and behavior. CONCLUSIONS: In a context in which donation-related anxiety is heightened, provision of materials that address prospective donor concerns and suggest coping strategies can bolster self-efficacy and promote recruitment.

Improving first-time donor attendance rates through the use of enhanced donor preparation materials.

BACKGROUND: Many nondonors are positive about blood donation and this motivates booking an appointment to donate. However, as their appointment approaches barriers to donating-such as anxiety-may become salient and deter attendance. Building on research of France and colleagues demonstrating the positive effect of enhanced preparation materials on donor recruitment, this study sought to determine whether these materials could effectively boost first donation appointment attendance. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A field study comprising a 3 (brochure: none, e-mail, hard copy) × 2 (national call center [NCC] contact: none, call) between-subjects design was conducted with 3646 nondonors who had scheduled their first appointment. Participants in the brochure conditions received either a hard copy or an e-mailed link to electronic materials modeled on the donor preparation research of France and colleagues. Participants in the NCC call condition also received a call scripted in line with these preparation materials. The key outcome was new donor attendance rate. RESULTS: Although first-appointment attendance rates were high in the control (no additional contact) condition at 85.07% of those not canceling in advance, dual exposure to the preparation materials through a NCC call and an electronic brochure boosted attendance. The relative risk of attending in the NCC call and electronic brochure condition was 1.0836 (95% confidence interval, 1.0352-1.1343; p = 0.0006), with attendance 8.36% higher than in the control. This gain in attendance came at a relative increase in recruitment costs of 2%. CONCLUSION: The use of tailored communication to address new donors' concerns and prepare them for donating bolsters attendance rates.

A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of education and iron supplementation for mitigation of iron deficiency in regular blood donors.

BACKGROUND: The historical approach of offering dietary advice to donors with low hemoglobin (Hb) is ineffective for preventing iron deficiency in frequent donors. Alternative approaches to maintaining donor iron status were explored. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Frequent blood donors were randomly assigned into five arms for 2 years of follow-up. Three double-blinded arms provided 60 once-daily pills after each donation (38, 19, or 0 mg of iron). Two single-blinded arms provided iron status (ferritin) or no information letters after each donation. Ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and complete blood count were measured at each donation. RESULTS: There were 692 subjects enrolled and 393 completed the study. Subjects in pill groups deenrolled more than those in letter groups (39% vs. 7%). Adverse events occurred equally in subjects receiving iron or placebo pills. Of those completing the study, the prevalence of ferritin of less than 12 or less than 26 ng/mL declined by more than 50% and was statistically indistinguishable in the three intervention groups (19 or 38 mg of iron; iron status letter). Longitudinal analyses of all subjects showed improved iron status in iron pill groups and worsening iron status in control groups (placebo; no information letter). The iron pill groups experienced a net increase of approximately 0.6 g/dL Hb compared to control groups. The iron status letter group had little change in Hb. CONCLUSION: Providing 19 or 38 mg of daily iron or iron status information were effective and mostly equivalent interventions for mitigating iron deficiency in regular donors when compared at the end of the 2-year longitudinal phase of the study. Donors without intervention had worsened iron deficiency with continued donation.

Estratégias de captação de doadores de sangue no Brasil: cartilha educativa para o profissional professor / Blood donators attraction strategies in Brazil: educational booklet for teachers

Trata-se de um estudo do tipo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado no período de março de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, tendo como objetivo desenvolver uma tecnologia educacional descrita como cartilha, com orientações para a doação de sangue voltada para o professor, para promoção da informação e conscientização sobre o ato de doar sangue. O referencial teórico foi a Teoria Freireana da educação humanista, libertadora e conscientizadora. A doação de sangue é um ato que assegura a sobrevivência de muitos indivíduos acometidos por diferentes morbidades. No Brasil a doação de sangue é realizada por um pequeno percentual da população brasileira. Segundo dados do Ministério da Saúde 1,9% da população é doadora de sangue, enquanto que a taxa ideal para autossuficiência seria de 3 a 5%. Múltiplas são as estratégias de captação de doadores de sangue. Sendo a estratégia educativa uma destas; objetivou-se construir a cartilha do tipo perguntas e respostas, intitulada: A doação de sangue no Brasil- Professor: Faça do Seu Aluno um Herói! A cartilha é um recurso educativo e nela são apresentadas as orientações sobre a doação de sangue voltadas para os professores do ensino fundamental II e médio. O embasamento para a construção da cartilha originou-se das orientações do Ministério da Saúde sobre doação de sangue, revisão de literatura e revisão integrativa da literatura intitulada; " Estratégias de captação de doadores de sangue no Brasil". A ideia da cartilha é que o professor "traduza" e leve à construção dos conhecimentos sobre a doação de sangue com e entre os alunos

This is a qualitative, descriptive study, held from March 2014 to December 2015, with the aim of developing an educational technology as seen in the booklet, full of instructions for blood donation for teachers. Also, it has the aim of providing information and awakening about blood donation act. The theoretical frame of reference used was the Freireana Educational humanistic, liberating and awakening theory. Blood donation is an action that provides the survival of several individuals affected by numerous morbidities. In Brazil, blood donation is reached by a low percent of it´s population. According to Ministry of Health, 1,9% of population is blood donor, where the ideal rate to self-sufficiency would be between 3 and 5%. There are multiple attraction blood donators strategies. And the educational strategy is one of them; the booklet was designed with question-and-answer format, entitled:"Blood donation in Brazil-Teacher: Make Your Student a Hero! ". The publication is an educational feature which has guidelines about blood donation for teachers of junior and high school. The basis of it´s development was inspired by Ministry of Health´s guidelines about blood donating, literature review, and integrative literature review entitled, "Blood donators attraction strategies in Brazil". The material is useful for the teacher to understand it and take it to knowledge developing about blood donation among and with the students

HIV-positive blood donors unaware of their sexual at-risk behaviours before donation in Italy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the procedures adopted for the selection of blood donors, in Italy the HIV prevalence per 100 000 repeat tested donors (RTD) and first-time tested donors (FTD) is high compared to most other Council of Europe member states. To evaluate the effectiveness of predonation procedures, we studied both the characteristics and the undisclosed risk behaviours of HIV-positive donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed the data from the Italian blood donor surveillance system in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Based on the postdonation interview, HIV-positive donors were classified by risk behaviour (heterosexual, MSM, 'non-sexual' and 'not determined') and by time elapsed from risk behaviour to donation. In Italy, the temporary deferral for exposure to behaviour at risk is 4 months. RESULTS: In the postdonation interview, 113 HIV-positive donors (32·4%), who denied at-risk behaviours in the predonation selection, reported sexual risk behaviours <4 months prior to donation; they were predominantly males (84·1%) and RTD (63·7%). The main reason for not having reported the risk behaviour in the predonation selection was 'not realizing having engaged in at-risk behaviour' (66·4%). CONCLUSION: These findings underline the need for more comprehensible educational material, a clearer predonation questionnaire, and effective information campaigns to improve the awareness of HIV sexual risk behaviours among blood donors.

A doação de sangue sob a ótica da educação popular em saúde: relato de experiência / Donating blood from the perspective of popular education in health: experience report

O objetivo é relatar a experiência de uma Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) sobre a doação de sangue. Trata-se de um relato descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado por acadêmicos de enfermagem junto a um público maior de universitários. A ação ocorreu com dinâmica de fotografias, discussão através de painel e evocação de palavras, atividades que proporcionaram uma ação conjunta de ensino/aprendizagem com metodologias ativas, troca de saberes e transformação de comportamentos. Portanto, foi possível construir novos entendimentos, valorização da autonomia e solidariedade para com os sujeitos...

The goal is to report the experience of Popular Education in Health (EPS) on blood donation. It is a descriptive narrative, qualitative approach, performed by nursing students with a wider audience of students. The action took place with dynamic photographs, through discussion panel and recall of words, which provided a joint action teaching / learning with active methodologies, exchange of knowledge and transforming behaviors. So it was possible to construct new understandings, appreciation of autonomy and solidarity with the subjects...

El objetivo es dar a conocer la experiencia de la Educación Popular en Salud (EPS) sobre la donación de sangre. Es una narración descriptiva, enfoque cualitativo, realizado por estudiantes de enfermería con un público más amplio de estudiantes. La acción se Ilevó a cabo con fotografías dinámicas, a través de la mesa redonda y el recuerdo de Ias palabras, 10 que proporciona una ensenanza acción conjunta / aprendizaje con metodologías activas, intercambio de conocimientos y comportamientos de transformación. Así que era posible construir una nueva comprensión, apreciación de la autonomía y Ia solidaridad con los sujetos...