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1.
PLoS One ; 19(6): e0303702, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38833454

RESUMO

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is valued in aquaculture because of its quick development and ability to thrive in various environments. Myxosporeans are among the fish parasites that affect fish productivity, as they impact fish growth and reproduction, resulting in large fish deaths in farms and hatcheries. This study has been focused on morpho-molecular identification for the myxosporean parasites infecting Nile tilapia from three governorates in Egypt and assessment of gene expression of different cytokines (Interleukin-1ßeta (IL-1ß), major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), and clusters of differentiation 4 (CD-4) and 8 (CD-8)) in tissues. Additionally, this work aimed to correlate the developed histopathological alterations and inflammatory reactions in gills with immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Finally, the infected fish's cortisol levels and blood glucose were assessed. Results of BLAST sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA for the collected protozoans confirmed Myxobolus agolus, M. brachysporus, M. tilapiae, and Henneguya species. The molecular characterization of the immunological status of gills revealed marked upregulation of different inflammatory cytokines in the gills of infected fish. There was a significantly increased serum cortisol and glucose level in infected fish compared with control, non-infected ones. Severe histopathological alterations were observed in the infected fish gills, associated with increased expression of iNOS and TNF-α and related to myxosporean infection. The present study provides new insights into oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia infected with Myxosporeans and elucidates the gill's immune status changes as a portal of entry for protozoa that contribute to tissue damage.


Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Brânquias , Myxozoa , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Animais , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/patologia , Brânquias/imunologia , Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Ciclídeos/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Myxozoa/fisiologia , Biomarcadores , Imuno-Histoquímica , Citocinas/metabolismo , Egito , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética
2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(11)2024 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38891869

RESUMO

Myxozoa, a unique group of obligate endoparasites within the phylum Cnidaria, can cause emerging diseases in wild and cultured fish populations. Recently, the myxozoan Myxobolus bejeranoi has been identified as a prevalent pathogen infecting the gills of cultured hybrid tilapia, leading to systemic immune suppression and considerable mortality. Here, we employed a proteomic approach to examine the impact of M. bejeranoi infection on fish gills, focusing on the structure of the granulomata, or cyst, formed around the proliferating parasite to prevent its spread to surrounding tissue. Enrichment analysis showed increased immune response and oxidative stress in infected gill tissue, most markedly in the cyst's wall. The intense immune reaction included a consortium of endopeptidase inhibitors, potentially combating the myxozoan arsenal of secreted proteases. Analysis of the cyst's proteome and histology staining indicated that keratin intermediate filaments contribute to its structural rigidity. Moreover, we uncovered skin-specific proteins, including a grainyhead-like transcription factor and a teleost-specific S100 calcium-binding protein that may play a role in epithelial morphogenesis and cysts formation. These findings deepen our understanding of the proteomic elements that grant the cyst its distinctive nature at the critical interface between the fish host and myxozoan parasite.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Brânquias , Myxobolus , Tilápia , Animais , Tilápia/parasitologia , Tilápia/imunologia , Tilápia/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Cistos/parasitologia , Cistos/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo
3.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1369615, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38803570

RESUMO

Introduction: Little is known about the proteomic changes at the portals of entry in rainbow trout after infection with the myxozoan parasites, Myxobolus cerebralis, and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Whirling disease (WD) is a severe disease of salmonids, caused by the myxosporean M. cerebralis, while, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by T. bryosalmonae, which instead belongs to the class Malacosporea. Climate change is providing more suitable conditions for myxozoan parasites lifecycle, posing a high risk to salmonid aquaculture and contributing to the decline of wild trout populations in North America and Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide the first proteomic profiles of the host in the search for evasion strategies during single and coinfection with M. cerebralis and T. bryosalmonae. Methods: One group of fish was initially infected with M. cerebralis and another group with T. bryosalmonae. After 30 days, half of the fish in each group were co-infected with the other parasite. Using a quantitative proteomic approach, we investigated proteomic changes in the caudal fins and gills of rainbow trout before and after co-infection. Results: In the caudal fins, 16 proteins were differentially regulated post exposure to M. cerebralis, whereas 27 proteins were differentially modulated in the gills of the infected rainbow trout post exposure to T. bryosalmonae. After co-infection, 4 proteins involved in parasite recognition and the regulation of host immune responses were differentially modulated between the groups in the caudal fin. In the gills, 11 proteins involved in parasite recognition and host immunity, including 4 myxozoan proteins predicted to be virulence factors, were differentially modulated. Discussion: The results of this study increase our knowledge on rainbow trout co-infections by myxozoan parasites and rainbow trout immune responses against myxozoans at the portals of entry, supporting a better understanding of these host-parasite interactions.


Assuntos
Coinfecção , Doenças dos Peixes , Myxobolus , Myxozoa , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Proteômica , Animais , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Proteoma , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/imunologia , Brânquias/metabolismo
4.
Front Immunol ; 12: 734238, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34603313

RESUMO

Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.


Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Myxozoa/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Animais , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Aquicultura , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Peixes/metabolismo , Peixes/parasitologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Myxozoa/efeitos dos fármacos , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/metabolismo , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/parasitologia , Vacinas/farmacologia
5.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(20)2021 Oct 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34681594

RESUMO

Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/prevenção & controle , Vibrioses/veterinária , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/veterinária
6.
Parasit Vectors ; 14(1): 292, 2021 Jun 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34078417

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) associated to ticks are among the most important health issues affecting dogs. In Italy, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia conorii and Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) have been studied in both healthy canine populations and those clinically ill with suspected CVBDs. However, little information is currently available on the overall prevalence and distribution of these pathogens in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in clinically suspect dogs from three Italian macro areas during a 15-year period (2006-2020). METHODS: A large dataset (n = 21,992) of serological test results for selected TBPs in three macro areas in Italy was analysed using a Chi-square test to evaluate the associations between the categorical factors (i.e. macro area, region, year, sex and age) and a standard logistic regression model (significance set at P = 0.05). Serological data were presented as annual and cumulative prevalence, and distribution maps of cumulative positive cases for TBPs were generated. RESULTS: Of the tested serum samples, 86.9% originated from northern (43.9%) and central (43%) Italy. The majority of the tests was requested for the diagnosis of E. canis (47%; n = 10,334), followed by Rickettsia spp. (35.1%; n = 7725), B. burgdorferi (s.l.) (11.6%; n = 2560) and Anaplasma spp. (6.2%; n = 1373). The highest serological exposure was recorded for B. burgdorferi (s.l.) (83.5%), followed by Rickettsia spp. (64.9%), Anaplasma spp. (39.8%) and E. canis (28.7%). The highest number of cumulative cases of Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) was recorded in samples from Tuscany, central Italy. Rickettsia spp. was more prevalent in the south and on the islands, particularly in dogs on Sicily older than 6 years, whereas Anaplasma spp. was more prevalent in the north and E. canis more prevalent in the south and on the islands. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight the high seroprevalence and wide distribution of the four TBPs in dogs with clinically suspected CVBDs from the studied regions of Italy. The very high seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) exemplifies a limitation of this study, given the use of clinically suspect dogs and the possibility of cross-reactions when using serological tests. The present research provides updated and illustrative information on the seroprevalence and distribution of four key TBPs, and advocates for integrative control strategies for their prevention.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/parasitologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Carrapatos/parasitologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Zoonoses Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Bacterianas/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Parasitos/classificação , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Parasitos/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sicília/epidemiologia
7.
Adv Parasitol ; 112: 77-132, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34024360

RESUMO

Defence mechanisms of fish can be divided into specific and non-specific that act in concert and are often interdependent. Most fish in both wild and cultured populations are vulnerable to metazoan parasites. Endoparasitic helminths include several species of digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. Although they may occur in large numbers, helminth infections rarely result in fish mortality. Conversely, some ectoparasites cause mass mortality in farmed fish. Given the importance of fish innate immunity, this review addresses non-specific defence mechanisms of fish against metazoan parasites, with emphasis on granulocyte responses involving mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, rodlet cells, and mucous cells. Metazoan parasites are important disease agents that affect wild and farmed fish and can induce high economic loss and, as pathogen organisms, deserve considerable attention. The paper will provide our light and transmission electron microscopy data on metazoan parasites-fish innate immune and neuroendocrine systems. Insights about the structure and functions of the cell types listed above and a brief account of the effects and harms of each metazoan taxon to specific fish apparati/organs will be presented.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Peixes , Brânquias/parasitologia , Imunidade Inata , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mastócitos/parasitologia
8.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 114: 199-206, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33940173

RESUMO

Co-infection with parasites and bacteria is of frequent occurrence in aquaculture, leads to growth impedance otherwise mortality in fish depending on the varying degree of a load of primary pathogen either parasite or bacteria. The mechanistic regulation of immune response during co-infection in fish has merely documented. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of co-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila at three exposure doses of Argulus sp. on the innate immune responses and antioxidative stress enzymes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). The experimental fish were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups viz. T1 (control group without Argulus and A. hydrophila infection), T2 (fish exposed to a sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T3 (low Argulus-infested fish), T4 (T3 + sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T5 (moderate Argulus-infested fish), T6 (T5 + sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T7 (high Argulus-infested fish) and T8 (T7+ sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila) in duplicates. After distributing experimental fish into their respective treatment group, A. hydrophila was injected to T2, T4, T6 and T8. After the bacterial challenge, four fish from each experimental group were randomly sampled on 24, 72, and 168 h and subjected to the hematological, innate immune parameters and enzymatic analysis. In the co-infection group T8, a high degree of enhanced pathogenicity of A. hydrophila was noticed with increased mortalities (84.2%) in comparison to other groups. The current study shows a declining pattern in RBC, PCV and Hb values with the degree of parasite infestation without co-infection groups. Moreover, in the T8 group, exposure of a sub-lethal dose of bacteria resulted in a drastic reduction of the recorded parameters. Furthermore, a decreased value for WBC, monocyte and neutrophil was found in higher parasite group co-infected with a sub-lethal dose of bacteria relative to other co-infected groups during the experimental period. Also, a decrease in innate immune parameters and antioxidative stress enzymes were observed in the T8 group compared to T7 and T2 groups throughout the trial period. These findings indicate that a rise in the dose of Argulus infection improves A. hydrophila colonization in goldfish and contributes to suppression of the innate immune system and increased mortality.


Assuntos
Aeromonas hydrophila , Arguloida , Carpa Dourada , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Antioxidantes , Catalase/genética , Catalase/metabolismo , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Glutationa Peroxidase/genética , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/complicações , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/complicações , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
9.
Front Immunol ; 12: 645607, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33777043

RESUMO

Ceratothoa oestroides (Cymothoidea, Isopoda) is a generalist crustacean parasite that negatively affects the economic sustainability of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) aquaculture in the North-East Mediterranean. While mortalities are observed in fry and fingerlings, infection in juvenile and adult fish result in approximately 20% growth delay. A transcriptomic analysis (PCR array, RNA-Seq) was performed on organs (tongue, spleen, head kidney, and liver) from infected vs. Ceratothoa-free sea bass fingerlings. Activation of local and systemic immune responses was detected, particularly in the spleen, characterized by the upregulation of cytokines (also in the tongue), a general reshaping of the immunoglobulin (Ig) response and suppression of T-cell mediated responses. Interestingly, starvation and iron transport and metabolism genes were strongly downregulated, suggesting that the parasite feeding strategy is not likely hematophagous. The regulation of genes related to growth impairment and starvation supported the growth delay observed in infected animals. Most differentially expressed (DE) transcripts were exclusive of a specific organ; however, only in the tongue, the difference between infected and uninfected fish was significant. At the attachment/feeding site, the pathways involved in muscle contraction and intercellular junction were the most upregulated, whereas the pathways involved in fibrosis (extracellular matrix organization, collagen formation, and biosynthesis) were downregulated. These results suggest that parasite-inflicted damage is successfully mitigated by the host and characterized by regenerative processes that prevail over the reparative ones.


Assuntos
Bass , Doenças dos Peixes , Rim Cefálico , Isópodes/imunologia , Fígado , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Animais , Bass/imunologia , Bass/parasitologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Rim Cefálico/imunologia , Rim Cefálico/parasitologia , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Mar Mediterrâneo , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia
10.
Dev Comp Immunol ; 114: 103829, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32846161

RESUMO

Two genotypes of the intestinal parasite Ceratonova shasta infect Oncorhynchus mykiss: genotype 0 results in a chronic infection with low mortality while genotype IIR causes disease with high mortality. We determined parasite load and the relative expression of six immune factors (IgT, IgM, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNG) in fish infected with either genotype over 29 days post-exposure. In genotype IIR infections the host responded with upregulation of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. In contrast, genotype 0 infection did not elicit an inflammatory response and expression of IFNG and IL-10 was lower. Antibody expression was upregulated in both infections but appeared to have limited efficacy in the virulent genotype IIR infections. Histologically, in genotype 0 infections the parasite migrated through the tissue layers causing inflammation but minimal damage to the mucosal epithelium, which contrasts with the severe pathology found in genotype IIR infections.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Genótipo , Inflamação/imunologia , Mucosa/imunologia , Myxozoa/genética , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Animais , Movimento Celular , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/sangue , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Carga Parasitária , Virulência
11.
Front Immunol ; 11: 576897, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33329544

RESUMO

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), a North Atlantic "cleaner" fish, is utilized to biocontrol salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. Lumpfish require excellent vision to scan for and eat louse on salmon skin. The lumpfish eye immune response to infectious diseases has not been explored. We examined the ocular response to a natural parasite infection in wild lumpfish and to an experimental bacterial infection in cultured lumpfish. Cysts associated with natural myxozoan infection in the ocular scleral cartilage of wild adult lumpfish harbored cells expressing cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Experimental Vibrio anguillarum infection, which led to exophthalmos and disorganization of the retinal tissues was associated with disruption of normal CD10 expression, CD10+ cellular infiltration and IgM expression. We further describe the lumpfish CD10 orthologue and characterize the lumpfish scleral skeleton in the context of myxozoan scleral cysts. We propose that lumpfish develop an intraocular response to pathogens, exemplified herein by myxozoan and V. anguillarum infection involving novel CD10+ cells and IgM+ cells to contain and mitigate damage to eye structures. This work is the first demonstration of CD10 and IgM expressing cells in a novel ocular immune system component in response to disease in a teleost.


Assuntos
Exoftalmia/imunologia , Olho/metabolismo , Peixes/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Myxozoa/fisiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Animais , Cistos/patologia , Olho/patologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Neprilisina/metabolismo
12.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 21764, 2020 12 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33303774

RESUMO

Immunity and parasites have been linked to the success of invasive species. Especially lower parasite burden in invasive populations has been suggested to enable a general downregulation of immune investment (Enemy Release and Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypotheses). Simultaneously, keeping high immune competence towards potentially newly acquired parasites in the invasive range is essential to allow population growth. To investigate the variation of immune effectors of invasive species, we compared the mean and variance of multiple immune effectors in the context of parasite prevalence in an invasive and a native Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) population. Three of ten immune effectors measured showed higher variance in the invasive population. Mean levels were higher in the invasive population for three effectors but lower for eosinophil granulocytes. Parasite prevalence depended on the parasite taxa investigated. We suggest that variation of specific immune effectors, which may be important for invasion success, may lead to higher variance and enable invasive species to reduce the overall physiological cost of immunity while maintaining the ability to efficiently defend against novel parasites encountered.


Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Gansos/imunologia , Gansos/parasitologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Espécies Introduzidas , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Doenças das Aves/imunologia , Feminino , Masculino , Namíbia/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Prevalência
13.
Front Immunol ; 11: 581361, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33013935

RESUMO

Passive immunization constitutes an emerging field of interest in aquaculture, particularly with the restrictions for antibiotic use. Enteromyxum leei is a myxozoan intestinal parasite that invades the paracellular space of the intestinal epithelium, producing a slow-progressing disease, leading to anorexia, cachexia and mortalities. We have previously demonstrated that gilthead sea bream (GSB, Sparus aurata) that survive E. leei infection become resistant upon re-exposure, and this resistance is directly related to the presence of high levels of specific IgM in serum. Thus, the current work was aimed to determine if passive immunization could help to prevent enteromyxosis in GSB and to study in detail the nature of these protective antibodies. Serum from a pool of resistant (SUR) or naïve (NAI) animals was intracoelomically injected 24 h prior to the E. leei-effluent challenge and at 9 days post-challenge (dpc). Effluent challenge lasted for 23 days, and then the injected groups were allocated in separate tanks with clean water. A non-lethal parasite diagnosis was performed at 56 dpc. At the final sampling (100 dpc), blood, serum and tissues were collected for histology, molecular diagnosis and the detection of circulating antibodies. In parallel, we performed an immunoglobulin repertoire analysis of the fish generating SUR and NAI sera. The results showed that, fish injected with parasite-specific antibodies (spAbs) became infected with the parasite, but showed lower disease signs and intensity of infection than the other groups, indicating a later establishment of the parasite. Repertoire analysis revealed that E. leei induced a polyclonal expansion of diverse IgM and IgT subsets that could be in part an evasion strategy of the parasite. Nonetheless, GSB was able to produce sufficient levels of parasite-spAbs to avoid re-infection of surviving animals and confer certain degree of protection upon passive transfer of antibodies. These results highlight the crucial role of spAb responses against E. leei and set the basis for the development of effective treatment or prophylactic methods for aquaculture.


Assuntos
Myxozoa/imunologia , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Dourada/imunologia , Dourada/parasitologia , Animais , Aquicultura/métodos , Proteínas de Peixes , Pesqueiros , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Imunização Passiva/veterinária , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia
14.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 375(1811): 20190614, 2020 11 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32951547

RESUMO

Energy investment in reproduction is predicted to trade off against other necessary physiological functions like immunity, but it is unclear to what extent this impacts fitness in long-lived species. Among mammals, female primates, and especially apes, exhibit extensive periods of investment in each offspring. During this time, energy diverted to gestation and lactation is hypothesized to incur short and long-term deficits in maternal immunity and lead to accelerated ageing. We examined the relationship between reproduction and immunity, as measured by faecal parasite counts, in wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Kibale National Park, Uganda. While we observed higher parasite shedding (counts of eggs, cysts and larvae) in pregnant chimpanzees relative to cycling females, parasites rapidly decreased during early lactation, the most energetically taxing phase of the reproductive cycle. Additionally, while our results indicate that parasite shedding increases with age, females with higher fertility for their age had lower faecal parasite counts. Such findings support the hypothesis that the relatively conservative rate of female reproduction in chimpanzees may be protective against the negative effects of reproductive effort on health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.


Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/epidemiologia , Pan troglodytes , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Reprodução , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Selvagens/imunologia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/imunologia , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Uganda
15.
Trends Parasitol ; 36(12): 970-978, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32952060

RESUMO

Wildlife vaccination is of urgent interest to reduce disease-induced extinction and zoonotic spillover events. However, several challenges complicate its application to wildlife. For example, vaccines rarely provide perfect immunity. While some protection may seem better than none, imperfect vaccination can present epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary challenges. While anti-infection and antitransmission vaccines reduce parasite transmission, antidisease vaccines may undermine herd immunity, select for increased virulence, or promote spillover. These imperfections interact with ecological and logistical constraints that are magnified in wildlife, such as poor control and substantial trait variation within and among species. Ultimately, we recommend approaches such as trait-based vaccination, modeling tools, and methods to assess community- and ecosystem-level vaccine safety to address these concerns and bolster wildlife vaccination campaigns.


Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Evolução Biológica , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/normas , Vacinas/normas , Animais , Ecossistema , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia
16.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 106: 844-851, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32891791

RESUMO

Myxobolus cerebralis, the etiological agent of Whirling Disease (WD), is a freshwater myxozoan parasite with considerable economic and ecological relevance for salmonids. There are differences in disease susceptibility between species and strains of salmonids. Recently, we have reported that the suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3 are key in modulating rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immune responses and that resistant fish apparently exhibit effective Th17 cell response after exposure to M. cerebralis. It is unclear whether such molecules and pathways are also involved in the immune response of M. cerebralis infected brown trout (Salmo trutta). Hence, this study aimed to explore their role during immune modulation in infected brown trout, which is considered resistant to this parasite. Fish were exposed to the triactinomyxon (TAM) stages of M. cerebralis and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was carried out to examine local (caudal fin) and systemic (head kidney, spleen) immune transcriptional changes associated with WD over time in infected and control fish. All of the immune genes in the three tissues studied were differentially expressed in infected fish at multiple time points. Brown trout reduced the parasite load and demonstrated effective immune responses, likely by keeping pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in balance whilst stimulating efficient Th17-mediated immunity. This study increases knowledge on the brown trout immune response to M. cerebralis and helps us to understand the underlying mechanisms of WD resistance.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Myxobolus , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Truta/imunologia , Nadadeiras de Animais/imunologia , Nadadeiras de Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Rim Cefálico/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/genética , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Baço/imunologia , Truta/genética , Truta/parasitologia
17.
Int J Mol Sci ; 21(14)2020 Jul 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32698416

RESUMO

C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.


Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Micoses/imunologia , Micoses/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Medicina Veterinária , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/veterinária
18.
PLoS One ; 15(6): e0234479, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32542025

RESUMO

There are differences in disease susceptibility to whirling disease (WD) among strains of rainbow trout. The North American strain Trout Lodge (TL) is highly susceptible, whereas the German Hofer (HO) strain is more resistant. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key in inhibiting cytokine signaling. Their role in modulating the immune response against whirling disease is not completely clear. This study aimed at investigating the transcriptional response of SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes to Myxobolus cerebralis along with that of several upstream regulators and immune response genes. M. cerebralis induced the expression of SOCS1, the IL-6-dependent SOCS3, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the Treg associated transcription factor FOXP3 in TL fish at multiple time points, which likely caused a restricted STAT1 and STAT3 activity affecting the Th17/Treg17 balance. The expression of SOCS1 and the IL-6-dependent SOCS3 was induced constraining the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in TL fish, thereby causing Th17/Treg17 imbalance and leaving the fish unable to establish a protective immune response against M. cerebralis or control inflammatory reactions increasing susceptibility to WD. Conversely, in HO fish, the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 was restrained, whereas the expression of STAT1 and IL-23-mediated STAT3 was induced potentially enabling more controlled immune responses, accelerating parasite clearance and elevating resistance. The induced expression of STAT1 and IL-23-mediated STAT3 likely maintained a successful Th17/Treg17 balance and enabled fish to promote effective immune responses favouring resistance against WD. The results provide insights into the role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in regulating the activation and magnitude of host immunity in rainbow trout, which may help us understand the mechanisms that underlie the variation in resistance to WD.


Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Myxobolus/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/imunologia , Proteína 3 Supressora da Sinalização de Citocinas/imunologia , Animais , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/imunologia , Proteína 1 Supressora da Sinalização de Citocina/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/imunologia
19.
Front Immunol ; 11: 1093, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32582181

RESUMO

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is one of the most serious infectious diseases negatively impacting farmed and wild salmonids throughout Europe and North America. PKD pathogenesis results in a massive B cell proliferation and dysregulation with aberrant immunoglobulin production and plasma cell differentiation along with a decrease in myeloid cells and inhibition of innate pathways. Despite the huge immunopathological reaction in the kidney during infection, under specific conditions, fish can survive and return to full fitness. Fish are unique in this ability to recover renal structure and functionality from extensive tissue damage in contrast to mammals. However, only limited knowledge exists regarding the host immune response coinciding with PKD recovery. Moreover, almost no studies of the immune response during disease recovery exist in fish. We utilized the rainbow trout-T. bryosalmonae system as an immunological model of disease recovery. Our results demonstrated that recovery is preceded by an intense immune response at the transcript level, decreasing parasite burden, and an increased degree of kidney inflammation. Later in the recovery phase, the immune response transpired with a significant decrease in lymphocytes and an increase in myeloid cells. These lymphocytes populations contained lower levels of B cells comparative to the control in the anterior and posterior kidney. Additionally, there was downregulation of several transcripts used as markers for plasma cells (blimp1, igt sec, igm sec, igd sec, and cd38) and T cell subsets (cd4, cd8α, cd8ß, and tcrß). The decrease in these T cell transcripts significantly correlated with decreasing parasite intensity. Alternatively, there was strong upregulation of pax-5 and igt mem. This suggests a change in B cell processes during the recovery phase relative to clinical PKD may be necessary for the host to re-establish homeostasis in terms of an arrest in the dominant antibody like response transitioning to a transcriptional profile associated with resting B cells. The knowledge generated here in combination with earlier studies illuminates the full power of analyzing the entire trajectory of disease from the normal healthy state to recovery enabling the measurement of an immune response to pinpoint a specific disease stage.


Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Nefropatias/imunologia , Nefropatias/veterinária , Myxozoa/imunologia
20.
Parasite Immunol ; 42(8): e12730, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32403171

RESUMO

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonids in which outbreaks cause severe economic constraints for the aquaculture industry and declines of wild species throughout Europe and North America. Given that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish and an important model species for fish immunology, most of the knowledge on how the fish immune response is affected during PKD is from this organism. Once rainbow trout are infected, PKD pathogenesis results in a chronic kidney immunopathology mediated by decreasing myeloid cells and increasing lymphocytes. Transcriptional studies have revealed the regulation of essential genes related to T-helper (Th)-like functions and a dysregulated B-cell antibody type response. Recent reports have discovered unique details of teleost B-cell differentiation and functionality and characterized the differential immunoglobulin (Ig)-mediated response. These studies have solidified the rainbow trout T. bryosalmonae system as a sophisticated disease model capable of feeding key advances into mainstream immunology and have contributed essential information to design novel parasite disease prevention strategies. In our following perspective, we summarize these efforts to evaluate the immune mechanisms of rainbow trout during PKD pathogenesis.


Assuntos
Nefropatias/imunologia , Nefropatias/parasitologia , Myxozoa/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes , Imunoglobulina D/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Myxozoa/genética , Myxozoa/fisiologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia
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