Hysterosalpingography in the assessment of proximal tubal pathology: a review of congenital and acquired abnormalities.

Tubal and peritoneal disease are the main causes of infertility. Tubal pathology can be either congenital malformation or acquired, proximal or distal, unilateral or bilateral and transient or permanent. Several imaging methods such as laparoscopy, fluoroscopy, saline infusion sonography, and hysterosalpingography (HSG) have been used in the assessment of tubal and peritoneal pathology. Although laparoscopy is the modality of choice for investigating tubal patency and pelvic structure in many infertility centers, HSG is usually the initial diagnostic method for infertility workup because of its ease of performance, accuracy, and minimal risk of complications. This method provides useful information about size, contour, and anatomy of the inner surface of the fallopian tubes and is the gold standard for evaluation of tubal lumen. Tubal and peritubal pathology show various imaging manifestations on HSG. This review illustrates the radiographic features of congenital and acquired structural abnormalities of the proximal tubal pathology and along with etiology of proximal obstruction or occlusion will be described.

Congenital and acquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewes: a review.

Advances in our understanding of ovarian cyclicity, pathogenesis of subfertility and/or infertility and reproductive pathology in food animals have frequently entailed examination of abattoir material. Despite the fact that most lesions in ewes are likely to be of relatively minor significance to fertility, results of previous studies suggest that lesions of the female reproductive system may represent a significant source of loss to sheep husbandry. The objective of this paper is to review the pathophysiology, the effects on reproductive efficiency and the key gross and histological diagnostic features of congenital and acquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewes.

Hydrosalpinx in a patient with complex genitourinary malformation.

We describe an adolescent female patient born with a complex genitourinary malformation including bilateral duplex system and duplication of the müllerian structures (bicornuate uterus and septate vagina). She presented with a symptomatic hydrosalpinx. The typical imaging of this condition is described along with the issues associated with the differential diagnosis in this complex scenario. The diagnosis of hydrosaplinx should be suspected in patients with complex genitourinary malformations and a pelvic fluid collection. Associated genital and renal anomalies are noted in 30% of cases.

Paratubal and tubal abnormalities.

The fallopian tubes are the essential genital ducts that convey the female sex cells for fertilization. They are differentiated and detectable early in fetal life. There are numerous paratubal and tubal abnormalities that can occur at any point in the female life. Some of these are rare but may initiate significant morbidity and/or manifest as life-threatening clinical problems. A comprehensive understanding of symptoms, diagnosis, optimal imaging modalities, and medical and surgical management is vital to identify the best treatment option. The clinical entities described in this article include torsion, hydatids of Morgagni, paraovarian cysts, infections including tuboovarian abscess/pyosalpinx and salpingitis isthmic nodosa, ectopic pregnancy, tumors, and genetic disorders.

Pediatric gynecologic ultrasound.

This article reviews salient features of pediatric gynecologic ultrasound. It reviews technologic factors, technique, and normal anatomy used to evaluate the pediatric gynecologic tract for abnormality. It reviews and illustrates clinical imaging information necessary to know in the ultrasonic analysis of several clinical problems in the pediatric gynecologic tract. This includes ovarian torsion, ambiguous genitalia, pelvic mass, and precocious puberty, as well as acute pelvic pain occurring from newborn life through puberty.

Bilateral atresia of the proximal ampullary segment of the fallopian tubes.

An infertile woman had segmental defects of the proximal ampullae of both fallopian tubes. At laparoscopy, its appearance was similar to that of bilateral tubal electrosurgical sterilization. We believe this is the first description of this congenital anomaly.

[Uterus unicornis with rudimentary horn and ipsilateral kidney agenesis: clinical symptoms and therapy]. / Uterus unicornis mit rudimentärem Horn und ipsilateraler Nierenagenesie: Klinische Symptomatik und Therapie.

We report on a 21-year old patient with unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary non-communicating horn (Buttram II-A-1-b), haematosalpinx, associated with ipsilateral ureteranomaly and renal agenesis. In this case we illustrate symptoms, diagnosis and therapy. Despite extensive diagnosis surgical methods finally have to be adapted to the anatomical situation during operation. A short review of literature and embryology is given, more diagnostic preoperative measures are discussed.