Mediastinal hematoma after trans-radial cerebral angiography: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Trans-radial (TRA) access has become increasingly prevalent in neurointervention. Nonetheless, mediastinal hematoma after TRA is an infrequent yet grave complication associated with a notably elevated mortality rate. While our review found no reported mediastinal hematoma cases managed conservatively within neuro-interventional literature, similar complications are documented in cardiac and vascular interventional radiology, indicating its potential occurrence across disciplines. CASE PRESENTATION: Carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed calcified plaques with stenosis (Left: Severe, Right: Moderate) in the bilateral internal carotid arteries (ICAs) of an 81-year-old male presented with paroxysmal weakness in the right upper limb. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel was administered. On day 7, DSA of the bilateral ICAs was performed via TRA. Post-DSA, the patient experienced transient loss of consciousness, chest tightness, and other symptoms without ECG or MRI abnormalities. Hemoglobin level decreased from 110 g/L to 92 g/L. Iodinated contrast-induced laryngeal edema was suspected, and the patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. Neck CT indicated a possible mediastinal hemorrhage, which chest CTA confirmed. The patient's treatment plan involved discontinuing antiplatelet medication as a precautionary measure against the potential occurrence of an ischemic stroke instead of the utilization of a covered stent graft and surgical intervention. Serial CTs revealed hematoma absorption. Discharge CT showed a reduced hematoma volume of 35 × 45 mm. CONCLUSIONS: This case underscores the need for timely identification and precise manipulation of guidewires and guide-catheters through trans-radial access. The critical components of successful neuro-interventional techniques include timely examination, rapid identification, proper therapy, and diligent monitoring.

[Mediastinitis Associated with Mediastinal Pancreatic Pseudocyst Successfully Treated by Thoracoscopic Mediastinal Drainage].

Pancreatic pseudocysts rarely extend to the mediastinum and can be fatal if mediastinitis is complicated. In this report, we describe a case of mediastinitis associated with mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst successfully treated by the thoracoscopic mediastinal drainage. The patient was a man in his 40s with a history of alcoholic acute pancreatitis. Chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan taken for his complaints of back pain and dyspnea showed a pancreatic pseudocyst extending to the mediastinum. First, an endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage( ENPD) tube was placed, and then thoracoscopic mediastinal drainage was performed through the right thoracic cavity. After the operation, the pseudocyst in the mediastinum rapidly disappeared even though there was no drainage from the ENPD tube. Postoperative recovery of the patient was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the 17th postoperatively day. This case suggests that the importance of prompt treatment for mediastinitis and the effectiveness of the thoracoscopic surgery.

Mediastinal Lipomatosis.

Mediastinal lipomatosis is a benign condition characterized by excessive deposition of unencapsulated mature adipose tissue in the mediastinum.1 The exact prevalence is not known. The available literature mainly consists of some case series and a bunch of case reports.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Incision and Drainage in the Treatment of Mediastinal Abscess.

Mediastinal abscess, mostly resulting from esophageal perforation or cardiothoracic surgery, is a serious condition carrying high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic therapy alone normally did not achieve a satisfactory outcome, due to poor circulation of abscess that hampers drug delivery. Surgical intervention for debridement and drainage is recommended, but it poses a high risk in patients with poor health status and could lead to various complications. Recent studies proposed endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) as an effective alternative to surgery; however, repeated TBNA procedures are usually needed for complete clearance of the lesion, thus causing increased patient suffering and medical expenses. Here, we present the first case of successful application of EBUS-guided transbronchial incision and drainage, which provides a novel, safe, and effective treatment for patient with mediastinal abscess unwilling or unsuitable to undergo surgical intervention.

Profile and outcomes of patients with mediastinal hematoma after cardiac catheterization: A retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive introduction of mediastinal hematoma. BACKGROUND: Mediastinal hematoma is a rare complication that is usually not considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain after cardiac catheterization. METHODS: From January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2013, at Fuwai Hospital, 126,265 patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG); 121,215 of them underwent CAG via the radial artery. Ultimately, 10 patients with mediastinal hematoma due to cardiac catheterization were included. Patients' clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The incidences of mediastinal hematoma in cardiac catheterization and transradial cardiac catheterization were 0.79‱ and 0.74‱, respectively. A super slide hydrophilic guidewire was used in all 10 patients with mediastinal hematoma. These patients felt chest pain and dyspnea during/after the procedure, and computed tomography (CT) was used to diagnose mediastinal hematoma. Among them, two patients had a neck hematoma. The post-procedural hemoglobin level decreased substantially in all patients. Antiplatelet therapy was discontinued for 8-20 days in three patients without stents implanted, and then only oral aspirin was prescribed. Aspirin was transiently discontinued for 2 days in one patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The others continued taking dual antiplatelet drugs. Two patients received blood transfusion. There was no case of stent thrombosis, and surgery was not indicated for any patient. No complication was observed after discharge during the 9.0 ± 2.5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: CT should be performed as early as possible in patients with suspected mediastinal hematoma. The prognosis of mediastinal hematoma is usually good with early diagnosis and suitable therapy.

Transcutaneous Mediastinal Ultrasonography for Lymphadenopathy in Children: A Pictorial Essay of Technique and Imaging Findings.

Ultrasonography (US) forms the mainstay of imaging in children; however, in the chest, its use has traditionally been limited to evaluation of pleural pathology. US techniques such as endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound, which are commonly used for detection of mediastinal lymphadenopathy are invasive, aerosol generating, and often require sedation. Transcutaneous mediastinal sonography (TMUS) offers a useful alternative, which is easier to perform and overcomes these limitations. In this review, we summarize the technique, as well as imaging appearances of lymph nodes on TMUS. We also list common problems faced by operators and suggest troubleshooting methods for these.

Boerhaave syndrome. Case report and literature review.

Spontaneous lesions can affect only a part of the esophageal wall (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) or constitute a full-thickness rupture of the organ, leading to Boerhaave syndrome. Most commonly affecting males between 50 and 70 years of age, Clinically, the Mackler triad is vomiting, severe chest pain, and subcutaneous cervical emphysema. The delay in diagnosis explains the high mortality rate of this pathology up to 40-60% in those treated at 48 hours. The prognosis improves if treatment is established within the first 24 hours.

Las lesiones espontáneas pueden afectar solo una parte de la pared esofágica (síndrome de Mallory-Weiss) o constituir una rotura de espesor total del órgano, dando lugar al síndrome de Boerhaave. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a los varones entre 50 y 70 años de edad. Clínicamente conforma la tríada de Mackler: vómito, dolor torácico intenso y enfisema subcutáneo cervical. El retraso en el diagnóstico explica su alta tasa de mortalidad, de hasta el 40-60% en los pacientes tratados a las 48 horas. El pronóstico mejora si se logra instaurar el tratamiento dentro de las primeras 24 horas.

Diagnostic challenge and surgical management of Boerhaave's syndrome: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Boerhaave's syndrome is the spontaneous rupture of the esophagus, which requires early diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms may vary, and diagnosis can be challenging. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1: A 54-year-old Chinese man presented to us with sudden-onset epigastric pain radiating to the back following hematemesis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a full-thickness rupture of the esophageal wall. Subsequent computed tomography showed frank pneumomediastinum and heterogeneous pleural effusion. Immediately, esophageal perforation repair operation and jejunostomy were performed. The postoperative period was uneventful, and he was discharged. Case 2: A 62-year-old Chinese man was admitted to the emergency department with thoracic dull pain and chest distress. Chest computed tomography scan showed pneumomediastinum and large left-sided pleural effusion. Esophagus fistula was confirmed by contrast esophagography. Then, we performed thoracotomy to repair the esophageal tear as well as to debride and irrigate the left pleural space. His postoperative period was uneventful, with no leakage or stricture. Case 3: The patient was a 69-year-old Chinese male presenting with severe retrosternal and upper abdominal pain following an episode of forceful vomiting. Thoracic computed tomography scan revealed a rupture in the left distal part of the esophagus, a pneumomediastinum, and left-sided pleural effusions. Conservative treatment failed to improve disease conditions. Open thoracic surgery was performed with debridement and drainage of the mediastinum and the pleural cavity, after which he made a slow but full recovery. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight that early diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment are essential for optimum outcome in patients with esophageal rupture. We emphasize the importance of critical care support, particularly in the early stages of management.