Parents' attitudes towards the No Jab No Play legislation in Western Australia: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Mandates provide a relatively cost-effective strategy to increase vaccinate rates. Since 2014, five Australian states have implemented No Jab No Play (NJPlay) policies that require children to be fully immunised to attend early childhood education and childcare services. In Western Australia, where this study was conducted, NJNPlay legislation was enacted in 2019. While most Australian families support vaccine mandates, there are a range of complexities and unintended consequences for some families. This research explores the impact on families of the NJNPlay legislation in Western Australia (WA). METHODS: This mixed-methods study used an online parent/carer survey (n = 261) representing 427 children and in-depth interviews (n = 18) to investigate: (1) the influence of the NJNPlay legislation on decision to vaccinate; and (2) the financial and emotional impacts of NJNPlay legislation. Descriptive and bivariate tests were used to analyse the survey data and open-ended questions and interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to capture the experience and the reality of participants. RESULTS: Approximately 60% of parents intended to vaccinate their child. Parents who had decided not to vaccinate their child/ren were significantly more likely to experience financial [p < 0.001] and emotional impacts [p < 0.001], compared to those who chose to vaccinate because of the mandate. Qualitative data were divided with around half of participants supporting childhood immunisation and NJNPlay with others discussing concerns. The themes (a) belief in the importance of vaccination and ease of access, (b) individual and community protection, and (c) vaccine effectiveness, safety and alternatives help understand how parents' beliefs and access may influence vaccination uptake. Unintended impacts of NJNPlay included: (a) lack of choice, pressure and coercion to vaccinate; (b) policy and community level stigma and discrimination; (c) financial and career impacts; and (d) loss of education opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: Parents appreciation of funded immunisation programs and mandates which enhance individual and community protection was evident. However for others unintended consequences of the mandate resulted in significant social, emotional, financial and educational impacts. Long-term evidence highlights the positive impact of immunisation programs. Opinions of impacted families should be considered to alleviate mental health stressors.

Education increases patience: Evidence from a change in a compulsory schooling law.

I investigate the causal effect of education on time preferences. To deal with the endogeneity of education, I exploit exogenous variation in education imposed by a Turkish school reform that raised compulsory education from five to eight years. I find that education causes individuals to make more patient inter-temporal choices but does not induce them to report being more patient. I also provide evidence that the effect of education on patient inter-temporal choices does not operate through changes in financial well-being.

Thurgood Marshall, Hero of American Medicine.

One of the heroes in American history, Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) sought legal remedies against racial discrimination in education and health care. As director of the Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of NAACP from 1940 to 1961, his success in integrating law schools in Texas led to the first black medical student admitted to a state medical school in the South. Representing doctors and dentists needing a facility to perform surgery, the LDF brought cases before the courts in North Carolina that moved the country toward justice in health care. His ultimate legal victory came in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1964, the LDF under Jack Greenberg, Marshall's successor as director, won Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, a decision that held that hospitals accepting federal funds had to admit black patients. The two decisions laid the judicial foundation for the laws and administrative acts that changed America's racial history, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965 that established Medicare and Medicaid. His achievements came during the hottest period of the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Well past the middle of the twentieth century, black Americans were denied access to the full resources of American medicine, locked in a "separate-but-equal" system woefully inadequate in every respect. In abolishing segregation, Marshall initiated the long overdue remedy of the unjust legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.

Undocumented: An examination of legal identity and education provision for children in Malaysia.

Education is a fundamental human right. Yet there remain gaps in our understanding of undocumented children in Malaysia and their vulnerabilities in education access. This study aims to describe and contextualise undocumented children in Malaysia and their access to education. We conducted a desk review and in-depth interviews with 33 key stakeholders from June 2020 to March 2021. Framework analysis was conducted. Salient themes were geographical location and legal identity in terms of citizenship and migration status. We found that the lack of legal identity and non-recognition by the State was the root cause of vulnerability, experienced uniformly by undocumented populations in Malaysia. Only undocumented children with Malaysian parents or guardians can enter public schools under the Malaysian government's 'Zero Reject Policy'. Most undocumented and non-citizen children must rely on informal education provided by alternative or community learning centres that typically lack standardised curricula, resources, and accreditation for education progression beyond primary levels. Nevertheless, as non-citizen groups are diverse, certain groups experience more privilege, while others are more disadvantaged in terms of the quality of informal education and the highest level of education accessible. In Peninsular Malaysia, a very small proportion of refugees and asylum-seekers may additionally access tertiary education on scholarships. In Sabah, children of Indonesian migrant workers have access to learning centres with academic accreditation supported by employers in plantations and the Indonesian Consulate, whereas Filipino migrants who were initially recognised as refugees are now receiving little government or embassy support. Stateless Rohingya refugees in Peninsular Malaysia and Bajau Laut children at Sabah are arguably the most marginalised and have the poorest educational opportunities at basic literacy and numeracy levels, despite the latter receiving minimal governmental education support. Implementing a rights-based approach towards education would mean allowing all children equal opportunity to access and thrive in high-quality schools.

Physical education in early childhood education in Maringá-pr: construction and implementation of an educational public policy / Educação física na educação infantil em Maringá-pr: construção e implementação de uma política pública educacional

ABSTRACT This research aimed to describe and analyze the process of structuring and implementing Law No. 8392/2009, of the Municipality of Maringá-PR, which includes Physical Education as a mandatory component in the Early Childhood Education curriculum. It is characterized as both a descriptive case and a documentary study, conducted through semi-structured interviews with the researcher in charge and with the parliamentary author of the Law; questionnaires, applied to 27 Physical Education teachers working at Municipal Child Education Centers; and consultation to the legislation and internal documents of the Municipal Department of Education. From the information obtained, it was concluded that the analyzed process took place in a satisfactory way, consolidating the educational public policy in focus.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever e analisar o processo de estruturação e implementação da Lei nº 8392/2009, do Município de Maringá-PR, que inclui a Educação Física como componente obrigatório no currículo da Educação Infantil. Caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso descritivo e documental, por meio de realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com o parlamentar responsável pelo projeto de lei e com a pesquisadora, cujo estudo subsidiou o referido projeto; aplicação de questionários a 27 professores de Educação Física atuantes nos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil; e consulta à legislação e documentos internos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. A partir das informações obtidas, concluiu-se que o processo analisado ocorreu de forma satisfatória, consolidando a política pública educacional em questão.

What predicts legislative success of early care and education policies?: Applications of machine learning and Natural Language Processing in a cross-state early childhood policy analysis.

Following the pioneering efforts of a federal Head Start program, U.S. state policymakers have rapidly expanded access to Early Care and Education (ECE) programs with strong bipartisan support. Within the past decade the enrollment of 4 year-olds has roughly doubled in state-funded preschool. Despite these public investments, the content and priorities of early childhood legislation-enacted and failed-have rarely been examined. This study integrates perspectives from public policy, political science, developmental science, and machine learning in examining state ECE bills in identifying key factors associated with legislative success. Drawing from the Early Care and Education Bill Tracking Database, we employed Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a statistical topic identification model, to examine 2,396 ECE bills across the 50 U.S. states during the 2015-2018. First, a six-topic solution demonstrated the strongest fit theoretically and empirically suggesting two meta policy priorities: 'ECE finance' and 'ECE services'. 'ECE finance' comprised three dimensions: (1) Revenues, (2) Expenditures, and (3) Fiscal Governance. 'ECE services' also included three dimensions: (1) PreK, (2) Child Care, and (3) Health and Human Services (HHS). Further, we found that bills covering a higher proportion of HHS, Fiscal Governance, or Expenditures were more likely to pass into law relative to bills focusing largely on PreK, Child Care, and Revenues. Additionally, legislative effectiveness of the bill's primary sponsor was a strong predictor of legislative success, and further moderated the relation between bill content and passage. Highly effective legislators who had previously passed five or more bills had an extremely high probability of introducing a legislation that successfully passed regardless of topic. Legislation with expenditures as policy priorities benefitted the most from having an effective legislator. We conclude with a discussion of the empirical findings within the broader context of early childhood policy literature and suggest implications for future research and policy.

Urology Program Directors' Perception of Pregnancy During Residency.

OBJECTIVE: To assess urology program directors' (PDs) perception of pregnancy during residency training. METHODS: A 30 question anonymous survey was sent to 142 urology PDs regarding their demographics, program information, institution policies, and self-reported opinions. Results were assessed via descriptive analysis. RESULTS: A total of 63 PDs responded with a response rate of 44%: 19% were female, 73% between 40 and 59 years of age, and 91% had children. A minority (17%) of programs had 40% or more female residents. 37% of PDs had never had a pregnant resident during their time as PD while 57% had 1 to 5 pregnant residents. On multivariate analysis, PDs age > 60 years or PD having their first child when > 30 years old were predictors for poor support of maternity leave. The majority of PDs felt their program was better/much better at being supportive toward maternity leave compared to other surgical specialties at their institution. Only 21% of PDs felt that taking maternity leave burdened other residents unfairly. Of respondents, 62% felt prepared/completely prepared to advise residents on pregnancy during residency. However, 91% of PDs affirmed it would be helpful to have formal policies in place regarding maternity/paternity leave. CONCLUSION: While the majority of PDs do not have a negative perception of pregnancy during residency, a small portion feels that pregnancy during residency is a burden on other residents. More than half of PDs feel prepared to discuss this issue with their residents. However, a large majority would find formal policies helpful.

Psicologia e direitos humanos: um relato de experiência sobre oficinas com adolescentes / Psicología y derechos humanos: un relato de experiencia sobre talleres con adolescentes / Psychology and human rights: an account of experience with workshops for adolescents

RESUMO. Diante das necessárias interfaces entre a psicologia e os direitos humanos, este estudo pretende relatar e analisar, reflexivamente, uma intervenção em educação em direitos humanos com adolescentes participantes de um projeto social de uma cidade situada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. O percurso metodológico escolhido para este estudo foi o relato de experiência de oficinas de educação em direitos humanos que ocorreram durante os meses de maio e junho de 2017. Os participantes foram 15 adolescentes de diferentes níveis de escolaridade, com idade média 13,9 anos, todos participantes de um projeto social. A experiência foi relatada em Diário de Campo e analisada pela metodologia da Análise temática de Minayo. Como resultado deste estudo, foram relatados os desafios e as contribuições da psicologia na construção de oficinas de educação em direitos humanos com adolescentes. Verificou-se a importância de construir as oficinas de educação em direitos humanos com o grupo, permitindo o compartilhamento e o reconhecimento da realidade dos participantes. Neste sentido, ressalta-se a importância de trabalhar esta temática com adolescentes, além da potência existente na contribuição da psicologia diante da articulação com os direitos humanos.

RESUMEN Delante de las necesarias interfaces entre la Psicología y los Derechos Humanos, este estudio pretende relatar y analizar, reflexivamente, una intervención en Educación en Derechos Humanos con adolescentes participantes de um proyecto social de una ciudad situada en la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre. El recorrido metodológico escogido para este estúdio fue el relato de experiencia de talleres de Educación en Derechos Humanos que acontecieron durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2017. Los participantes fueron 15 adolescentes de diferentes grados de escolaridad, com edad media 13,9 años, todos participantes de um proyecto social. La experiencia fue relatada em Diario de Campo y analizada a través de la metodología de la Análisis Temática de Minayo. Como resultado de este estudio, fueron relatados los desafíos y las contribuciones de la psicologia en la construcción de talleres de Educación en Derechos Humanos con adolescentes. Se verifico la importancia de construir los talleres de Educación en Derechos Humanos com el grupo, permitiendo la compatibilidad y el reconocimiento de la realidad de los participantes. En este sentido, se resalta la importancia de trabajar esta temática con adolescentes, además de la potencia existente en la contribución de la psicología frente de la articulación com los Derechos Humanos.

ABSTRACT Due to the needed interfaces between Psychology and Human Rights, this study intends to report and analyze, reflectively, an intervention in Human Rights Education with adolescents who took part in a social project of a city located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. As the methodological path chosen for the study, an account of experience with Human Rights Education workshops that took place during the months of May and June of 2017. The participants were 15 adolescents of different educational levels, with a mean age of 13.9 years, all of whom participated in a social project. The experience was reported in a Field Journal and analyzed through Minayo's Thematic Analysis methodology. According to the study's, challenges and contributions of Psychology in the development of Human Rights Education workshops with adolescents were reported. The importance of building the Human Rights Education workshops with the group was noticed, which allows the sharing and recognition of the participants' reality. Thus, the importance of addressing this topic along with adolescents, as well as the power in the contribution of Psychology to the articulation with Human Rights are highlighted.

A Basis to Be Here: Stories from International Graduate Students in the United States.

Recent guidance from the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement drastically altered the lives of international students in America, especially those who are matriculating. This commentary describes how international students still face uncertainty concerning their visa statuses and their place in American society.

Nursing education: mapping in the perspective of transformation.

OBJECTIVE: to construct a theoretical, field and analysis mapping of nursing education in the context of public education policies in Brazil. METHOD: a descriptive study with a mixed approach of investigation, having as theoretical-analytical instruments the studies on maps construction (theoretical, field and analytical), which allowed the distribution, imbalances, tendencies and contradictions verification of the phenomenon studied. RESULTS: the disordered expansion of vacancies in nursing has been occurring in a disorganized, asymmetric way and directed to the distancing of the State in the assistance to the educational sector, as well as the consequent privatization of education and reaffirmation of social imbalance of regions with the lowest economic power. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the study made technological, scientific and academic contributions possible and showed that public policies directed intense and disorderly expansion of courses/vacancies, indicating the need to establish strategies that can promote actions to strengthen the quality of nursing education.

Context and regulation of homeschooling: Issues, evidence, and assessment practices.

The article discusses salient factors that influence the current context within which homeschooling occurs. Individual states have applied various approaches to establish regulations that both preserve the rights of homeschooling parents and fulfill the state's obligation to ensure that its residents receive the education to which they are constitutionally entitled. Case and ethnographic studies or research involving small and selected samples often appear in outlets associated with homeschool advocacy groups or in outlets that are not mainstream. The paucity of empirical evidence derived from methodologically strong research paradigms has led to little certainty about many aspects of homeschooling, including its effectiveness in preparing an educated citizenry. From state to state, the understanding and definition of homeschooling vary widely, leading to equally wide variations in regulatory practices. The article documents and summarizes state-to-state variations in matters pertaining to homeschooling and offers recommendations to help school psychologists work more effectively with students who are educated at home. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Sistema educacional e a formação de trabalhadores: a desqualificação do Ensino Médio Flexível / Education system and the training of workers: the disqualification of flexible high school education

Resumo Este artigo propõe-se a analisar a reforma do Ensino Médio e seus impactos para o projeto de educação dos que vivem do trabalho. A partir da análise da Lei 13.415/2017, das estatísticas recentes e da nova proposta de organização curricular, vai levantar argumentos que apontam a flexibilização do Ensino Médio como uma das expressões do projeto pedagógico do regime de acumulação flexível, cuja lógica continua sendo a distribuição desigual do conhecimento, porém com uma forma diferenciada. Seu objetivo é a formação de subjetividades flexíveis que se submetam à precarização do trabalho, naturalizando a instabilidade, a insegurança e a desregulamentação em nome da suposta autonomia de escolha. Do ponto de vista ontológico, o artigo aponta que a reforma do Ensino Médio responde ao alinhamento da formação ao regime de acumulação flexível. Do ponto de vista epistemológico, confronta a concepção de práxis que orientou a elaboração das diretrizes curriculares em 2012, com as dimensões de individualismo, fragmentação, presentismo e pragmatismo presentes nas novas diretrizes. A partir da análise, a autora reforça a necessidade de criar outras formas de organização curricular no exercício da autonomia pela escola como uma alternativa para a formação integral dos jovens.

Abstract This article analyzes high school education reform and its impact on the education project on those who work for a living. By analyzing Law 13.415/2017, recent statistics and the new proposal for curricular organization, arguments will be identified that point to the flexibilization of high school education as an expression of the pedagogical project of the flexible accumulation system, whose logic continues to be the unequal distribution of knowledge, but in a differentiated way. The aim is the formation of flexible subjectivities submitted to the precarity of work, naturalizing instability, insecurity and deregulation for an alleged autonomy of choice. From the ontological viewpoint, the article shows that the high school education reform responds to the alignment of the flexible accumulation system formation. In epistemological terms, it compares the conception of praxis that guided the drafting of the curricular guidelines in 2012 with the dimensions of individualism, fragmentation, presentism and pragmatism present in the new guidelines. Based on the analysis, the author emphasizes the need to create other forms of curricular organization in the exercise of autonomy by the school as an alternative for the integral formation of young individuals.

Does education reduce teen fertility? Evidence from compulsory schooling laws.

While less-educated women are more likely to give birth as teenagers, there is scant evidence the relationship is causal. We investigate this possibility using variation in compulsory schooling laws (CSLs) to identify the impact of formal education on teen fertility at specific ages for a large sample of women drawn from multiple waves of the Canadian Census. We find large negative impacts of education on births for young women aged seventeen and eighteen, but less systematic evidence of an effect after these ages. While our findings are consistent with an "incarceration effect", where school enrollment deters fertility in a contemporaneous manner, we cannot rule out longer-run effects of education on fertility.

Education system and the training of workers: the disqualification of flexible high school education. / Sistema educacional e a formação de trabalhadores: a desqualificação do Ensino Médio Flexível.

This article analyzes high school education reform and its impact on the education project on those who work for a living. By analyzing Law 13.415/2017, recent statistics and the new proposal for curricular organization, arguments will be identified that point to the flexibilization of high school education as an expression of the pedagogical project of the flexible accumulation system, whose logic continues to be the unequal distribution of knowledge, but in a differentiated way. The aim is the formation of flexible subjectivities submitted to the precarity of work, naturalizing instability, insecurity and deregulation for an alleged autonomy of choice. From the ontological viewpoint, the article shows that the high school education reform responds to the alignment of the flexible accumulation system formation. In epistemological terms, it compares the conception of praxis that guided the drafting of the curricular guidelines in 2012 with the dimensions of individualism, fragmentation, presentism and pragmatism present in the new guidelines. Based on the analysis, the author emphasizes the need to create other forms of curricular organization in the exercise of autonomy by the school as an alternative for the integral formation of young individuals.

Este artigo propõe-se a analisar a reforma do Ensino Médio e seus impactos para o projeto de educação dos que vivem do trabalho. A partir da análise da Lei 13.415/2017, das estatísticas recentes e da nova proposta de organização curricular, vai levantar argumentos que apontam a flexibilização do Ensino Médio como uma das expressões do projeto pedagógico do regime de acumulação flexível, cuja lógica continua sendo a distribuição desigual do conhecimento, porém com uma forma diferenciada. Seu objetivo é a formação de subjetividades flexíveis que se submetam à precarização do trabalho, naturalizando a instabilidade, a insegurança e a desregulamentação em nome da suposta autonomia de escolha. Do ponto de vista ontológico, o artigo aponta que a reforma do Ensino Médio responde ao alinhamento da formação ao regime de acumulação flexível. Do ponto de vista epistemológico, confronta a concepção de práxis que orientou a elaboração das diretrizes curriculares em 2012, com as dimensões de individualismo, fragmentação, presentismo e pragmatismo presentes nas novas diretrizes. A partir da análise, a autora reforça a necessidade de criar outras formas de organização curricular no exercício da autonomia pela escola como uma alternativa para a formação integral dos jovens.

Erosão orçamentário-financeira dos direitos sociais na Constituição de 1988 / Budgetary-financial erosion of social rights in the Constitution of 1988

Resumo Ao longo das três décadas de vigência da Constituição Federal, redesenhos normativos e fiscais foram introduzidos pela União nas garantias de organização federativa solidária e de custeio dos direitos sociais, a pretexto de resguardar a sustentabilidade intertemporal da dívida pública brasileira. Para equalizar a tensão entre estabilidade econômica e efetividade dos direitos sociais e sua repercussão para o processo de endividamento, foram mitigados paulatinamente os pisos de custeio da saúde e educação e o orçamento da seguridade social, os quais operavam, tanto no campo simbólico, quanto no pragmático, como uma espécie de contrapeso fiscal à necessidade de custo alegadamente ilimitado para as políticas monetária e cambial. Desvincular receitas, reduzir o escopo dos regimes de gasto mínimo e restringir o alcance interpretativo de transferências intergovernamentais equalizadoras das distorções federativas tornou-se estratégia, assumida - direta ou indiretamente - pela União desde o início da década de 1990, de estabilização macroeconômica, sobretudo, monetária. Assim tem sido empreendido um longo e ainda atual processo de desconstrução orçamentário-financeira dos direitos sociais, que restringe a identidade estrutural da CF/1988, a pretexto de consolidação fiscal cada vez mais exigente da redução do tamanho do Estado.

Abstract Throughout the three decades of the Federal Constitution, normative and fiscal redesigns were introduced by the Union in the guarantees of solidary federative organization and of social rights costing, under the pretext of safeguarding the intertemporal sustainability of the Brazilian public debt. In order to equalize the tension between economic stability and the effectiveness of social rights and their repercussion for the indebtedness process, the health and education minimum spending and the social security budget were gradually mitigated, which operated both in the symbolic field and in the pragmatic, as a kind of fiscal balance to the need for allegedly unlimited cost for monetary and cambial policies. Unlink taxes, reduce the scope of minimum spending regimes and restrict the interpretative scope of intergovernmental equalization transfers of federative distortions has become a strategy, assumed - directly or indirectly - by the Union since the early 1990s, of macroeconomic stabilization policy, above all, monetary. Thus, a long and still ongoing process of budgetary and financial deconstruction of social rights has been undertaken, which restricts the structural identity of the FC/1988, under the pretext of increasingly demanding fiscal consolidation of the reduction of the size of the state.