Navigating proxy failures in education: Learning from human and animal play.

The notion of proxy failure provides considerable insight into educational processes, and in childhood education has the potential to elucidate known problems stemming from the early implementation of overly regulated educational regimes. This commentary expands on play and how its relation to learning provides a useful perspective on how activities based on nongoal-oriented interactions can lead to desired outcomes.

Factors influencing college students' self-regulated learning in online learning environment: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Drawing on the control value theory, this study aims to identify the pertinent factors of self-regulated learning in the online learning environment for college students. The analysis will inductively examine how these factors impact self-regulated learning, thereby furnishing a reference for educators and online learning platform developers to create more efficacious online learning and teaching modes. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: In March 2023, electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane and Scopus were searched, and there was no time limit for publication. REVIEW METHODS: The inclusion criteria were: (1) Includes both online learning environment and self-regulated learning variables. (2) The research object is college students. (3) The research focuses on online teaching. Assessment of risk of bias for all included studies using a mixed-methods assessment tool. RESULTS: After screening, 31 articles were finally included. Including 24 quantitative studies, 2 qualitative study and 5 mixed studies. According to the control value theory, the factors affecting self-regulated learning in online learning environment are divided into seven aspects, namely cognitive quality, motivational quality, autonomy support, goal structures and social expectations, feedback and considerations of achievement, perceived control and perceived value. CONCLUSIONS: Teachers should exercise reasonable management over the number of assignments and provide timely and supportive feedback, as well as actively create interactive learning environments to facilitate peer-to-peer communication. Developers of online learning platforms should improve the functions of the platforms according to students' needs, and provide training for teachers and students when necessary. Learners should adapt their learning status in a timely manner to realise efficient learning and improve learning outcomes.

Classroom Discourse: What Is Conveyed Through Educational Interpretation.

When a deaf or hard-of-hearing child enters a classroom with an interpreter, the goal, and sometimes the assumption, is that they will be granted full access to the classroom experience. This study focuses on the clarity and completeness with which critical elements of classroom discourse are conveyed through the interpretations of 40 educational interpreters. Elements studied include conveyance of main ideas, directions for assignments, relevance strategies, orienting commentary, participation solicitation, mental state reference, and semantic organization. The interpretations clearly and completely conveyed approximately one-third to two-thirds of the information (M = 48.6%) related to these elements of classroom discourse. Frequent omissions and alterations rendered large parts of the message markedly different. Results suggest a need to improve training of educational interpreters, increase communication between teachers and interpreters, provide students supplementary services, and heighten awareness that the interpretation process is fallible in ways that can impact access to classroom discourse.

Strategic career building during your PhD: a timeline for maximizing your opportunities.

PhD training can be incredibly versatile, leading to many downstream careers. There is potential to gain training to help you enter any of these careers after graduation. However, it is often only in retrospect that the options and optimal strategies become clear. Here we provide a strategic framework to empower PhD researchers to build and expand their career options in a method compatible with tomorrow's career ecosystem. The strategic framework encourages early career researchers to take a self-directed approach to establish flexible career goals, diversify exposures and build professional networks. Researchers increase their chances of success by building early markers of multiple career pathways into their PhD program. The framework emphasizes self-direction, adaptability and resilience, enabling early career researchers to embrace new opportunities and to navigate uncertainties. This structured approach empowers PhD researchers to maximize their opportunities, positioning them for long-term success in the various career options within and beyond academia.

Improvement impact of nudges incorporated in environmental education on students' environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

This study conducted randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental education class and the impacts of nudges and boosts implemented in this program on high school students' basic knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding environmental issues in Japan. This environmental education class consisted of a lecture on reducing the use of plastic products for energy conservation in daily life, a board game for learning how to reduce plastic waste, and a worksheet for reflection. Four types of worksheets were randomly distributed: nudges, in which students were asked to set a goal regarding their level of effort in not throwing away plastic products such as plastic bags, wet wipes, and plastic bottles; boosts, in which participants were asked to write an essay to help increase their empathy for the parties impacted by environmental issues; both nudges and boosts; and none (neither nudges nor boosts). After environmental education, an end-line survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this class. This study found that the environmental education class significantly improved students' basic environmental knowledge and promoted their concerns about plastic waste. Although there was no evidence that nudges and boosts amplify the effects of the environmental education class on the students' knowledge, nudges were successful in making them more concerned about plastic waste. The results showed that students who received nudges or boosts were more likely to refuse free wet wipes offered at convenience stores but were not more likely to refuse plastic bottles. These results also indicated that interventions through environmental education can change students' pro-environmental behaviors only if the cost of behavioral change is low. The environmental education class not only increased students' environmental knowledge and attitudes, but the use of worksheets in administering nudges and boosts ensured the effectiveness of environmental education.

Choice matters: Pupils' stress regulation, brain development and brain function in an outdoor education project.

BACKGROUND: Education outside the classroom (EOtC) is considered beneficial to children's physical and mental health. Especially, stress resilience has been linked to nature experience. AIMS: This study experimentally explored the effects of pupils' autonomy support (AUT) and physical activity (PA) on their biological stress responses and brain development in EOtC. SAMPLE: The study comprised 48 fifth and sixth graders. METHODS: The intervention consisted of one day/week taught in a forest over one school year. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted at the beginning and the end of the school year, functional MRI under a stress condition at the end. Regions of interest were amygdala, hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). All other measures were obtained at the beginning, at mid-term and at the end of the school year. PA was measured using accelerometry. Cortisol levels were obtained three times during the examined school days. AUT was measured with a paper-based survey. Data were analysed using Bayesian multivariate models. RESULTS: EOtC students exhibit more efficient regulation of biological stress-reactivity and show a reduction of cortisol over the day associated with light PA in the forest. Cortisol is further associated with amygdala activation in the stress condition. Cerebral structural change is best explained by age; however, AUT has a positive direct effect on the maturation of the ACC, which is stronger in EOtC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the idea that autonomy supportive teaching fosters cerebral maturation and that EOtC can have a positive effect on biological stress regulation.

Reflexões sobre metodologias de pesquisa: perspectivas de colaboração em investigações crítico-educacionais / Reflections about research methodologies: collaborative perspectives in critical-educational investigations / Réflexions sur les méthodologies de recherche: perspectives collaboratives dans les investigations critiques en éducation

Escrito em três línguas ­ embora suas partes não sejam traduzidas em todas as línguas que o constituem ­ esse texto tripartido tem dois objetivos: primeiramente, busca fornecer uma ideia geral do curso - três cursos em um - que foi oferecido durante a primavera europeia e o outono brasileiro de 2021 por três professoras em parceria para os seus alunos de mestrado e doutorado, ou seja, para estudantes, em sua maioria, das três universidades onde elas lecionam, promovendo uma discussão densa e uma visão ampla acerca do tema do curso, qual seja, Metodologias Críticas de cunho colaborativo, especialmente as que se embasam nos estudos histórico-culturais, conforme discutidos por L. S. Vigotski (1924-1934). O curso foi organizado a partir da ideia inicial e central de uma oportunidade para aprofundar a compreensão dos aspectos que aproximam e diferenciam os trabalhos das três pesquisadoras - Clínica de Atividades, Pesquisa-Trans-Formação, Pesquisa Crítica de Colaboração - e de seus grupos de pesquisa, especialmente no tocante às metodologias empregadas e ao seu trabalho com profissionais da educação. Os resultados das discussões demonstram que as três metodologias se apoiam, em maior ou menor escala, em conceitos tais como contradição, trabalho colaborativo, instrumento-e-resultado, dialética, totalidade-unidade, sentido e significado (ou significação), entre outros. Alguns autores foram também convidados para contribuir com sua visão sobre aspectos específicos da teoria histórico-cultural e/ou possibilidades metodológicas que podem ser desenvolvidas a partir desses estudos. Já outros autores que contribuíram com esse número temático da Revista Psicologia da Educação foram participantes do curso em si ­ como professores convidados ou como estudantes ­ e apresentam suas visões sobre o que foi discutido nas semanas de trabalho, i.e., as metodologias de pesquisa e suas bases ou as ideias principais que surgiram nas discussões e contribuíram com a elaboração dos componentes metodológicos de suas teses ou dissertações. (AU)

Written in three languages ­ though not translated into all of them ­ this tripartite text's aim is twofold: First and foremost, it aims at providing an overview of a course - three courses in one - delivered over the European Spring and Brazilian Autumn of 2021, in partnership by the three authors to their Master's and Doctorate students, i.e., to participants of the three universities where they lecture, providing a sound discussion and broad overview of critical collaborative research methodologies, especially those that are developed bearing in mind the cultural-historical studies as per L. S. Vygotsky (1924-1934). The course was organized from the initial and central idea of creating an opportunity to deepen the understanding of the aspects that bring the work of the three researchers closer and differentiating the work of the three researchers - Activity Clinic, Trans-Formation Research, Critical Collaboration Research - and their research groups, especially regarding the methodologies employed and their work with education professionals Results show that the three methods are, to a greater or lesser degree, supported by concepts such as contradiction, collaborative work, instrument-and-result, dialectics, totality-uniqueness, sense and meaning (or signification), among others. Secondly, this paper aims at briefly explaining that the thematic issue of the Journal Educational Psychology has also received contribution from other colleagues - whilst some authors were invited to contribute with their view on specific aspects of the cultural-historical theory and/or the methodological possibilities that can be developed from these studies, other writers who have contributed to this thematic issue took part in the above-mentioned course, and either provided a text on their view of what was discussed, the research methodologies and their bases, or on the main ideas arising from the debates for their thesis/dissertation thesis' methodological organization. (AU)

Cet article trilingue s'inscrit dans le prolongement d'un cours donné conjointement par trois universités (deux brésiliennes, une suisse) en 2021. A cette période, les mesures liées à l'épidémie de covid nous forçaient à donner nos cours à distance. Transformant cette contrainte en ressource pour faire ce que nous désirions faire depuis longtemps, c'est-à-dire enseigner ensemble, nous avons construit ce cours comme une opportunité importante de co-enseigner, malgré les distances géographiques, et de permettre aux étudiant-es de deux continents, vivant dans des pays et contextes très différents, de se connaître et de collaborer. Le cours s'adressait ainsi aux étudiant-es de master et aux doctorant-es des trois universités. Des professeur-es invité-es et des étudiant-es d'autres universités ont rejoint ponctuellement le cours. L'objectif était de comprendre et de discuter les approches de recherche collaborative critiques d'inspiration vygotskienne portées par les trois organisatrices. Le cours offrait ainsi un cadre pour explorer ces trois approches, ainsi que leurs convergences et divergences, ce dont cet éditorial garde trace. L'entrée dans la réflexion était principalement méthodologique. Cette comparaison méthodologique met en évidence l'importance des concepts de contradiction, dialectique, collaboration, totalité-singularité, sens et signification, approche instrumentale, en particulier. S'appuyant sur les mêmes textes théoriques de Vygotskij et de son école, qu'elles déclinent dans des contextes et avec des objectifs différents, nos trois approches présentent des convergences fortes, avec des vocabulaires et conceptualisations différents, nécessitant un travail précis de compréhension théorique et de traduction. Cet éditorial présentera donc brièvement les trois approches et les similitudes que nous avons relevées. Les articles qui composent ce numéro spécial du journal Educational Psycholog ont été écrits suite à cette expérience collective, scientifique et pédagogique. Nous avons invité certain-es auteurs/trices à développer certains points méthodologiques centraux, d'autres ont poursuivi dans ce cadre la réflexion entamée dans leurs mémoires et thèses, d'autres encore ont élaboré leurs réflexions sur certaines idées débattues ensemble. (AU)

Papel de la atención psicopedagógica en el sistema educativo / Role of psychopedagogical care in the educational system

La educación es un proceso complejo en cualquiera de los niveles educativos. Los educandos pueden sentir distintas sensaciones como miedo, inseguridad, alegría, temor y ansiedad que condicionan la actitud y predisposición al régimen educativo. La adaptación al proceso se hace diferente en cada estudiante y depende de la capacidad propia de vencer, controlar o modificar los sentimientos que se generan. En ocasiones, es necesario la orientación profesional, como alternativa orientadora, para lograr una mejor adaptación de los estudiantes al medio que los rodea y que no se afecte su rendimiento académico ni su comportamiento social. La atención psicopedagógica se considera una herramienta metodológica de apoyo al sistema educativo, cuya importancia no es dimensionada correctamente en muchas ocasiones(AU)

Education is a complex process at any educational level. Learners can feel different sensations such as fear, insecurity, happiness, fear and anxiety that condition the attitude and predisposition to the educational system. Adaptation to the process is different for each student and depends on their own ability to overcome, control or modify the feelings that are generated. Sometimes professional guidance is necessary, as a guidance alternative, to achieve a better adaptation of students to the environment that surrounds them and that neither their academic performance nor their social behavior is affected. Psychopedagogical attention is considered a methodological tool to support the educational system, whose importance is not correctly dimensioned on many occasions(AU)

Training College Students with Hearing Loss in Theory of Mind.

This paper explored training methods to improve the Theory of Mind levels of Chinese college students with hearing loss and investigated the transfer effect of training. Ninety Chinese college students with hearing loss were randomly divided into two groups: the ToM training group and the physical-conversation training group. The ToM training group received ToM training, and the physical-conversation training group as the control group received physical-conversation training. All the participants attended four separate 60-min lectures. The ToM Story Task and the False Belief Task were used to assess the training's effect, and the ToM animation task was adopted to investigate the transfer effect. Before training, the level of ToM of the two participant groups was similar. After training, the ToM level of Chinese college students with hearing loss who participated in ToM training was significantly higher than the students who underwent physical-conversation training. Moreover, the findings revealed that ToM training has long-term transfer effects. This study thus showed that ToM training can effectively improve the ToM level of Chinese college students with hearing loss.

Fonoaudiologia na comunidade em período de pandemia: relato de experiências de estudantes de graduação / Speech Language Therapy in the community during pandemic: report of experiences of undergraduate students / Terapia del lenguaje en la comunidad en periodo de pandemia: informe de experiencias de estudiantes de pregrado

Introdução: A pandemia de Covid-19 tem exigido adaptações e planejamentos constantes das instituições de ensino para a manutenção das atividades acadêmicas. Houve a substituição das disciplinas presenciais por remotas, através das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs). Como as atividades de cunho prático (como estágios acadêmicos) são fundamentais para os estudantes da Saúde, elas também migraram para a forma remota. Diante disso, modelos assíncronos de fornecimento de serviço foram sugeridos e regulamentados nesse período pandêmico. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de estagiários do curso de Fonoaudiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo na aplicação de atividades remotas direcionadas a escolares e idosos usuários de serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde, durante a pandemia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência. Resultados: Foram elaboradas ações passíveis de realização no ambiente domiciliar, segmentadas em atividades físicas, de linguagem e de memória, todas com abordagem lúdica, fornecendo oportunidades de interação e estimulação/aprimoramento dessas habilidades. Para os estudantes, as experiências foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento dessa nova metodologia, estimulando sua criatividade. Conclusão:As atividades remotas dirigidas às crianças e idosos permitiram que essas populações fossem amparadas durante a restrição social. O estabelecimento de contato com o público-alvo e a possibilidade de interação com a comunidade foi muito importante para os estudantes. É possível a replicação das ações propostas a qualquer grupo, desde que sejam adequadas à faixa etária.

Introduction: Covid-19 pandemic has required constant adaptations and planning by educational institutions to preserve academic activities. In-person classes were replaced by remote courses through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Since practical activities (such as academic internships) are essential for students in the Health Areas, they also migrated to remote classes. Thus, asynchronous models of service provision were suggested and regulated during this pandemic period. Objective: reporting the experience of interns at the Speech Language and Audiology Course at the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo during the development of remote activities aimed at students and elderly users of Primary Health Care services during the pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive study of the experience report type. Results: Actions that could be performed at home were created, divided into physical, speech and memory activities, all with a playful approach, providing opportunities for interaction and stimulation/improvement of the aforementioned skills. For these students, these experiences were fundamental to the development of this new methodology, stimulating their creativity. Conclusion: Remote activities aimed at children and elderly allowed these populations to be supported during social restriction. The opportunity to establish contact with the target audience and the possibility of keeping up interaction with the community was extremelly important for the students. There is a chance of spreading these actions to any group, if they are adapted according to the group age.

Introducción: La pandemia de Covid-19 ha requerido constantes adaptaciones y planificación de las instituciones educativas para mantener las actividades académicas. Se sustituyeron los cursos presenciales por los remotos, mediante las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC). Como las actividades prácticas (como las prácticas académicas) son fundamentales para los estudiantes de Salud, también ellas han migrado a la forma remota. Por lo tanto, se sugirieron y reglamentaron modelos de prestación de servicios asincrónicos en este período pandémico. Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de los pasantes del Curso de Terapia del Lenguaje de la Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo en la aplicación de actividades a distancia dirigidas a estudiantes y usuarios ancianos de los servicios de Atención Primaria durante la pandemia. Métodos: este es un estudio descriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia. Resultados: Se desarrollaron acciones que se pueden realizar en el ámbito del hogar, segmentadas en actividades físicas, de lenguaje y de memoria, todas con un enfoque lúdico, brindando oportunidades de interacción y estimulación/mejora de las habilidades mencionadas. Para los pasantes, las experiencias fueron fundamentales para el desarrollo de esta nueva metodología, estimulando su creatividad. Conclusión: Las actividades remotas dirigidas a niños y ancianos permitieron apoyar a estas poblaciones durante la restricción social. Establecer contacto con el público objetivo y la posibilidad de interacción con la comunidad fue muy importante para los estudiantes. Es posible replicar las acciones propuestas a cualquier grupo, siempre que sean adaptadas para el grupo de edad.

Increasing Health Insurance Enrollment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: What Works, What Does Not, and Research Gaps: A Scoping Review.

Health insurance programs have the potential to shield individuals in low- and middle-income countries from catastrophic health expenses and reduce their vulnerability to poverty. However, the uptake of insurance programs remains low in these countries. We reviewed existing evidence from experimental studies on approaches that researchers have tested in order to raise the uptake. In the 12 studies we synthesized, educational programs and subsidies were the dominant interventions. Consistent with findings from previous studies on other health products, subsidies were effective in raising the uptake of insurance programs in many contexts. Conversely, education interventions-in their current forms-were largely ineffective, although they bolstered the effect of subsidies. Other strategies, such as the use of microfinance institutions and social networks for outreach and enrollment, showed mixed results. Additional research is needed on effective approaches to raise the uptake of insurance programs, including tools from behavioral economics that have shown promise in other areas of health behavior.

Effects of an Emotional Education Program on Prisoners: An Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: Emotional education has beneficial effects on physical and/or emotional health, resulting in a better quality of life. Thus, it is beneficial to provide prisoners with emotional education, because of the difficulties they often have, to attain these benefits. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of a nursing intervention program in emotional education for incarcerated persons. METHODS: Experimental study with pretest-posttest repeated measures with a control group was conducted at a penitentiary center in the southeast of Spain. Forty-eight prisoners participated in the emotional education intervention program, and another 48 were part of the control group. The emotional intelligence questionnaire 24-item Trait Meta-Mood Scale, the resilience scale Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Rathus Assertiveness Questionnaire, and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey were utilized. FINDINGS: The intragroup, preintervention and postintervention comparisons in the study group showed improvements in self-esteem (p = 0.00, r = 0.51), resilience (p = 0.00, r = 0.42), assertiveness (p = 0.00, r = 0.46), and emotional intelligence in its dimensions of repair (p = 0.00, r = 0.32) and clarity (p = 0.02, r = 0.22) as well as in most of the quality of life dimensions. Significant intergroup differences were also found in all of these variables, except for attention and emotional clarity dimensions. CONCLUSION: The intervention improved the socioemotional health and quality of life of the prisoners, highlighting the importance of these interventions to be performed by the nursing personnel on a regular basis as a programmed activity within prisons.

A promising new tool for literacy instruction: The morphological matrix.

There is growing interest in the role that morphological knowledge plays in literacy acquisition, but there is no research directly comparing the efficacy of different forms of morphological instruction. Here we compare two methods of teaching English morphology in the context of a memory experiment when words were organized by affix during study (e.g., a list of words was presented that all share an affix, such as , , , , etc.) or by base during study (e.g., a list of words was presented that all share a base, such as , , , ). We show that memory for morphologically complex words is better in both conditions compared to a control condition that does not highlight the morphological composition of words, and most importantly, show that studying words in a base-centric format improves memory further still. We argue that the morphological matrix that organizes words around a common base may provide an important new tool for literacy instruction.

Impact of Fellow Participation During Colonoscopy on Adenoma Detection Rates.

BACKGROUND: An endoscopist's adenoma detection rate (ADR) is inversely related to interval colorectal cancer risk and cancer mortality. Previous studies evaluating the impact of gastroenterology fellow participation in colonoscopy on ADR have generated conflicting results. AIMS: We aimed to determine the impact of fellow participation, duration of fellowship training, and physician sex on ADR and advanced ADR (AADR). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed average-risk patients undergoing screening colonoscopy at Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System Brooklyn Campus and Kings County Hospital Center. Review of colonoscopy and pathology reports were performed to obtain adenoma-specific details, including the presence of advanced adenoma and adenoma location (right vs. left colon). RESULTS: There were 893 colonoscopies performed by attending only and 502 performed with fellow participation. Fellow participation improved overall ADR (44.6% vs. 35.4%, p < 0.001), right-sided ADR (34.1% vs. 25.2%, p < 0.001), and AADR (15.3% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001); however, these findings were institution-specific. Year of fellowship training did not impact overall ADR or overall AADR, but did significantly improve right-sided AADR (p-value for trend 0.03). Female attending physicians were associated with increased ADR (47.1% vs. 37.0%, p = 0.0037). Fellow sex did not impact ADR. CONCLUSIONS: Fellow participation in colonoscopy improved overall ADR and AADR, and female attending physicians were associated with improved ADR. Year of fellowship training did not impact overall ADR or AADR.