Electrochemical removal of nitrate in high-salt wastewater with low-cost iron electrode modified by phosphate.

Nitrate (NO3-) is a widespread pollutant in high-salt wastewater and causes serious harm to human health. Although electrochemical removal of nitrate has been demonstrated to be a promising treatment method, the development of low-cost electro-catalysts is still challenging. In this work, a phosphate modified iron (P-Fe) cathode was prepared for electrochemical removal of nitrate in high-salt wastewater. The phosphate modification greatly improved the activity of iron, and the removal rate of nitrate on P-Fe was three times higher than that on Fe electrode. Further experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the modification of phosphoric acid improved the stability and the activity of the zero-valent iron electrode effectively for NO3- removal. The nitrate was firstly electrochemically reduced to ammonium, and then reacted with the anodic generated hypochlorite to N2. In this study, a strategy was developed to improve the activity and stability of metal electrode for NO3- removal, which opened up a new field for the efficient reduction of NO3- removal by metal electrode materials.

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on poly(3-aminobenzoic acid)/graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles modified screen printed carbon electrode for paraquat detection.

Herein, a modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) based on a composite material, graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles (GO-AuNPs), and poly(3-aminobenzoic acid)(P3ABA) for the detection of paraquat (PQ) is introduced. The modified electrode was fabricated by drop casting of the GO-AuNPs, followed by electropolymerization of 3-aminobenzoic acid to achieve SPCE/GO-AuNPs/P3ABA. The morphology and microstructural characteristics of the modified electrodes were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for each step of modification. The composite GO-AuNPs can provide high surface area and enhance electroconductivity of the electrode. In addition, the presence of negatively charged P3ABA notably improved PQ adsorption and electron transfer rate, which stimulate redox reaction on the modified electrode, thus improving the sensitivity of PQ analysis. The SPCE/GO-AuNPs/P3ABA offered a wide linear range of PQ determination (10-9-10-4 mol/L) and low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45 × 10-9 mol/L or 0.116 µg/L, which is far below international safety regulations. The modified electrode showed minimum interference effect with percent recovery ranging from 96.5% to 116.1% after addition of other herbicides, pesticides, metal ions, and additives. The stability of the SPCE/GO-AuNPs/P3ABA was evaluated, and the results indicated negligible changes in the detection signal over 9 weeks. Moreover, this modified electrode was successfully implemented for PQ analysis in both natural and tapped water with high accuracy.

Charged functional groups modified porous spherical hollow carbon material as CDI electrode for salty water desalination.

As a new electrochemical technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination. In this study, functional groups modified porous hollow carbon (HC) were synthesized as CDI electrode material for removing Na+ and Cl- in salty water. Results showed that the average diameter of HC was approximately 180 nm, and the infrared spectrum showed that its surface was successfully modified with sulfonic and amino groups, respectively. The sulfonic acid functionalized HC (HC-S) showed better electrochemical and desalting performance than the amino-functionalized HC (HCN), with a maximum Faradic capacity of 287.4 F/g and an adsorptive capacity of 112.97 mg/g for NaCl. Additionally, 92.63% capacity retention after 100 adsorption/desorption cycles demonstrates the excellent stability of HC-S. The main findings prove that HC-S is viable as an electrode material for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.

Support electron inductive effect of Pd-Mn/Ni foam catalyst for robust electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination.

Structural regulation of Pd-based electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (EHDC) catalyst for constructing high-efficient cathode materials with low noble metal content and high atom utilization is crucial but still challenging. Herein, a support electron inductive effect of Pd-Mn/Ni foam catalyst was proposed via in-situ Mn doping to optimize the electronic structure of the Ni foam (NF), which can inductive regulation of Pd for improving the EHDC performance. The mass activity and current efficiency of Pd-Mn/NF catalyst are 2.91 and 1.34 times superior to that of Pd/NF with 2,4-dichlorophenol as model compound, respectively. The Mn-doped interlayer optimized the electronic structure of Pd by bringing the d-state closer to the Fermi level than Pd on the NF surface, which optimizied the binding of EHDC intermediates. Additionally, the Mn-doped interlayer acted as a promoter for generating H* and accelerating the EHDC reaction. This work presents a simple and effective regulation strategy for constructing high-efficient cathode catalyst for the EHDC of chlorinated organic compounds.

Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids Using Three-Dimensional Graphene Screen-Printed Electrodes.

Electrochemical approaches, along with miniaturization of electrodes, are increasingly being employed to detect and quantify nucleic acid biomarkers. Miniaturization of the electrodes is achieved through the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), which consist of one to a few dozen sets of electrodes, or by utilizing printed circuit boards. Electrode materials used in SPEs include glassy carbon (Chiang H-C, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Levon K, Biosensors (Basel) 9:2-11, 2019), platinum, carbon, and graphene (Cheng FF, He TT, Miao HT, Shi JJ, Jiang LP, Zhu JJ, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2979-2985, 2015). There are numerous modifications to the electrode surfaces as well (Cheng FF, He TT, Miao HT, Shi JJ, Jiang LP, Zhu JJ, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2979-2985, 2015). These approaches offer distinct advantages, primarily due to their demonstrated superior limit of detection without amplification. Using the SPEs and potentiostats, we can detect cells, proteins, DNA, and RNA concentrations in the nanomolar (nM) to attomolar (aM) range. The focus of this chapter is to describe the basic approach adopted for the use of SPEs for nucleic acid measurement.

A novel electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of sulfathiazole by integrating [(4,4'-bipy/P2Mo17Co)n] modified electrode.

In this study, we focused on the successful construction of [(4,4'-bipy/P2Mo17Co)6] modified electrodes using the layer-by-layer assembly method for the sensitive detection of sulfathiazole (ST). The redox reaction between ST and the metal ions in the modified layer leads to the transfer of electrons, resulting in the generation of the electrical signal. The introduction of 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) enhanced the molecular recognition of ST by the modified electrode. Under the combined effect of P2Mo17Co and 4,4'-bipy, the sensor exhibited good performance for ST detection (LOD: 0.5616 µM, linear ST concentration range: 0-50 µM). The spiked recoveries of the two groups were 84.4%-103.2% and 90.9%-109.4% for the determination of ST residues in large yellow croaker and South American white shrimp, respectively. In addition, the electrode showed excellent performance in terms of stability, reproducibility, and anti-interference ability.

An electrochemical sensor based on 2D Zn-MOFs and 2D C-Ti3C2Tx composite materials for rapid and direct detection of various foodborne pathogens.

Rapid screening for foodborne pathogens is crucial for food safety. A rapid and one-step electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Through the construction of aptamer/two-dimensional carboxylated Ti3C2Tx (2D C-Ti3C2Tx)/two-dimensional Zn-MOF (2D Zn-MOF) composites, the recognition elements, signal tags, and signal amplifiers are integrated on the electrode surface. Pathogens are selectively captured using the aptamer, which increases the impedance of the electrode surface，leads to a decrease in the 2D Zn-MOF current. Bacteria can be rapidly quantified using a one-step detection method and the replacement of aptamers. The detection limits for E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium are 6, 5, and 5 CFU·mL-1, respectively. The sensor demonstrated reliable detection capabilities in real-sample testing. Therefore, the one-step sensor based on the 2D Zn-MOF and 2D C-Ti3C2Tx has significant application value in the detection of foodborne pathogens.

A transformation and auxiliary extraction of Cr during electrokinetic removal of Cr-contaminated multilayer composite soil chamber.

Multilayer composite soil chamber was proposed to extract the Cr of contaminated site soil and insight into transformation of Cr fractionation associated with valence states. The variations of current, soil pH and moisture content were explored, as well as the migration of Cr fractionation and redistribution of Cr. Results indicated that duration of half peak current could be used to adjust treatment time and it varied among different composite ways. Moreover, extraction efficiency of Cr in soil near cathode was relatively higher and reached 60% when citric acid was used. Citric acid could promote the transformation between different Cr fractionations or different valence states. It could also improve the desorption of Cr, and could prevent excessive fluctuations of moisture content at the same time. Cr redistributed acrossed the soil chamber after extraction. When deionized water was used, Cr(VI) significantly migrated toward anode mainly in the form of exchangeable fractionation (EXC) while Fe-Mn oxides fractionation (Fe-Mn) which may be in the form of cationic Cr(III) hydroxides migrated toward cathode. When using citric acid, fractionations that were difficult to migrate of Cr, especially for Fe-Mn in site soils could be activated and became EXC and carbonate fractionation (CAR), then migrated to the anode or cathode. The migration of exchangeable Cr(III) was dramatically enhanced. But the use of citric acid could cause Cr(VI) transformation to Cr(III) near anode. In addition, during the migration process, EXC could go back to Fe-Mn again or transform to residue fractionation (RES).

Dependence of Protein Immobilization and Photocurrent Generation in PSI-FTO Electrodes on the Electrodeposition Parameters.

This study investigates the immobilization of cyanobacterial photosystem I (PSI) from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass plates to create photoelectrodes for biohybrid solar cells. The fabrication of these PSI-FTO photoelectrodes is based on two immobilization processes: rapid electrodeposition driven by an external electric field and slower adsorption during solvent evaporation, both influenced by gravitational sedimentation. Deposition and performance of photoelectrodes was investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and photocurrent measurements. We investigated the efficiency of PSI immobilization under varying conditions, including solution pH, applied electric field intensity and duration, and electrode polarization, with the goals to control (1) the direction of migration and (2) the orientation of the PSI particles on the substrate surface. Variation in the pH value of the PSI solution alters the surface charge distribution, affecting the net charge and the electric dipole moment of these proteins. Results showed PSI migration to the positively charged electrode at pH 6, 7, and 8, and to the negatively charged electrode at pH 4.4 and 5, suggesting an isoelectric point of PSI between 5 and 6. At acidic pH, the electrophoretic migration was largely hindered by protein aggregation. Notably, photocurrent generation was consistently cathodic and correlated with PSI layer thickness, and no conclusions can be drawn on the orientation of the immobilized proteins. Overall, these findings suggest mediated electron transfer from FTO to PSI by the used electrolyte containing 10 mM sodium ascorbate and 200 µM dichlorophenolindophenol.

Beyond two dimensions: Exploring 3D dielectrophoresis for microparticle control using carbon electrodes.

This study explores the frontiers of microparticle manipulation by introducing an actuator platform for the three-dimensional positioning of microparticles using dielectrophoresis (DEP), a technique known for its selectivity and ease of integration with microtechnology. Leveraging advancements in carbon-based devices due to their biocompatibility and electrochemical stability, our work extends the application of DEP from two-dimensional constraints to precise 3D positioning within microvolumes, employing a photolithography-based fabrication process known as Carbon-MEMS technology (C-MEMS). We present the design, finite element simulation, fabrication, and testing of this platform, which utilizes a unique combination of planar and 3D carbon microelectrodes individually addressable on a transparent substrate. This setup enables the application of DEP forces, allowing for high-throughput manipulation of multiple microparticles simultaneously, as well as displacement of individual microparticles in any desired direction. Demonstrated with spherical 1µm and 10µm diameter polystyrene microparticles, this platform features straightforward fabrication and is suitable for batch industrial production. The study concludes with a discussion of the platform's advantages and limitations, marking a significant step toward a valuable tool for studying complex biological systems.

Research on dynamic urine volume detection system based on smart flexible textile sensors.

Urine leakage volume is an important indicator reflecting the severity of incontinence in patients. Currently, there are limited smart diapers capable of continuous dynamic monitoring of urine volume. This study developed two types of urine volume sensors, resistive and capacitive, which were integrated with traditional diapers to assess urine leakage levels: mild leakage (0-5 mL), moderate leakage (6-12 mL), and severe leakage (above 12 mL). Three patterns of resistive urine volume sensors were designed, and the results showed that the A pattern could accurately determine urine volume and frequency levels. Additionally, three electrode spacing designs were tested for the capacitive urine volume sensors. The results indicated that the sensor with a 1 cm electrode spacing could determine the urine volume range, with each 1 mL increase in urine causing a capacitance rise of approximately 1.5-1.8 pF, with an error of about ± 0.5 mL per increment. Both resistive and capacitive methods showed high accuracy in monitoring urine volume and frequency. This study validated the feasibility of smart flexible fabric sensors in detecting urine volume and frequency, providing a potential solution for better assessing and managing the condition of incontinence patients.

Novel Synthesis of Zinc Oxide on Cotton Fabric by Cathodic Cage Plasma Deposition for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Performance.

Cotton fabrics with zinc oxide (ZnO) coating are of significant interest due to their excellent antibacterial performance. Thus, they are widely in demand in the textile industry due to their medical and hygienic properties. However, conventional techniques used to deposit ZnO on fabric require long processing times in deposition, complex and expensive equipment, and multiple steps for deposition, such as a separate process for nanoparticle synthesis and subsequent deposition on fabric. In this study, we proposed a new method for the deposition of ZnO on fabric, using cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD), which is commonly used for coating deposition on conductor materials and is not widely used for fabric due to the temperature sensitivity of the fabric. The effect of gas composition, including argon and a hydrogen-argon mixture, on the properties of ZnO deposition is investigated. The deposited samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, photocatalytic, and antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. It is observed that ZnO-deposited cotton fabric exhibits excellent photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and antibacterial performance, specifically when a hydrogen-argon mixture is used in CCPD. The results demonstrate that CCPD can be used effectively for ZnO deposition on cotton fabric; this system is already used in industrial-scale applications and is thus expected to be of significant interest to garment manufacturers and hospitals.

Microfibrous Carbon Paper Decorated with High-Density Manganese Dioxide Nanorods: An Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Platform of Glucose Sensing.

Nanorod structures exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing the accessibility of electrolyte ions to the electrode surface and providing an abundance of active sites for improved electrochemical sensing performance. In this study, tetragonal α-MnO2 with a large K+-embedded tunnel structure, directly grown on microfibrous carbon paper to form densely packed nanorod arrays, is investigated as an electrocatalytic material for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The MnO2 nanorods electrode demonstrates outstanding catalytic activity for glucose oxidation, showcasing a high sensitivity of 143.82 µA cm-2 mM-1 within the linear range from 0.01 to 15 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.282 mM specifically for glucose molecules. Importantly, the MnO2 nanorods electrode exhibits excellent selectivity towards glucose over ascorbic acid and uric acid, which is crucial for accurate glucose detection in complex samples. For comparison, a gold electrode shows a lower sensitivity of 52.48 µA cm-2 mM-1 within a linear range from 1 to 10 mM. These findings underscore the superior performance of the MnO2 nanorods electrode in both sensitivity and selectivity, offering significant potential for advancing electrochemical sensors and bioanalytical techniques for glucose monitoring in physiological and clinical settings.

Remotely Powered Two-Wire Cooperative Sensors for Bioimpedance Imaging Wearables.

Bioimpedance imaging aims to generate a 3D map of the resistivity and permittivity of biological tissue from multiple impedance channels measured with electrodes applied to the skin. When the electrodes are distributed around the body (for example, by delineating a cross section of the chest or a limb), bioimpedance imaging is called electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and results in functional 2D images. Conventional EIT systems rely on individually cabling each electrode to master electronics in a star configuration. This approach works well for rack-mounted equipment; however, the bulkiness of the cabling is unsuitable for a wearable system. Previously presented cooperative sensors solve this cabling problem using active (dry) electrodes connected via a two-wire parallel bus. The bus can be implemented with two unshielded wires or even two conductive textile layers, thus replacing the cumbersome wiring of the conventional star arrangement. Prior research demonstrated cooperative sensors for measuring bioimpedances, successfully realizing a measurement reference signal, sensor synchronization, and data transfer though still relying on individual batteries to power the sensors. Subsequent research using cooperative sensors for biopotential measurements proposed a method to remove batteries from the sensors and have the central unit supply power over the two-wire bus. Building from our previous research, this paper presents the application of this method to the measurement of bioimpedances. Two different approaches are discussed, one using discrete, commercially available components, and the other with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The initial experimental results reveal that both approaches are feasible, but the ASIC approach offers advantages for medical safety, as well as lower power consumption and a smaller size.

Clinical Utility of Synthesized 18-Lead Electrocardiography.

Eighteen-lead electrocardiography (18-ECG) includes, in addition to those in standard 12-lead ECG (12-ECG), six additional chest leads: V7-V9 and V3RV5R. Leads V7-V9 require the patient to be in a lateral decubitus position for the electrodes to be attached to the back. Synthesized 18-ECG (syn18-ECG) is a method that only records 12-ECG and uses computational logic to record the posterior wall (V7-V9) and right-sided (V3R-V5R) leads. We review the clinical utility of syn18-ECG in conditions including acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, acute pulmonary embolism, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The syn18-ECG waveform correlates well with the actual 18-ECG waveform, indicating that syn18-ECG is an excellent substitute for 18-ECG, excluding negative T waves. ST elevation in leads V7-V9 has the effect of reducing missed acute coronary syndromes in the posterior wall. In cases of arrhythmia, syn18-ECG can accurately estimate the target site of radiofrequency catheter ablation using a simple algorithm. The use of additional leads in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is expected to provide new insights. To facilitate gaining more knowledge regarding diseases that have not yet been investigated, it is imperative that the cost of syn18-ECG is reduced in the future.

Electrical Impedance Tomography-Based Electronic Skin for Multi-Touch Tactile Sensing Using Hydrogel Material and FISTA Algorithm.

Flexible electronic skin (e-skin) can enable robots to have sensory forms similar to human skin, enhancing their ability to obtain more information from touch. The non-invasive nature of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technology allows electrodes to be arranged only at the edges of the skin, ensuring the stretchability and elasticity of the skin's interior. However, the image quality reconstructed by EIT technology has deteriorated in multi-touch identification, where it is challenging to clearly reflect the number of touchpoints and accurately size the touch areas. This paper proposed an EIT-based flexible tactile sensor that employs self-made hydrogel material as the primary sensing medium. The sensor's structure, fabrication process, and tactile imaging principle were elaborated. To improve the quality of image reconstruction, the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA) was embedded into the EIDORS toolkit. The performances of the e-skin in aspects of assessing the touching area, quantitative force sensing and multi-touch identification were examined. Results showed that the mean intersection over union (MIoU) of the reconstructed images was improved up to 0.84, and the tactile position can be accurately imaged in the case of the number of the touchpoints up to seven (larger than two to four touchpoints in existing studies), proving that the combination of the proposed sensor and imaging algorithm has high sensitivity and accuracy in multi-touch tactile sensing. The presented e-skin shows potential promise for the application in complex human-robot interaction (HRI) environments, such as prosthetics and wearable devices.

Implications of Aperiodic and Periodic EEG Components in Classification of Major Depressive Disorder from Source and Electrode Perspectives.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful for studying brain activity in major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly focusing on theta and alpha frequency bands via power spectral density (PSD). However, PSD-based analysis has often produced inconsistent results due to difficulties in distinguishing between periodic and aperiodic components of EEG signals. We analyzed EEG data from 114 young adults, including 74 healthy controls (HCs) and 40 MDD patients, assessing periodic and aperiodic components alongside conventional PSD at both source and electrode levels. Machine learning algorithms classified MDD versus HC based on these features. Sensor-level analysis showed stronger Hedge's g effect sizes for parietal theta and frontal alpha activity than source-level analysis. MDD individuals exhibited reduced theta and alpha activity relative to HC. Logistic regression-based classifications showed that periodic components slightly outperformed PSD, with the best results achieved by combining periodic and aperiodic features (AUC = 0.82). Strong negative correlations were found between reduced periodic parietal theta and frontal alpha activities and higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, particularly for the anhedonia subscale. This study emphasizes the superiority of sensor-level over source-level analysis for detecting MDD-related changes and highlights the value of incorporating both periodic and aperiodic components for a more refined understanding of depressive disorders.

A Photoelectrochemical Biosensor Mediated by CRISPR/Cas13a for Direct and Specific Detection of MiRNA-21.

Direct detection of miRNA is currently limited by the complex amplification and reverse transcription processes of existing methods, leading to low sensitivity and high operational demands. Herein, we developed a CRISPR/Cas13a-mediated photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing platform for direct and sensitive detection of miRNA-21. The direct and specific recognition of target miRNA-21 by crRNA-21 eliminates the need for pre-amplification and reverse transcription of miRNA-21, thereby preventing signal distortion and enhancing the sensitivity and precision of target detection. When crRNA-21 binds to miRNA-21, it activates the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas13a, leading to the non-specific cleavage of biotin-modified DNA with uracil bases (biotin-rU-DNA). This cleavage prevents the biotin-rU-DNA from being immobilized on the electrode surface. As a result, streptavidin cannot attach to the electrode via specific biotin binding, reducing spatial resistance and causing a positively correlated increase in the photocurrent response. This Cas-PEC biosensor has good analytical capabilities, linear responses between 10 fM and 10 nM, a minimum detection limit of 9 fM, and an excellent recovery rate in the analysis of real human serum samples. This work presented an innovative solution for detecting other biomarkers in bioanalysis and clinical diagnostics.

Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as an Adhesive Layer for Stable Growth of Vertically-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Film on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Their Application for CA15-3 Immunosensor.

Vertically ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) are a class of porous materials composed of ultrasmall pores and ultrathin perpendicular nanochannels, which are attractive in the areas of electroanalytical sensors and molecular separation. However, VMSF easily falls off from the carbonaceous electrodes and thereby impacts their broad applications. Herein, carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) were served as an adhesive layer for stable growth of VMSF on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). CNNS bearing plentiful oxygen-containing groups can covalently bind with silanol groups of VMSF, effectively promoting the stability of VMSF on the GCE surface. Benefiting from numerous open nanopores of VMSF, modification of VMSF's external surface with carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3)-specific antibody allows the target-controlled transport of electrochemical probes through the internal silica nanochannels, yielding sensitive quantitative detection of CA15-3 with a broad detection range of 1 mU/mL to 1000 U/mL and a low limit of detection of 0.47 mU/mL. Furthermore, the proposed VMSF/CNNS/GCE immunosensor is capable of highly selective and accurate determination of CA15-3 in spiked serum samples, which offers a simple and effective electrochemical strategy for detection of various practical biomarkers in complicated biological specimens.

EEG electrodes and where to find them: automated localization from 3D scans.

Objective.The accurate localization of electroencephalography (EEG) electrode positions is crucial for accurate source localization. Recent advancements have proposed alternatives to labor-intensive, manual methods for spatial localization of the electrodes, employing technologies such as 3D scanning and laser scanning. These novel approaches often integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of the pipeline in localizing the electrodes. The limited global availability of MRI data restricts its use as a standard modality in several clinical scenarios. This limitation restricts the use of these advanced methods.Approach.In this paper, we present a novel, versatile approach that utilizes 3D scans to localize EEG electrode positions with high accuracy. Importantly, while our method can be integrated with MRI data if available, it is specifically designed to be highly effective even in the absence of MRI, thus expanding the potential for advanced EEG analysis in various resource-limited settings. Our solution implements a two-tiered approach involving landmark/fiducials localization and electrode localization, creating an end-to-end framework.Main results.The efficacy and robustness of our approach have been validated on an extensive dataset containing over 400 3D scans from 278 subjects. The framework identifies pre-auricular points and achieves correct electrode positioning accuracy in the range of 85.7% to 91.0%. Additionally, our framework includes a validation tool that permits manual adjustments and visual validation if required.Significance.This study represents, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first validation of such a method on a substantial dataset, thus ensuring the robustness and generalizability of our innovative approach. Our findings focus on developing a solution that facilitates source localization, without the need for MRI, contributing to the critical discussion on balancing cost effectiveness with methodological accuracy to promote wider adoption in both research and clinical settings.