Electrophysiology for biomedical engineering students: a practical and theoretical course in animal electrocorticography.

The major challenge in laboratory teaching is the application of abstract concepts in simple and direct practical lessons. However, students rarely have the opportunity to participate in a laboratory that combines practical learning with a realistic research experience. In the Biomedical Engineering career, we offer short and optional courses to complement studies for students as they initiate their Graduation Project. The objective of these theoretical and practical courses is to introduce students to the topics of their projects. The present work describes an experience in electrophysiology to teach undergraduate students how to extract cortical information using electrocorticographic techniques. Students actively participate in some parts of the experience and then process and analyze the data obtained with different signal processing tools. In postlaboratory evaluations, students described the course as an exceptional opportunity for students interested in following a postgraduate science program and fully appreciated their contents.

Teaching and learning the Hodgkin-Huxley model based on software developed in NEURON's programming language hoc.

BACKGROUND: We present a software tool called SENB, which allows the geometric and biophysical neuronal properties in a simple computational model of a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) axon to be changed. The aim of this work is to develop a didactic and easy-to-use computational tool in the NEURON simulation environment, which allows graphical visualization of both the passive and active conduction parameters and the geometric characteristics of a cylindrical axon with HH properties. RESULTS: The SENB software offers several advantages for teaching and learning electrophysiology. First, SENB offers ease and flexibility in determining the number of stimuli. Second, SENB allows immediate and simultaneous visualization, in the same window and time frame, of the evolution of the electrophysiological variables. Third, SENB calculates parameters such as time and space constants, stimuli frequency, cellular area and volume, sodium and potassium equilibrium potentials, and propagation velocity of the action potentials. Furthermore, it allows the user to see all this information immediately in the main window. Finally, with just one click SENB can save an image of the main window as evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The SENB software is didactic and versatile, and can be used to improve and facilitate the teaching and learning of the underlying mechanisms in the electrical activity of an axon using the biophysical properties of the squid giant axon.

2010 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Training Standards and Maintenance of Competency in Adult Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology.

The last guidelines on training for adult cardiac electrophysiology (EP) were published by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society in 1996. Since then, substantial changes in the knowledge and practice of EP have mandated a review of the previous guidelines by the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society, an affiliate of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Novel tools and techniques also now allow electrophysiologists to map and ablate increasingly complex arrhythmias previously managed with pharmacologic or device therapy. Furthermore, no formal attempt had previously been made to standardize EP training across the country. The 2010 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Training Standards and Maintenance of Competency in Adult Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology represent a consensus arrived at by panel members from both societies, as well as EP program directors across Canada and other select contributors. In describing program requirements, the technical and cognitive skills that must be acquired to meet training standards, as well as the minimum number of procedures needed in order to acquire these skills, the new guidelines provide EP program directors and committee members with a template to develop an appropriate curriculum for EP training for cardiology fellows here in Canada.

The zebrafish brain in research and teaching: a simple in vivo and in vitro model for the study of spontaneous neural activity.

Recently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been established as a key animal model in neuroscience. Behavioral, genetic, and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to describe the connectivity of diverse neural circuits. However, few studies have used zebrafish to understand the function of cerebral structures or to study neural circuits. Information about the techniques used to obtain a workable preparation is not readily available. Here, we describe a complete protocol for obtaining in vitro and in vivo zebrafish brain preparations. In addition, we performed extracellular recordings in the whole brain, brain slices, and immobilized nonanesthetized larval zebrafish to evaluate the viability of the tissue. Each type of preparation can be used to detect spontaneous activity, to determine patterns of activity in specific brain areas with unknown functions, or to assess the functional roles of different neuronal groups during brain development in zebrafish. The technique described offers a guide that will provide innovative and broad opportunities to beginner students and researchers who are interested in the functional analysis of neuronal activity, plasticity, and neural development in the zebrafish brain.

[Continuing education through the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA): chance for European standardization?]. / Fortbildung über die European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA): Chance für eine europaweite Standardisierung?

Standardization of training with an examination in cardiac electrophysiology represents a milestone in the unification and improvement in the quality of electrophysiological therapy within the member countries of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Since 2004 the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) has established an Educational Committee with the mission of improving training in device therapy and electrophysiology in the ESC with accredited materials and educational initiatives. The Educational Committee established Europe-wide courses for continuous medical education in 1. invasive electrophysiology and catheter ablation, 2. pacemaker, ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy and 3. case-based tutorials to prepare for the EHRA examinations for electrophysiology/ablation and device therapy. Independent from participation in EHRA examinations these courses represent a useful aid for daily practice in cardiac electrophysiology and help to bring young and advanced European cardiologists with an interest in electrophysiology together.

[Curriculum and expert courses on pacemaker and ICD therapy]. / Curriculum und Sachkundekurse Herzschrittmacher- und ICD-Therapie.

The curricula "Practice of Pacemaker Therapy" and "Practice of ICD Therapy" have been developed from practical experience with the first educational courses which are necessary to fulfill the German requirements of the medical products law which restricts the application of medical products to persons with the necessary education, knowledge and experience. The corresponding courses of competence under the auspices of the German Cardiac Society derive from this legal prerequisite. Competence refers to technical knowledge in cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) and understanding of possible dysfunctions as well as substantial knowledge on arrhythmia. The two curricula form the theoretical basis for the application of CIEDs. These courses represent an offer to cardiologists and all other physicians who wish to acquire and document competency in this field. A legal obligation to participate in these competency courses does not currently exist in Germany as long as evidence can be provided that this competency has been achieved by other means. Both curricula have proven to be comprehensive and practically highly useful and have been presented by highly committed specialists with expertise in this topic at a high level. Since 2005 some 2,000 physicians have been trained in courses on pacemaker therapy and more than 1,000 physicians in courses on ICD therapy with an ongoing high level demand to be expected in the future.

[Chance for young electrophysiologists: the continuing education program "Fellowship heart rhythm"]. / Chance für junge Elektrophysiologen: Das Fortbildungsprogramm "Fellowship Herzrhythmus".

Increasing workloads, growing economical pressure and developments on the German job market for young physicians create a background which threatens an adequate education and training of physicians in many places. The"Fellowship heart rhythm" program focuses on training in clinical electrophysiology complementary to established educational initiatives, such as courses for competence in pacemaker and ICD therapy of the German Cardiac Society. Participants have to be residents with a minimum of 3 years clinical experience and should be younger than 36 years old. They should be actively involved with a long-term perspective in clinical electrophysiology. Activity in the fields of pacing, defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy is required. The hospital has to be able provide the possibility of invasive electrophysiology and catheter ablation including a 3-dimensional mapping system. In 6 face-to-face meetings of 3 days each, the state of the art is presented in the topics electrophysiological studies, sudden cardiac death and defibrillation, health economy/management, catheter ablation, atrial fibrillation and heart failure and arrhythmias. The first 4 years with 2 fellowship programs have demonstrated that this project enables education at a high level, strongly supporting advances in scientific interest, individual development and medical orientation. The fellowship program facilitates the development of a network of young electrophysiologists in Germany.

[The "Recommendations for the structure of cardiac pacemaker and defibrillator therapy"--what can they achieve?: Implementation of the concept paper for HSM/ICD therapy]. / Die "Empfehlungen zur Strukturierung der Herzschrittmacher- und Defibrillatortherapie"--was können sie leisten?: Umsetzung Strukturpapier HSM/ICD-Therapie.

Implantable devices in cardiac electrophysiology have developed from simple machines that prevent bradycardia to complex systems that treat malignant tachyarrhythmias and severe heart failure. Optimal therapeutic utilization of these systems requires profound knowledge of those who treat patients with devices. To account for that, the German Cardiac Society has published "Recommendations for the structure of cardiac pacemaker and defibrillator therapy" to achieve an expertise in 2 levels. These define topics for interdisciplinary education to ensure implantation and follow-up of high quality, as well as infrastructural requirements such as staff and operation rooms. The implementation of these guidelines offers a great opportunity for good quality in device therapy and may enhance the results of the compulsory German quality registry of the respective institution. The established courses of the German Cardiac Society to achieve competence in pacemaker and ICD therapy according to the curricula should be complemented by practical training in accredited centers. Minimum numbers for implantation and follow-up are necessary to ensure a continuously high quality.

Construction, calibration, and validation of a simple patch-clamp amplifier for physiology education.

A modular patch-clamp amplifier was constructed based on the Strickholm design, which was initially published in 1995. Various parts of the amplifier such as the power supply, input circuit, headstage, feedback circuit, output and nulling circuits were redesigned to use recent software advances and fabricated using the common lithographic printed circuit board fabrication process and commercially available electronic components. The calibration, validation, and regular recording procedures along with the results of an actual recording of inward Ca(2+) currents from PC12 neuronal cells are described in detail. This work describes the construction of a low-cost patch-clamp amplifier and setting up an electrophysiology recording system in a laboratory with regular technical expertise. The constructed amplifier provides an inexpensive yet practical tool for research and teaching purposes while the experience obtained during construction and setting up of the patch-clamp amplifier provides the basic and advanced understanding required for operating an advanced cell potential recording apparatus.

A reliable whole cell clamp technique.

This article describes a simple whole cell formation technique that the author invented in teaching and experiments. The implementation of the invented technique is a syringe with a hole and slot. With the newly invented technique, novices will shorten their learning curve and veterans will increase their success rate. The invented technique lightens the labor of the experimenter and improves the success rate and quality of whole cell preparations. The article also provides an idea to design an automated whole cell formation implementation. The tools developed in this technique make the patch-clamp experiment easy to teach and learn.