RESUMO
Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease affecting free-living/wild bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). The disease causes thickening of the skin, pruritus, alopecia and deep fissures in the skin of infected animals, and ultimately death if left untreated. In Australia, there are approvals from the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to use moxidectin for treating sarcoptic mange in bare-nosed wombats; however, few published literatures document the success of treatment regimens. Two adult male bare-nosed wombats presented with dermatitis, erythema and crusting of the skin. Evaluation of skin scrapings confirmed the presence of live Sarcoptes scabiei. Both wombats were treated with three 100-mL doses of moxidectin topically poured on to the dorsal backline approximately 7 days apart. Both animals showed improvement, with skin becoming clear of crusting and dermatitis, and no S. scabiei mites were present on either animal after 2 weeks. Here, we presented two clinical scenarios of sarcoptic mange in wombats that were successfully treated with three 100-mL doses of moxidectin applied topically. We recommend this treatment be used where wombats can be identified and monitored throughout their recovery.
Assuntos
Administração Tópica , Macrolídeos , Escabiose , Animais , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/veterinária , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Marsupiais/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
There is a critical need for advancements in disease management strategies for wildlife, but free-living animals pose numerous challenges that can hinder progress. Most disease management attempts involve fixed interventions accompanied by post hoc outcome assessments focused on success or failure. Though these approaches have led to valuable management advances, there are limitations to both the rate of advancement and amount of information that can be gained. As such, strategies that support more rapid progress are required. Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with Sarcoptes scabiei mites, is a globally emerging and re-emerging panzootic that exemplifies this problem. The bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a marsupial endemic to southeastern Australia, is impacted by sarcoptic mange throughout its geographic range and enhanced disease management capabilities are needed to improve upon existing in situ methods. We sought to advance in situ wildlife disease management for sarcoptic mange in free-living bare-nosed wombats, implementing an adaptive approach using fluralaner (Bravecto, MSD Animal Health) and a structured process of learning and method-optimisation. By using surveillance of treated wombats to inform real-time management changes, we have demonstrated the efficacy of topically administered fluralaner at 45 and 85 mg/kg against sarcoptic mange. Importantly, we observed variation in the effects of 45 mg/kg doses, but through our adaptive approach found that 85 mg/kg doses consistently reduced mange severity. Through modifying our surveillance program, we also identified individual-level variation in wombat observability and used this to quantify the level of surveillance needed to assess long-term management success. Our adaptive intervention represents the first report of sarcoptic mange management with fluralaner in free-living wildlife and evaluation of its efficacy in situ. This study illustrates how adapting interventions in real time can advance wildlife disease management and may be applicable to accelerating in situ improvements for other host-pathogen systems.
Assuntos
Marsupiais , Escabiose , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais Selvagens , Sarcoptes scabiei/fisiologia , IsoxazóisRESUMO
Sarcoptes scabiei mites and skin lesions consistent with severe sarcoptic mange were identified in a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) from Tasmania, Australia. The devil and wallaby both had severe hyperkeratotic skin lesions. All stages of mite development were identified in the devil, suggesting parasite reproduction on the host. The devil was also affected by devil facial tumor disease and several other parasites. This expands the global host range of species susceptible to this panzootic mange disease.
Assuntos
Macropodidae , Marsupiais , Escabiose , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/parasitologia , Escabiose/patologia , Marsupiais/parasitologia , Macropodidae/parasitologia , Tasmânia/epidemiologia , Sarcoptes scabiei , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange is a widely distributed disease, with numerous potential hosts among domestic and wild animals. Nowadays it is considered a neglected re-emergent infection in humans. As a difference with domestic pigs, and even with several clinical cases reported in some European countries, it seems that Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) have a low susceptibility to clinical mange. However, because of a case of confirmed transmission from Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) to wild boar in the province of Tarragona, we planned a large-scale ELISA survey in the neighboring Valencian Community (SE Spain). We compared 419 wild boar sera from different management systems (fenced vs. open game estates), different ages (piglets, juveniles, and adults), with different behaviour (gregarious females of all ages and male piglets vs. solitary juveniles and adult males), from areas with different wild boar densities, different wild ruminant densities and different sarcoptic mange epidemiologic situations. The whole prevalence of antibodies against sarcoptic mange in the tested wild boars was 10.5%. No significant differences were found when comparing fenced and free ranging wild boars, males and females, gregarious vs. solitary individuals or among different ages. However, wild boar density was a relevant factor. In areas with a hunting bag of <1 wild boar/km2, considered as a low density of suids, the seroprevalence was 2.94%, but rose to 11.52% in high density districts, constituting a significant difference (p = 0.037). Low wild boar populations would act as a protective factor (OR 0.233; p = 0.049) against coming into contact with the mite. The wild ruminant densities or their sarcoptic mange status did not show any effect on wild boars seroprevalence against this disease. These results reinforce the suggested host-taxon Sarcoptes scabiei specificity and the independence of host-species foci.
Assuntos
Escabiose , Sus scrofa , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Sus scrofa/parasitologia , Masculino , Feminino , Suínos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Cabras , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange or scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wildlife species. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, molecular identification, and characteristics of sarcoptic mange in vicuñas. A total of 3,274 vicuñas were examined. Following ritual harvesting events ("chaccus") in 13 Andean communities. The presence of mange mites was determined by the skin scraping technique and confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primers for the ITS2 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of mange mites was also confirmed by microscopy using samples taken from wallows. A data collection form was used to register the characteristics of the vicuñas sampled. The prevalence of sarcoptic mange was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.1 - 5.6%). All samples from wallows tested positive (9/9). Importantly, the presence of the species S. scabiei was molecularly confirmed. Adult females with regular body condition were more susceptible to sarcoptic mange, although the lesions were mild. This study confirms the presence of S. scabiei in semi-captive vicuñas and points to the possible role of wallows in the dissemination of Sarcoptes mites.
Assuntos
Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Estudos Transversais , Animais , Peru/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , Sarcoptes scabiei/genéticaRESUMO
Although mortality caused by Sarcoptes scabiei has been reported in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), there is a lack of detailed information regarding the exposure of wild lagomorph species to this parasite. Here, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with S. scabiei exposure in European wild rabbits and Iberian hares in Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain. Between 2018/2019 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons, serum samples from 464 wild rabbits and 132 Iberian hares were collected from 100 hunting grounds in Andalusia (southern Spain). Sera were tested using an in-house indirect ELISA to detect specific anti-S. scabiei antibodies based on the immunodominant protein Ssλ20ΔB3. The overall apparent individual seroprevalence was 15.9% (95/596; 95%CI: 13.0-18.9). Antibodies against S. scabiei were detected in 11.6% (54/464; 95%CI: 8.7-14.5) of the European wild rabbits and 31.1% (41/132; 95%CI: 23.2-39.0) of the Iberian hares. Species (Iberian hare), age (adults) and geographical area (western Andalusia) were identified as risk factors potentially associated with S. scabiei exposure using generalized estimating equation analysis. By applying spatial analysis, two significant cluster of high seropositivity were detected in western and central Andalusia, respectively. The seroprevalence values obtained provide evidence of endemic, widespread and heterogeneous exposure to S. scabiei among wild lagomorph populations in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems. Our findings underscore the importance of implementing integrated surveillance programs for sarcoptic mange in wild lagomorphs as well as in other sympatric species.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose , Animais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Coelhos/parasitologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Lebres/parasitologia , Feminino , Ecossistema , Masculino , Lagomorpha/parasitologiaRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease that affects bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). One of the drugs currently used for treatment is moxidectin, as it has a relatively high efficacy against endo and ectoparasites and side effects are uncommon in domestic species, thus it is considered a relatively safe drug to use at the recommended doses. Developing further understanding of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin will aid in developing treatment regimens for sarcoptic mange in wombats. Here we analyzed the pharmacokinetic parameters of using 100 ml of moxidectin (5 g/l) applied topically. We found that mean peak plasma concentration was 0.50 ng/ml and half-life was 8 days. Moxidectin was excreted in scats with the mean peak concentration of 2461.43 ng/g (on a dry matter basis). Our study has provided the pharmacokinetic parameters of a commonly used treatment for sarcoptic mange in wombats. There were no adverse side effects recorded in the wombats after applying moxidectin topically. This study replicated real-world conditions using topical application on free-living wombats. The relatively low plasma concentration suggests the drug is not accumulating in the blood stream and is excreted via scats.
Assuntos
Administração Tópica , Macrolídeos , Marsupiais , Escabiose , Animais , Macrolídeos/farmacocinética , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/veterinária , Meia-Vida , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the contagious ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei, capable of suppressing and extirpating wild canid populations. Starting in 2015, we observed a multi-year epizootic of sarcoptic mange affecting a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population on Fire Island, NY, USA. We explored the ecological factors that contributed to the spread of sarcoptic mange and characterized the epizootic in a landscape where red foxes are geographically constrained. METHODS: We tested for the presence of S. scabiei DNA in skin samples collected from deceased red foxes with lesions visibly consistent with sarcoptic mange disease. We deployed 96-100 remote trail camera stations each year to capture red fox occurrences and used generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess the affects of red fox ecology, human and other wildlife activity, and island geography on the frequency of detecting diseased red foxes. We rated the extent of visual lesions in diseased individuals and mapped the severity and variability of the sarcoptic mange disease. RESULTS: Skin samples that we analyzed demonstrated 99.8% similarity to S. scabiei sequences in GenBank. Our top-ranked model (weight = 0.94) showed that diseased red foxes were detected more frequently close to roadways, close to territories of other diseased red foxes, away from human shelters, and in areas with more mammal activity. There was no evidence that detection rates in humans and their dogs or distance to the nearest red fox den explained the detection rates of diseased red foxes. Although detected infrequently, we observed the most severe signs of sarcoptic mange at the periphery of residential villages. The spread of visual signs of the disease was approximately 7.3 ha/week in 2015 and 12.1 ha/week in 2017. CONCLUSIONS: We quantified two separate outbreaks of sarcoptic mange disease that occurred > 40 km apart and were separated by a year. Sarcoptic mange revealed an unfettered spread across the red fox population. The transmission of S. scabiei mites in this system was likely driven by red fox behaviors and contact between individuals, in line with previous studies. Sarcoptic mange is likely an important contributor to red fox population dynamics within barrier island systems.
Assuntos
Raposas , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose , Animais , Raposas/parasitologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologia , New York/epidemiologia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Geografia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. OBJECTIVES: This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. METHODS: The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. RESULTS: All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Masculino , Feminino , Polônia , Sarcoptes scabiei/efeitos dos fármacos , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Nitrocompostos/uso terapêutico , Neonicotinoides/uso terapêutico , Inseticidas/uso terapêutico , MacrolídeosRESUMO
Scabies is an important skin disease in several species of domestic and wild animals; however, few reports in Brazil have emphasized its occurrence in buffaloes. This article describes the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects and diagnosis of psoroptic mange in buffaloes in a property in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Amazon region. Of the 41 buffaloes examined, 38 males and females of the Murrah, Baio, Mediterranean and Carabao breeds and their crossbreeds, aged between 2 and 20 years, had a history of pruritus. Clinical examination was performed to map the lesions, skin scrapings were collected to identify the mites, and a biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. Clinical signs, from mild to severe intensity, varied according to the system of creation and handling of the animals and were more severe in buffaloes raised in bays than those raised under a collective regime (pastures and collective troughs). The characteristic clinical signs were intense itching, extensive areas of alopecia, periocular edema, and thickening of the epidermis with exudative crusts covering the face, chamfer, neck, scapular region, back, base of the horn, thoracic and pelvic limbs and chest. The behavior of rubbing the affected regions of the body against structures (troughs, fence posts, gates) or with the horns was frequently observed and provided relief from itching. In the most severe cases, mites were also noted in the crusts, which were identified as Psoroptes natalensis. Histological skin lesions exhibited alterations consistent with immune-mediated dermatitis, which is typical of hypersensitivity to mite-derived allergens.
Assuntos
Búfalos , Animais , Búfalos/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Prevalência , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/patologia , Escabiose/parasitologia , Psoroptidae , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Infestações por Ácaros/epidemiologia , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologia , Infestações por Ácaros/patologiaRESUMO
We report tracking of bacterial skin microbiota for two bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) following in situ treatment for sarcoptic mange. Sarcoptes scabiei, the etiologic agent, has dramatic effects on skin microbiota. Our case reports show differing disease trajectory and bacterial beta diversity between the two treated individuals.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Escabiose , Pele , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Pele/microbiologia , Pele/parasitologia , Marsupiais/microbiologia , Marsupiais/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) disproportionately affect individuals in low-resource settings. ARF is attributed to an immune response to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) following GAS pharyngitis and potentially GAS impetigo in which infection can be initiated by scabies infestation. The burden of ARF and RHD in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia is among the highest globally. Following recent calls to include dog management programs in ARF and RHD prevention programs, we believe it is timely to assess the evidence for this, particularly since previous recommendations excluded resources to prevent zoonotic canine scabies. While phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the Sarcoptes mite is host specific, they have differed in interpretation of the strength of their findings regarding species cross-over and the need for canine scabies control to prevent human itch. Given that there is also indication from case reports that canine scabies leads to human itch, we propose that further investigation of the potential burden of zoonotic canine scabies and intervention trials of canine scabies prevention on the incidence of impetigo are warranted. Considering the devastating impacts of ARF and RHD, evidence is required to support policy to eliminate all risk factors.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Cardiopatia Reumática , Escabiose , Animais , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/prevenção & controle , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Cães , Humanos , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cardiopatia Reumática/prevenção & controle , Cardiopatia Reumática/epidemiologia , Austrália/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Impetigo/microbiologia , Impetigo/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pyogenes , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Febre Reumática/prevenção & controleRESUMO
In this study we analysed the effect of the temperature, diverse strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and nanoformulations with essential plant oils (EONP) on the survival of Sarcoptes scabiei mites derived from naturally-infested Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). In general, mites maintained at 12ºC survived more than those maintained at 35ºC (40.7â¯hr and 31.2â¯hr, respectively). Mites with no treatment survived 27.6â¯h on average. Mites treated with B. thuringiensis serovar. konkukian and geranium EONP showed significant reduction in their survival. Despite the fact that these agents seem to be promising candidates for controlling sarcoptic mange in the field, further research is still needed to get stable, efficient and eco-friendly acaricides.
Assuntos
Acaricidas , Cabras , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animais , Acaricidas/farmacologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/efeitos dos fármacos , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/veterinária , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Doenças das Cabras/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Bacillus thuringiensis/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Tuberculosis BCG vaccination induced non-specific protective effects in humans led to postulate the concept of trained immunity (TRAIM) as an innate type of immune mechanism that triggered by a pathogen, protects against others. Killed vaccines have been considered not to be effective. However, field efficacy of a commercial vaccine against paratuberculosis, as well as of a recently developed M. bovis heat-inactivated vaccine (HIMB) prompted to test whether it could also induce TRAIM. To this, we used a sarcoptic mange rabbit model. Twenty-four weaned rabbits were treated orally or subcutaneously with a suspension of either HIMB (107 UFC) or placebo. Eighty-four days later the animals were challenged with approximately 5000 S. scabiei mites on the left hind limb. Skin lesion extension was measured every 2 weeks until 92 days post-infection (dpi). Two animals were killed at 77 dpi because of extensive skin damage. The rest were euthanized and necropsied and the lesion area and the mite burden per squared cm were estimated. Specific humoral immune responses to S. scabiei and to M. bovis were investigated with the corresponding specific ELISA tests. Subcutaneously and orally HIMB vaccinated animals compared with placebo showed reduced lesion scores (up to 74% and 62%, respectively) and mite counts (-170% and 39%, respectively). This, together with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6276, p = 0.0031) between tuberculosis-specific antibodies and mite count at 92 dpi supported the hypothesis of non-specific effects of killed mycobacterial vaccination. Further research is needed to better understand this mechanism to maximize cross protection.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis , Escabiose , Tuberculose , Humanos , Coelhos , Animais , Escabiose/prevenção & controle , Escabiose/veterinária , Tuberculose/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Imunidade Humoral , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacina BCGRESUMO
Objective: Scabies infestation is a major parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to determine the distribution of scabies infestation in stray dogs in Bursa province. Methods: The study material was obtained from stray dogs suspected of mange kept in a municipal shelter in Bursa between June 2020 and February 2022. Samples from stray dogs were examined in a laboratory, and dogs with scabies were determined. Results: During the study, samples were collected from 205 (115 males, 90 females) scabies-suspected stray dogs, 58 (28.29%) of which had scabies. Demodex spp. were detected in 35 of the positive dogs (60.34%) (D. canis, D. injae), 19 (32.76%) Sarcoptes scabiei canis, 2 (3.44%) mixed infestation (Sarcoptes and Demodex), and 2 (3.44%) Otodectes cynotis agents. It was determined that 32 (55.17%) of 58 scabies-positive dogs were male and 26 (44.83%) were female. The association of infestations with age, season, and sex has not been found to be statistically meaningful. Conclusion: This study identified scabies agents and their prevalence rate in stray dogs of Bursa province, Türkiye.
Assuntos
Escabiose , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Sarcoptes scabiei , Laboratórios , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in nearly 150 species of mammals by burrowing under the skin, triggering hypersensitivity responses that can alter animals' behavior and result in extreme weight loss, secondary infections, and even death. Since the 1990s, sarcoptic mange has increased in incidence and geographic distribution in Pennsylvania black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, including expansion into other states. Recovery from mange in free-ranging wildlife has rarely been evaluated. Following the Pennsylvania Game Commission's standard operating procedures at the time of the study, treatment consisted of one subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. To evaluate black bear survival and recovery from mange, from 2018 to 2020 we fitted 61 bears, including 43 with mange, with GPS collars to track their movements and recovery. Bears were collared in triplicates according to sex and habitat, consisting of one bear without mange (healthy control), one scabietic bear treated with ivermectin when collared, and one untreated scabietic bear. Bears were reevaluated for signs of mange during annual den visits, if recaptured during the study period, and after mortality events. Disease status and recovery from mange was determined based on outward gross appearance and presence of S. scabiei mites from skin scrapes. Of the 36 scabietic bears with known recovery status, 81% fully recovered regardless of treatment, with 88% recovered with treatment and 74% recovered without treatment. All bears with no, low, or moderate mite burdens (<16 mites on skin scrapes) fully recovered from mange (n=20), and nearly half of bears with severe mite burden (≥16 mites) fully recovered (n=5, 42%). However, nonrecovered status did not indicate mortality, and mange-related mortality was infrequent. Most bears were able to recover from mange irrespective of treatment, potentially indicating a need for reevaluation of the mange wildlife management paradigm.
Assuntos
Escabiose , Ursidae , Humanos , Animais , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Ursidae/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , PennsylvaniaRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei can have catastrophic consequences for wildlife. We inspected 122 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), collected by active (n=66) or passive (n=56) surveillance, and 28 South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus; all from passive surveillance) for mange in Chile (2015-19). In Andean foxes, gross lesions of mange were diagnosed in 24% of passively and 9% of actively collected foxes, although observed prevalences might be underestimated. Seroprevalence was 37 and 18%, respectively, indicating that some individuals recovered from infection or were developing the disease. No differences were found between age and sex groups. Comparing data from passive surveillance, occurrence of gross lesions was lower in gray foxes (5%). Body condition was significantly better in Andean foxes without lesions than in diseased foxes, which had significantly lower albumin concentrations than healthy individuals. Among the 12 foxes with gross lesions, four, six and two individuals were categorized as having type I, type II, and type III lesions, respectively, based on clinical severity. Histologic severity correlated with gross lesions and included irregular epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, which was marked in type II and III infections. Conventional PCR targeting of the cox1 gene fragment revealed four nucleotide sequence types, showing 99-100% identity among them and between 99% and 100% identity with previously published sequences of S. scabiei. A significant association between the occurrence of mange in foxes and distance to the nearest house was found. We speculate that diseased foxes tended to approach human settlements, perhaps in search of food. Visual inspection of 211 rural dogs from the study area did not reveal gross mange lesions in any animal. Sarcoptic mange is enzootic in the Andean fox in the study area and should be considered in the management of the species.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Escabiose , Animais , Humanos , Cães , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animais Selvagens , RaposasRESUMO
South American Camelids, including alpacas, have gained popularity in Europe as pets and prized wool sources. Skin health concerns, particularly mite infestations, have emerged as a notable problem in these animals. Sarcoptic mange can lead to severe itching, papules, and chronic symptoms such as alopecia, crusts, and emaciation if left untreated. This case report documents a 2-year-old female alpaca suffering from sarcoptic mange. Despite initial treatment with ivermectin, its condition worsened, leading to severe weight loss, abortion, and a continued presence of mites. Considering the lack of effective treatments for sarcoptic mange in alpacas and the unavailability of registered drugs for this species in Italy, fluralaner, a drug previously used in other animal species, has been administered orally at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Within a week after the treatment with fluralaner, the patient exhibited significant improvement, including the resolution of itching, healing of skin lesions, and an increase in appetite. Follow-up skin scrapings confirmed the absence of mites, and the patient's condition continued to improve. Fluralaner demonstrated to be a highly effective and fast-acting treatment for sarcoptic mange in alpacas, offering potential economic benefits attributed to its single-dose administration.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos , Isoxazóis , Escabiose , Animais , Camelídeos Americanos/parasitologia , Feminino , Isoxazóis/uso terapêutico , Isoxazóis/administração & dosagem , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/parasitologia , Acaricidas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Cases of sarcoptic mange in the wildlife population have been increasing around the world in recent years. In this study, we report the first case of severe sarcoptic mange in two Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) and molecularly analyze the collected mites. The National Forestry and Wildlife Service of Lima, Peru, found an adult male Andean fox in the province of Callao in August 2022. The veterinarians decided to euthanize the fox due to the severity of the mange. In August 2023, an adult male Andean fox was found dead in the province of Huaral by veterinarians. Both foxes were sent to the veterinary school in Lima for necropsy. Skin samples from different body zones were digested in buffer lysis, and mites were detected in the tissue samples. A morphological diagnosis identified the mites as Sarcoptes scabiei. The mites from both foxes had the same nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) genetic marker sequences as the S. scabiei sequences from dogs, vicunas, Andean foxes, and water buffalos recorded in GenBank. Unlike ITS2, phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei cox1 showed host-related nucleotide sequence polymorphisms. Future molecular studies of S. scabiei from different hosts and localities will be necessary to better understand the transmission of this disease in Andean foxes.
Assuntos
Raposas , Escabiose , Animais , Masculino , Animais Selvagens , Peru , Filogenia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Escabiose/veterináriaRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange causes pruritic and crusting dermatitis in a large number of mammalian species with varying population impacts. Between 2016 and 2022, 15 North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) were diagnosed with sarcoptic mange at Cornell University's Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital in Ithaca, New York. Disease severity varied among individuals but all shared a similar unique presentation with thick, pale tan to yellow crusts limited in distribution to the ventral, nonquilled areas of the body, including the ventral abdomen and thorax, distal limbs, and face. The thick, hard nature of the crusts resulted in additional complications in many individuals, including inability to move the jaw and cracking and fissuring of the crusts and skin over joints of the limbs. Mites were plentiful within the crusts, with some burrowing into the epidermis as deep as the stratum spinosum. Secondary bacterial and/or fungal dermatitis were common, resulting in sepsis and death in three of the porcupines. Treatment with avermectins (ivermectin and/or selamectin) for 4-5 wk was successful in 12 cases in combination with other supportive care measures, including subcutaneous fluids, antimicrobials, and analgesics. Porcupines were hospitalized for an average of 18 d (ranging from 7 to 50 d) prior to transfer to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator for continued treatment and eventual release back into the wild.