Five-lncRNA signature in plasma exosomes serves as diagnostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Changes in expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in plasma exosomes can be useful for diagnosis of cancer patients. Here, we conducted a four-stage study to identify plasma exosome lncRNAs with diagnostic potential in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). First, plasma exosome lncRNA expression profiles were examined in ESCC patients, esophagitis patients, and healthy controls using RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed plasma exosome lncRNAs from the lncRNA expression profile were then evaluated by qRT-PCR in a large cohort of ESCC patients, esophagitis patients, and healthy controls. Expression levels of the lncRNAs NR_039819, NR_036133, NR_003353, ENST00000442416.1, and ENST00000416100.1 were significantly higher in exosomes from ESCC patients than non-cancer controls. We also confirmed that levels of these five plasma exosome lncRNAs decreased markedly in ESCC patients after surgery. Our results suggest that these five exosome lncRNAs may serve as highly effective, noninvasive biomarkers for ESCC diagnosis.

Evidence for Cytoprotective Effect of Carbon Monoxide Donor in the Development of Acute Esophagitis Leading to Acute Esophageal Epithelium Lesions.

Exposure to acidic gastric content due to malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter leads to acute reflux esophagitis (RE) leading to disruption of esophageal epithelial cells. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced by heme oxygenase (HMOX) activity or released from its donor, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) was reported to protect gastric mucosa against acid-dependent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced damage. Thus, we aimed to investigate if CO affects RE-induced esophageal epithelium lesions development. RE induced in Wistar rats by the ligation of a junction between pylorus and forestomach were pretreated i.g. with vehicle CORM-2; RuCl3; zinc protoporphyrin IX, or hemin. CORM-2 was combined with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), indomethacin, capsazepine, or capsaicin-induced sensory nerve ablation. Esophageal lesion score (ELS), esophageal blood flow (EBF), and mucus production were determined by planimetry, laser flowmetry, histology. Esophageal Nrf-2, HMOXs, COXs, NOSs, TNF-α and its receptor, IL-1 family and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), NF-κB, HIF-1α, annexin-A1, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3), TRPV1, c-Jun, c-Fos mRNA/protein expressions, PGE2, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanozine (8-OHdG) and serum COHb, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, IL-1ß, and IL-6 content were assessed by PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, gas chromatography, ELISA or Luminex platform. Hemin or CORM-2 alone or combined with L-NNA or indomethacin decreased ELS. Capsazepine or capsaicin-induced denervation reversed CORM-2 effects. COHb blood content, esophageal HMOX-1, Nrf-2, TRPV1 protein, annexin-A1, HIF-1α, IL-1 family, NF-κB, c-Jun, c-Fos, SOCS3 mRNA expressions, and 8-OHdG levels were elevated while PGE2 concentration was decreased after RE. CO donor-maintained elevated mucosal TRPV1 protein, HIF-1 α, annexin-A1, IL-1RA, SOCS3 mRNA expression, or TGF-ß serum content, decreasing 8-OHdG level, and particular inflammatory markers expression/concentration. CORM-2 and Nrf-2/HMOX-1/CO pathway prevent esophageal mucosa against RE-induced lesions, DNA oxidation, and inflammatory response involving HIF-1α, annexin-A1, SOCS3, IL-1RA, TGF-ß-modulated pathways. Esophagoprotective and hyperemic CO effects are in part mediated by afferent sensory neurons and TRPV1 receptors activity with questionable COX/PGE2 or NO/NOS systems involvement.

Clinical analysis of a case of neonatal exfoliative esophagitis in an 18-day-old neonate.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to provide guidance for clinical work through analysis of the clinical characteristics, endoscopic and pathological manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of an 18-day-old neonate with exfoliative esophagitis. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient presented with vomiting but the parents did not pay too much attention. The pathological report revealed numerous fibrinous exudative necrotic, and inflammatory cells, as well as a small amount of squamous epithelium. Furthermore, milk allergy factors were considered. Conservative treatments, such as fasting, acid suppression, mucosal protection, parenteral nutrition, and the replacement of anti-allergic milk powder were given. Thereafter, endoscopic examination revealed that the patient returned to normal, and was discharged after 21 days. CONCLUSIONS: Exfoliative esophagitis has multiple causes; and has characteristic clinical and endoscopic manifestations. Endoscopic examination after 18 days presentation and conservative therapy revealed that the esophagus had returned to a normal appearance and the patient was discharged. Following discharge, the parents were advised to feed the patient ALFERE powder. Attention should be given to the timely detection of complications and corresponding treatment.

A model combining age, equivalent uniform dose and IL-8 may predict radiation esophagitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To study whether cytokine markers may improve predictive accuracy of radiation esophagitis (RE) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 129 patients with stage I-III NSCLC treated with radiotherapy (RT) from prospective studies were included. Thirty inflammatory cytokines were measured in platelet-poor plasma samples. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risk factors of RE. Stepwise Akaike information criterion (AIC) and likelihood ratio test were used to assess model predictions. RESULTS: Forty-nine of 129 patients (38.0%) developed grade ≥2 RE. Univariate analysis showed that age, stage, concurrent chemotherapy, and eight dosimetric parameters were significantly associated with grade ≥2 RE (p < 0.05). IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, IL-15, IL-1α, TGFα and eotaxin were also associated with grade ≥2 RE (p < 0.1). Age, esophagus generalized equivalent uniform dose (EUD), and baseline IL-8 were independently associated grade ≥2 RE. The combination of these three factors had significantly higher predictive power than any single factor alone. Addition of IL-8 to toxicity model significantly improves RE predictive accuracy (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Combining baseline level of IL-8, age and esophagus EUD may predict RE more accurately. Refinement of this model with larger sample sizes and validation from multicenter database are warranted.

Sclerosing Esophagitis with IgG4-positive Plasma Cell Infiltration.

The patient was a 76-year-old woman who had noticed slight difficulty in swallowing in the 3 years prior to this presentation. Her dysphagia progressed while she was hospitalized following cervical cancer surgery. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and an esophagram showed circumferential erosion and a stricture of the thoracic esophagus. Esophageal resection was performed; the resected specimens showed a stricture and wall thickening. Histologically, transmural hyperplasia, which consisted of inflammatory granulation tissue with the abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and lymphocytes, was observed. The patient was diagnosed with probable IgG4-related disease. IgG4-related esophageal disease presenting as esophageal lesions alone is a very rare condition.

Plasma Metabolites and Risk of Radiation-induced Esophagitis: A Secondary Analysis from a Prospective Study.

AIM: Metabolic profiling was performed on plasma samples obtained prior to and during radiation therapy (RT) for locally advanced lung cancer to identify metabolites predictive of RT-induced esophagitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received cisplatin/etoposide with RT as part of a prospective dose-escalation study (n=24). Plasma samples were collected at baseline, weeks 2 and 5 during RT, and 6 weeks post-RT. Metabolites were measured by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy at each time-point. Metabolite concentrations were compared between patients developing grade 0-1 and those with grade 2 or more esophagitis. RESULTS: At baseline, 23 metabolites differed significantly (p<0.05) between patients with grade 0-1 esophagitis and those with grade 2 or esophagitis. Sixty-seven metabolites were different at week 2. None reached statistical significance (q<0.05) after corrections for multiple comparisons. On random forest modeling, the predictive accuracy of the metabolite data was 33% at baseline and 50% at 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: No individual metabolite or group of metabolites was predictive of acute RT-induced esophagitis.

Analysis of tissue and circulating microRNA expression during metaplastic transformation of the esophagus.

Genetic changes involved in the metaplastic progression from squamous esophageal mucosa toward Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma are almost unknown. Several evidences suggest that some miRNAs are differentially expressed in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Among these, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194, miR-203, miR-205, miR-215 appear to have a key role in metaplasia and neoplastic progression. The aim of this study was to analyze deregulated miRNAs in serum and esophageal mucosal tissue biopsies to identify new biomarkers that could be associated with different stages of esophageal disease. Esophageal mucosal tissue biopsies and blood samples were collected and analyzed for BE diagnosis. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to compare miRNA expression levels in serum and 60 disease/normal-paired tissues from 30 patients diagnosed with esophagitis, columnar-lined esophagus (CLO) or BE. MiRNA expression analysis showed that miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215 levels were significantly higher, while miR-203 and miR-205 were lower in BE tissues compared with their corresponding normal tissues. Esophageal mucosa analysis of patients with CLO and esophagitis showed that these miRNAs were similarly deregulated but to a lesser extent keeping the same trend and CLO appeared as intermediate step between esophagitis and BE. Analysis on circulating miRNA levels confirmed that miR-194 and miR-215 were significantly upregulated in both BE and CLO compared to esophagitis, while miR-143 was significantly upregulated only in the Barrett group. These findings suggest that miRNAs may be involved in neoplastic/metaplastic progression and miRNA analysis might be useful for progression risk prediction as well as for monitoring of BE/CLO patients.

Serum inflammatory miRNAs predict radiation esophagitis in patients receiving definitive radiochemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, highly conserved non-coding RNAs that regulate many biological processes. We sought to investigate whether three serum miRNAs related to immunity or inflammation were associated with esophagitis induced by chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured serum miR-155, miR-221 and miR-21, before and during week 1-2 of CRT for 101 NSCLC patients by real-time PCR. Associations between miRNA and severe radiation-induced esophageal toxicity (RIET) were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: We found that patients with stage IIIB-IV disease, higher mean esophagus dose or esophageal V50 had higher rates of severe RIET. Furthermore, high levels of miR-155 and miR-221 at week 1-2 of CRT were also risk factors for severe RIET (miR-155: OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.04-2.25, P=0.03; miR-221: OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.17-3.64, P=0.012). In addition, the fold change of miR-221 was also predictive of severe RIET (OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.37, P=0.026). However, pretreatment miRNAs was not predictive of severe RIET. CONCLUSIONS: High serum miR-155 and miR-221 during the first 2 weeks of CRT were associated with the development of severe RIET, suggesting that these miRNAs may be useful as an early surrogate for this form of toxicity.

Cytoprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in novel rat models of non-erosive esophagitis.

Non-erosive esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus and is a form of gastroesophageal reflux disease. There are limited treatment options for non-erosive esophagitis, and it often progresses to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal carcinoma. Hydrogen sulfide has been demonstrated to be a critical mediator of gastric and intestinal mucosal protection and repair. However, roles for H2S in esophageal mucosal defence, inflammation and responses to injury have not been reported. We therefore examined the effects of endogenous and exogenous H2S in rat models of non-erosive esophagitis. Mild- and moderate-severity non-erosive esophagitis was induced in rats through supplementation of drinking water with fructose, plus or minus exposure to water-immersion stress. The effects of inhibitors of H2S synthesis or of an H2S donor on severity of esophagitis was then examined, along with changes in serum levels of a pro- and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-17 and IL-10, respectively). Exposure to water-immersion stress after consumption of the fructose-supplemented water for 28 days resulted in submucosal esophageal edema and neutrophil infiltration and the development of lesions in the muscular lamina and basal cell hyperplasia. Inhibition of H2S synthesis resulted in significant exacerbation of inflammation and injury. Serum levels of IL-17 were significantly elevated, while serum IL-10 levels were reduced. Treatment with an H2S donor significantly reduced the severity of esophageal injury and inflammation and normalized the serum cytokine levels. The rat models used in this study provide novel tools for studying non-erosive esophagitis with a range of severity. H2S contributes significantly to mucosal defence in the esophagus, and H2S donors may have therapeutic value in treating esophageal inflammation and injury.

Effect of Zhuyeshigao granule on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins serum protein levels in rats with radiation esophagitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Zhuyeshigao granule (ZSG) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 in rats with radiation esophagitis. METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (10 rats in each group): control (without radiation), saline-treated, and low, medium, and high-dose ISG-treated groups. Rats were given normal saline (10 mL/kg) or 1.15, 2.3, or 4.6 g/kg ZSG by intragastric administration once a day for 7 days. A rat model of radiation esophagitis was established by local irradiation of Co60 (490.25 cGy/min, totaling 30 Gy). The administration of ZSG was continued for another 7 days and on the 7th day post-irradiation, inferior vena cava blood was collected. The serum was separated, and TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 protein levels were determined. RESULTS: Inflammatory response factors were found in the serum of each group. However, levels in ZSG-treated groups were significantly lower than in the saline-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ZSG may prevent the development of radiation esophagitis, perhaps by inhibiting the generation and release of the inflammatory response factors TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8.

Genetic variations in TGFß1, tPA, and ACE and radiation-induced thoracic toxicities in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: We hypothesized that radiation-induced thoracic toxicity (RITT) of the lung, esophagus and pericardium share a similar mechanism, and aimed to examine whether genetic variation of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFß1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), are associated with RITT in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Patients with stage I-III NSCLC were enrolled and received radiotherapy (RT). Blood samples were obtained pre-RT and at 4 to 5 weeks during RT, and plasma TGF-ß1 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The DNA samples extracted from blood pre-RT were analyzed for the following frequent genetic variations: TGFß1 509C/T, tPA -7351 C/T, and ACE I/D. RITT score was defined as the sum of radiation-induced toxicity grades in esophagus, lung, and pericardium. RESULTS: Seventy-six NSCLC patients receiving definitive RT were enrolled. Patients with TGFß1 509CC had higher mean grade of esophagitis (1.4 ± 0.2 versus 0.8 ± 0.2, p = 0.019) and RITT score (2.6 ± 0.3 versus 1.6 ± 0.3, p = 0.009) than T allele carriers. Although no significant relationship was observed between RITT and the tPA or ACE variants individually, patients with any high-risk alleles (tPA CC or ACE D or TGFß1 509CC) had significantly higher grade of developing combined RITT (p < 0.001). Patients with TGFß1 509CC had greater increase of plasma TGF ß1 levels at 4 to 5 weeks during RT than T allele carriers did (CC 1.2 ± 0.2 versus T 0.7 ± 0.1, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrated that sensitivity of radiation toxicity may be determined by genomic factors associated with TGFß1 and genes involved in TGFß1 pathway.

Withdrawing PPI therapy after healing esophagitis does not worsen symptoms or cause persistent hypergastrinemia: analysis of dexlansoprazole MR clinical trial data.

OBJECTIVES: Withdrawal of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may induce symptoms in healthy volunteers, suggesting that discontinuing PPI therapy induces acid-peptic disease. Similar assessments in patients with documented acid-related disorders are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 287 Helicobacter pylori-negative erosive esophagitis (EE) patients healed after 4 or 8 weeks of therapy with dexlansoprazole modified release (MR) or lansoprazole, and then randomized to placebo in 6-month maintenance trials. We compared serum gastrin levels and 24-h heartburn severity before enrollment in the healing trials (baseline) and after receiving placebo in the 6-month maintenance trials. RESULTS: Mean gastrin values at maintenance months 1 and 3 were essentially unchanged (median changes, 1.0 and -1.0 pg/ml), showing that gastrin normalized within 1 month of discontinuing PPIs and remained flat. Mean heartburn severity at maintenance month 1 was <1 on a 5-point scale (1=mild) and significantly lower than at baseline (median decrease, 0.41 points; P≤0.001). Heartburn severity in patients healed at week 4 or 8 with either PPI was generally similar, suggesting that neither longer exposure nor more potent therapy was associated with rebound. In those with month 2 data, mean heartburn severity at months 1 and 2 was significantly lower than baseline (median decrease, 0.54 and 0.58 points; both P<0.001), indicating an ongoing symptom response for 2 months after PPI withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: In H. pylori-negative EE patients, there was no indication of recurring heartburn symptom worsening beyond baseline levels within 2 months of discontinuing 4-8 weeks of PPI therapy.

[Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in patients with different variants of gastro-esophageal reflux disease].

UNLABELLED: AIM. To study features of lipids peroxide oxidation and function of antioxidant protection in patients with various variants of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 120 patients with GERD and 20 healthy persons were examinated. Diene conjugates, ketodienes, connected trienes, concentration of intermediants of peroxide oxidation, catalase activity and general antioxidizing activity index were investigated in blood serum and esophageal biopsy specimens by biochemical methods. RESULTS: The level of peroxide oxidation products in esophageal biopsy specimens in esophagitis and complicated GERD was 1.8-4.5 times higher then in control group. The level of catalase activity and general antioxidizing activity was 2-5 times lower in patients with the pathology in comparison to healthy persons. CONCLUSION: Patients with GERD had activation of lipids peroxide oxidation accompanied by deficiency of antioxidants in esophageal mucosa and blood serum proportionally to esophagus damage degree.

Assessment of genetic damage in inflammatory, precancerous, and cancerous pathologies of the esophagus using the comet assay.

The last few decades of cancer research indicate that DNA damage is a prerequisite for development of malignancies. An increase in damage points to reduced repair capacity and risk for progression. We have used the comet assay to assess DNA damage in individuals with various disorders of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in a cohort of patients from South India. After thorough clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological evaluation, patients were categorized into cancers, precancers, inflammatory pathologies, and controls. Results from the comet assay performed on esophageal tissue cells and blood from the same patients showed good correlation of damage in the paired samples; subsequent assays were performed in blood. There was more DNA damage in cancers when compared with controls. A significant increase in damage in cancers (37%) and precancers (30.7%) when compared with the inflammatory pathologies (15.6%) and controls (10.03%) was noted. The interindividual variation observed was independent of confounding factors such as tobacco and alcohol. We suggest that the damage seen in the esophageal tissue is likely to be disease-related, whereas that seen in blood may be a reflection of disease. Individuals with greater damage may be prone to disease progression and the comet assay can be used as a cost-effective biomonitoring tool to assess damage and identify these individuals at risk for a progressive pathology, even to malignancy.

Do eosinophil numbers differentiate eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease?

CONTEXT: Although the healthy esophageal mucosa contains no eosinophils, eosinophilic infiltration is observed in 2 major clinicopathologic settings: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). The prevalence of EE is increasing in many countries, and this increase seems only partly to be due to a better awareness of the pathology, following the relatively recent description of EE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and EE represent 2 entities that do not respond to the same treatment modalities and, thus, need to be distinguished. However, diagnostic criteria of EE have been defined arbitrarily, and the more recent articles tend to prove that the overlap with GERD is probably greater than initially believed, leading the authors to advise strict exclusion of GERD before considering the diagnosis of EE. OBJECTIVES: To provide pathologists with the currently proposed histologic criteria of GERD and EE, to stress the need to combine these criteria with clinical data and endoscopic findings, and to outline the remaining controversies. DATA SOURCES: This review is based on selected articles identified by a PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) search of the literature in English for GERD and EE, a recent review by the American Gastroenterological Association (Bethesda), the Proceedings of the First International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Research Symposium, and the authors' experience. CONCLUSION: Proper identification of the etiology of eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus allows accurate medical or surgical treatment and follow-up. Eosinophilic esophagitis and GERD diagnoses require integration of the histologic findings with the clinical and endoscopic data.

Serum lipid levels are positively associated with non-erosive reflux disease, but not with functional heartburn.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome and obesity are known risk factors for gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), especially for erosive esophagitis. Although non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is probably associated with obesity or other metabolic syndrome, there is little direct evidence to support this assertion. METHODS: Workers in Keio University who underwent a general health examination between September 2006 and August 2007 were enrolled. Reflux symptom questionnaires were administered and metabolic parameters were obtained. The severity of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) was scored using a validated scale of videoesophagography. KEY RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-three subjects (243 men and 40 women; mean age 49.8 +/- 6.9 years) with no radiographic evidence of erosive esophagitis were enrolled. The severity of GER was worse among men than among women, whereas the severity of reflux symptoms was worse among women. The severity of GER was associated with age and serum triglyceride levels in men, and with the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in women. The severity of reflux symptoms, however, was not associated with metabolic parameters. There were more women than men with reflux symptoms but without GER ('presumed' functional heartburn group), compared with subjects with neither GER nor reflux symptoms. In men, the presence of both reflux symptoms and GER ('presumed' NERD group) was associated with the serum triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: While NERD is associated with serum lipid levels, functional heartburn is not. The prevalence of GER was greater among men; conversely, the prevalence of functional heartburn was greater among women.

Anti-interleukin-5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVE: Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoO) is a clinicopathological condition defined by proton pump inhibitor-refractory oesophageal symptoms combined with oesophageal eosinophilia. The pharmacodynamic effect of mepolizumab (a humanised anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody) in EoO was evaluated. METHODS: Eleven adults with active EoO (>20 peak eosinophil number/high power field (hpf) and dysphagia) were randomised to 750 mg of mepolizumab (n = 5) or placebo (n = 6) and received two intravenous infusions, 1 week apart. Those not in complete remission (<5 peak eosinophil number/hpf) after 8 weeks received two further doses 4 weeks apart, 1500 mg of mepolizumab or placebo. The effect of mepolizumab was assessed clinically, endoscopically, histologically, and via blood and tissue biomarkers. RESULTS: As assessed by immunofluorescence, a marked reduction of mean oesophageal eosinophilia (p = 0.03) was seen in the mepolizumab group (-54%) compared with the placebo group (-5%) 4 weeks after initiation of treatment. No further reduction of eosinophil numbers was observed in response to the two additional infusions in either group. Mepolizumab reduced tenascin C (p = 0.033) and transforming growth factor beta1 (p = 0.05) expression in the oesophageal epithelial layer 13 weeks after initiation of treatment. Clinically, limited improvement of symptoms was seen, although a trend was seen between 4 and 13 weeks after initiation of mepolizumab treatment. Mepolizumab was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Mepolizumab significantly reduced eosinophil numbers in oesophageal tissues in adult patients with active EoO, and changes in the expression of molecules associated with oesophageal remodelling were reversed. Minimal clinical improvement was achieved in a subgroup of patients with EoO. Mepolizumab had an acceptable safety profile, even at the high 1500 mg dose level. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00274703.

The pharyngeal mucosa is not involved in eosinophilic oesophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic oesophagitis is thought to be an isolated oesophageal disease associated with biopsy-verified eosinophilia of the squamous cell epithelium of the oesophagus. Food- or aeroallergens have been suggested to be the cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis; however, as these allergens pass through the pharynx sharing the same squamous cell epithelium, eosinophilic infiltration could be expected also here. Whether this is true or not has hitherto not been clarified. AIM: To find out whether eosinophilia is present also within the pharyngeal epithelium in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. METHODS: In all, 10 patients (median age 34, range 15-70) with biopsy-verified eosinophilic oesophagitis [peak count >20 eosinophils per high power field (hpf)] were biopsied also in the pharynx. The biopsies underwent histopathological examination and at each level, the peak number of eosinophils per hpf was counted. RESULTS: None of the patients examined was found to have eosinophilia within the squamous cell epithelium of the pharynx (median peak count 0, range 0-1). CONCLUSIONS: The pronounced eosinophilic infiltration in eosinophilic oesophagitis appears to be an isolated oesophageal phenomenon not shared by the adjoining organ sites and in particular, not by the pharynx. This may have implications for future research.

Metabolic risk factors associated with erosive esophagitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Our aim was to determine associations between metabolic risk factors and erosive esophagitis. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, diagnosis of erosive esophagitis was based on the Los Angeles classification. Endoscopic findings in subjects with erosive esophagitis were reviewed by two experienced endoscopists and those with agreement of diagnosis were enrolled for study. Body mass index (BMI), abdominal girdle, blood pressure, and serum triglyceride, glucose, and beta-lipoprotein levels were compared between individuals with and without erosive esophagitis. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent metabolic risk factors associated with erosive esophagitis. RESULTS: Between October 2004 and April 2006, 518 of 4206 subjects who underwent endoscopic examination were diagnosed as having erosive esophagitis. After expert review, 427 (male : female = 365:62) individuals met the study criteria of having erosive esophagitis (10.5%). Compared with age- and gender-matched controls, patients with erosive esophagitis had significantly higher BMI, abdominal girdle, blood pressure, and triglyceride levels, and lower levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0.05). More subjects with metabolic syndrome had erosive esophagitis than without metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.27-2.44, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that central obesity (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 05-1.89, P = 0.023) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.19-2.13, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with erosive esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, which are key components of metabolic syndrome, are moderate independent risk factors for erosive esophagitis.