Impedimetric nanostructured genosensor for detection of schistosomiasis in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease closely related to the low levels of social development and a serious public health problem. In this work, we performed an electrochemical detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA with a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) immobilizing nanostructures composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4_NPs). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to monitor the hybridization process. MBA-Fe3O4_NPs-AuNPs-DNAprobe system reveals an effective electrochemical response indicating the surface modification. The proposed biosystem was capable to recognize specific nucleotide sequence of S. mansoni present in cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) and serum samples at different genome DNA concentrations. The biorecognition resulted in an increase in the electron transfer resistance and a decrease of the current peaks at higher DNA concentrations during electrochemical measurements. The developed platform showed a DNA detection limit of 0.781 and 0.685pgµL-1 for serum and CFS, respectively. Therefore, the obtained biosensor can be considered as a useful tool for specific detection of S. mansoni at low concentrations in various biological fluids.

Antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from patients suspected of having neuroschistosomiasis (NS) were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Monoclonal antibodies of various immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgA, IgE, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were used to detect antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble worm adult preparation (SWAP). Of the 83 CSF samples tested, 55% were reactive to SEA (26% were reactive only to SEA and 29% to both SEA and SWAP), 34% were reactive to SWAP (5% only to SWAP and 29% to both SEA and SWAP), and 40% were not reactive with any antigen. Cases that tested positive for SWAP in CSF and negative in serum were not found. Samples with high specific IgG antibody titers were selected for immunoglobulin isotype profiling. In the CSF samples, the antibodies against SEA and SWAP were mainly IgM, IgG1, and IgG4, although other immunoglobulins were also detected. Interestingly, nine patients had high levels of IgG1 only in the CSF. These results suggest that there is local synthesis of IgG1, and that this isotype could be an important immunologic marker in the diagnosis of NS.

Cross reactions in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis and cysticercosis by a cerebrospinal fluid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 3 groups of patients (suspected cysticercosis patients, myelopathy patients, and neurological patients) and assayed for antibodies to Cysticercus cellulosae and schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the myelopathy and neurological patients there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between seropositivity for the two diseases. Samples which were positive in both assays were tested by inhibition assay with the heterologous antigen to determine the specificity of the reaction. In one of 5 cases the reaction to cysticercus antigen was completely inhibited by addition of schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the reverse assay there was minimal inhibition by cysticercus antigen.

Patogenia das infecçöes do sistema nervoso central e líquido cefalorraquidiano: análise crítica da contribuiçäo diagnóstica / Pathogenesis of central nervous system infections and cerebrospinal fluid: critical analysis of the diagnostic

Considerando dados acerca do comportamento do líquido cefaloraquidiano em doenças infecciosas do SNC, säo reavaliados aspectos patogênicos a luz dos conhecimentos atuais. Dentre os fatores básicos considerados, sobressaem o desempenho da barreira hematoencefálica e fenômenos imunitários. A análise feita permite distribuir as doenças infecciosas do SNC segundo modelos patogênicos: o modelo local ou próprio ao SNC, o modelo sistêmico e o modelo intermediário. O modelo local pode apresentar-se segundo três tipos essenciais: o agudo, o crônico e o repetitivo. O comprometimento do sistema imunitário pode alterar a expressäo dos eventos, resultando situaçöes näo-paramétricas, como pode ocorrer na síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida. As contribuiçöes para o diagnóstico dos aspectos patogênicos avaliados säo analisadas

[Pathogenesis of central nervous system infections and the cerebrospinal fluid. Critical analysis of the diagnostic contribution]. / Patogenia das infecções do sistema nervoso central e líquido cefalorraquidiano. Análise crítica da contribuição diagnóstica.

Considering data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition in infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), an evaluation of the pathogeny of CNS infections is made. Basic factors considered in the evaluation are those related to the blood-brain barrier and to immune phenomena. The analysis supports the distribution of infectious diseases of the CNS according to different models: inside model, outside model, and intermediate model. The inside model occurs in three types of presentation: acute, chronic, and repetitive. Impairment of the immune system may induce changes in the presentation of the models. CNS infections usually run nonparametric paths in this circumstance, and conditions related to AIDS are discussed. Diagnostic contribution of pathogenic aspects evaluated are analyzed.

[Cerebrospinal fluid signalization in chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system]. / Sinalização do líquido cefalorraqueano em doenças inflamatórias crônicas do sistema nervoso central.

Dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cyto-proteic dual obeys to different models when central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases are considered. In order to evaluate these models data pertinent to multiple sclerosis (20 cases), neurosyphilis (20 cases), neurocysticercosis (20 cases), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (20 cases), neuroschistosomiasis (18 cases) and neuro-cryptococcosis (20 cases) are compared in report to a control group: chronic vascular headache (50 cases). CSF data on cytology and proteins were considered. Cytology was evaluated as to the total cell count (cumm); the cytomorphological profile (%) and as to lymphocytes subpopulations (B, T, T-active, T-sensitized, and T-avid for T-total and for T-active). Proteins were evaluated as to the total content (mg/dl) and protein fractions (agar gel electrophoresis). Antibodies determinations were studied for comparative purposes and diagnosis. Results were analyzed according to the groups considered and comparatively. Analyses support conclusions on cells and proteins dual interaction. This interaction is expressed by phenomena that obey similar parameters. These parameters permit to consider two models of chronic inflammatory signalization: the continuous model and the repetitive model. Neurosyphilis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis obey the chronic continuous inflammatory model. Neurocysticercosis and multiple sclerosis obey the repetitive model.

Sinalizaçäo do líquido cefalorraqueano em doenças inflamatórias crônicas do sistema nervoso central / Cerebrospinal fluid signalization in chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system

Foi estudado o comportamento do dual citoproteico do LCR em processos inflamatórios do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Do ponto de vista neuroimunológico e levando em conta a sinalizaçäo observada mediante o estudo do líquido cefalorraqueano (LCR) podem ser considerados três grupos de modelos: o agudo, o crônico e o intermediário. Cada um deles pode apresentar subtipos. Foram avaliadas as características de comportamento do dual em dois modelos do tipo intermediário (criptococose do SNC e esquistossomose do SNC) e em 4 crônicos: dois de tipo contínuo (neurossífilis e panencefalite esclerosante subaguda) e dois de tipo repetitivo (neurocisticercose e esclerose múltipla). Os dados analisados permitem visäo quanto ao comportamento do dual citoproteico do LCR (número de células, perfil citomorfológico, subpopulaçöes linfocitárias, estudo proteico, fraçöes proteicas e suas relaçöes) nos modelos inflamatórios considerados. As diferenças observadas entre os modelos intermediários e os crônicos, tanto o contínuo como o repetitivo, säo evidentes independentemente do agente etiológico considerado

Síndrome do líquido cefalorraqueano na neuroesquistossomose / Cerebrospinal fluid syndrome in neuroschistosomiasis

Foram estudados 220 amostras de LCR de pacientes com afecçöes diversas do sistema nervoso, nas quais de maneira sistematizada, foram realizadas reaçöes de imunofluorescência para esquistossomose. Estas foram realizadas com cortes de vermes adultos e com cortes de fígado de hamster infectados por Schistosoma mansoni em que havia formaçäo de granulomas, ambas por técnica indireta antiglobulínica. Säo analisados as características do LCR dos 16 casos em que essas duas reaçöes foram reagentes. Discute-se a introduçäo e pesquisa sistematizada dessas reaçöes no LCR de pacientes com moléstias inflamatórias do sistema nervoso central. De acordo com o quadro do LCR observado nesses pacientes configura-se a introduçäo do conceito de "síndrome do LCR na neuroesquistossomose" a exemplo do que já ocorre em outras afecçöes inflamatórias do sistema nervoso, como a neurocisticercose e a neurossífilis

[Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis]. / Proteína básica de mielina no líquido cefalorraqueano na neurocisticercose.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 115 patients with several neurological disorders were tested for the presence of myelin basic protein (MBP), fragment P1 43-88. Cases were divided into groups according to neurological diagnosis. The control group (50 patients with chronic headache) presented normal CSF composition and presented no evidence of the presence of MBP. MBP was found in: four cases of the 44 of neurocysticercosis; three of the 8 cases of multiple sclerosis; one case of schistosomiasis with spinal cord involvement. Neuroimmunological data are discussed considering results found in this investigation.

Proteína básica de Mielina no líquido cefalorragueano na neurocisticercose / Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis

Foram estudadas 133 amostras de LCR provenientes de 115 pacientes para verificar o teor da PBM, fragmento P1 43-88. Os casos foram subdivididos em subgrupos de acordo com o diagnóstico nosológico. No grupo controle (50 casos de pacientes com cefaléia crônica) näo houve detecçäo de PBM em qualquer das amostras; dos casos de neurocisticercose (44), em 4 havia presença da PBM; nos de esclerose múltipla (8) em três havia PBM; em um caso de neuroesquistossomose, forma medular, também foi detectada a presença da PBM. Consideraçöes de ordem neuroimunológica säo tecidas sobre os resultados encontrados

[Meningomyeloradiculopathy in schistosomiasis mansoni. Clinical and cerebrospinal fluid evaluation in 16 cases]. / Meningomielorradiculopatia na esquistossomose mansônica. Avaliação clínica e do líquido cefalorraqueano fm 16 casos.

Data on 16 patients with spinal cord involvement by Schistosomiasis mansoni are evaluated as to the clinical course and the evolution of cerebrospinal fluid changes. According to evidences of radicular involvement cases were divided in two groups: myelitis (9 cases) and radiculomyelitis (7 cases). Cerebrospinal fluid changes were evaluated as to cytology, total protein content and gammaglobulins. Partial remission of clinical symptomatology was more common among patients of the second group than among those of the first group. There was not relationship of CSF changes and their course with the clinical course of the disease. Cerebrospinal fluid changes and their course were not related to clinical aspects of the disease and their course. Remission of hypercytosis was more common than the remission of protein changes along the evolution in the two groups of cases considered.