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1.
Yakugaku Zasshi ; 143(10): 807-811, 2023.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37779009

RESUMO

Almost 20 years have passed since the six-year pharmaceutical education started as the standard educational course for pharmacists. The six-year pharmaceutical education was originally proposed to nurture the pharmacists who can play important roles in advanced medical care as part of the medical team. Importantly, recent advances in life science are providing additional scientific advantages for the graduates from the six-year pharmaceutical education system. In the new era of life science, clinical training in the six-year education will be beneficial not only for the clinical pharmacists but also for the pharmaceutical scientists. For example, in drug discovery research, numerous studies have been making efforts to identify therapeutic targets based on basic sciences so far. However, as a result of the innovation in life science, such as multi-omics analyses and molecular imaging, we can now perform patient-/disease-oriented research on molecular basis using clinical materials and information. Nowadays, with the help of data science, we can understand the pathophysiological status of individual patients and optimize pharmacotherapy from viewpoint of molecular biology in clinical setting. Moreover, in drug discovery research, we can explore and identify the drug targets by analyzing clinical samples and medical records. Thus, learning from the bedside in detail will develop future leaders, including pharmacists, scientists and pharmacist-scientists, who will pave the way for pharmaceutical sciences in the next generation.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia , Farmacêuticos , Pesquisa em Farmácia , Humanos , Educação em Farmácia/normas , Farmacêuticos/normas , Farmácia/normas , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Pesquisa em Farmácia/educação , Pesquisa em Farmácia/normas
2.
J Chin Med Assoc ; 86(7): 653-658, 2023 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37227901

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence model trained for conversations. ChatGPT has been widely applied in general medical education and cardiology, but its application in pharmacy has been lacking. This study examined the accuracy of ChatGPT on the Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination and investigated its potential role in pharmacy education. METHODS: ChatGPT was used on the first Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination in 2023 in Mandarin and English. The questions were entered manually one by one. Graphical questions, chemical formulae, and tables were excluded. Textual questions were scored according to the number of correct answers. Chart question scores were determined by multiplying the number and the correct rate of text questions. This study was conducted from March 5 to March 10, 2023, by using ChatGPT 3.5. RESULTS: The correct rate of ChatGPT in Chinese and English questions was 54.4% and 56.9% in the first stage, and 53.8% and 67.6% in the second stage. On the Chinese test, only pharmacology and pharmacochemistry sections received passing scores. The English test scores were higher than the Chinese test scores across all subjects and were significantly higher in dispensing pharmacy and clinical pharmacy as well as therapeutics. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT 3.5 failed the Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination. Although it is not able to pass the examination, it can be improved quickly through deep learning. It reminds us that we should not only use multiple-choice questions to assess a pharmacist's ability, but also use more variety of evaluations in the future. Pharmacy education should be changed in line with the examination, and students must be able to use AI technology for self-learning. More importantly, we need to help students develop humanistic qualities and strengthen their ability to interact with patients, so that they can become warm-hearted healthcare professionals.


Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Educação em Farmácia , Licenciamento , Farmácia , Humanos , Povo Asiático , Pessoal de Saúde , Farmacêuticos/normas , Taiwan , Farmácia/normas , Educação em Farmácia/métodos
3.
AAPS J ; 23(2): 34, 2021 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33649990

RESUMO

In May 2020, the EU Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) published a recommendation report entitled "Recommendation on nonanimal-derived antibodies". In this report, the EURL ECVAM specifically states: "Therefore, taking into consideration the ESAC Opinion on the scientific validity of replacements for animal-derived antibodies, EURL ECVAM recommends that animals should no longer be used for the development and production of antibodies for research, regulatory, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The provisions of Directive 2010/63/EU should be respected, and EU countries should no longer authorise the development and production of antibodies through animal immunisation, where robust, legitimate scientific justification is lacking." (1). Here, we are providing the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) opinion on the EURL ECVAM recommendation report. In brief, there has been a clear and strong progress in reduction of animal use in the drug discovery and development process, including significant reduction of animal use in production of antibody reagents. Yet, it is proposed that more data need to be generated, shared and discussed within the scientific community before a decision to implement the change to non-animal derived antibodies is made.


Assuntos
Alternativas ao Uso de Animais/normas , Anticorpos Monoclonais/isolamento & purificação , Farmácia/normas , Sociedades Farmacêuticas/normas , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/normas , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , União Europeia , Políticas , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/métodos , Estados Unidos
4.
J Oncol Pharm Pract ; 27(3): 623-634, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32539662

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners (ISOPP) is committed to providing educational resources to members for their continuous learning and professional development. This survey was conducted to explore the educational needs of International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners members for the purpose of developing resources to support future learning relevant to the diverse global pharmacy practitioner membership of our society. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners membership was conducted between 10 December 2018 and 15 January 2019. The survey contained 17 questions and consisted of four sections: (1) respondents' demographics, (2) common challenges/barriers faced by members in accessing oncology pharmacy education, (3) areas within oncology pharmacy where members need education and (4) preferred methods of education delivery. Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize survey results. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 62 out of 363 International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners members (17% response rate). Respondents were from 19 different countries, representing all the habitable continents. Most respondents were practicing in North America (21%), Oceania (21%) and Asia (16%). The majority of respondents worked in inpatient cancer units (60%), ambulatory tertiary cancer centres (31%) and academia (26%). Reported barriers to accessing education relevant to oncology pharmacy practice included lack of financial support (44%), time spent travelling to attend educational activities (39%), limited learning opportunities in their country of practice (34%) and limited growth of the oncology pharmacy discipline in their country of practice (32%). The content areas of greatest demand included pharmacotherapy of various cancers followed by oncology pharmacy research, International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners oncology pharmacy practice standards, supportive care and medication safety. Among educational activities offered by International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners, respondents valued annual International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners symposia and Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice the most. Most respondents (87%) indicated webinars as an effective educational tool. CONCLUSION: Among an international oncology pharmacist cohort, we identified practice areas prioritized by pharmacists for continuing and professional development. Time and cost were common barriers to education, both in developing and developed countries. These survey findings may help to guide future education initiatives of International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners and other providers of pharmacist oncology education.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia/normas , Oncologia/educação , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacêuticos , Farmácia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Oncologia/normas , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Farmacêuticos/normas , Farmácia/normas
5.
Am J Pharm Educ ; 84(8): ajpe7892, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32934387

RESUMO

Providing health care for children is a unique specialty, and pediatric patients represent approximately 25% of the population. Education of pharmacy students on patients across the lifespan is required by current Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education standards and outcomes; thus, it is essential that pharmacy students gain a proficiency in caring for children. A collaborative panel of pediatric faculty members from schools and colleges of pharmacy was established to review the current literature regarding pediatric education in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula and establish updated recommendations for the provision of pediatric pharmacy education. This statement outlines five recommendations supporting inclusion of pediatric content and skills in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia/métodos , Educação em Farmácia/normas , Pediatria/educação , Pediatria/normas , Faculdades de Farmácia/normas , Currículo/normas , Docentes/normas , Humanos , Colaboração Intersetorial , Assistência Farmacêutica/normas , Farmácia/métodos , Farmácia/normas , Estudantes de Farmácia
6.
Cancer Treat Rev ; 88: 102063, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32623296

RESUMO

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting our health environment. As expected, studies highlighted the great susceptibility of cancer patients to COVID-19 and more severe complications, leading oncologists to deeply rethink patient cancer care. This review is dedicated to the optimization of care pathways and therapeutics in cancer patients during the pandemic and aims to discuss successive issues. First we focused on the international guidelines proposing adjustments and alternative options to cancer care in order to limit hospital admission and cytopenic treatment in cancer patients, most of whom are immunocompromised. In addition cancer patients are prone to polypharmacy, enhancing the risk of drug-related problems as adverse events and drug-drug interactions. Due to increased risk in case of COVID-19, we reported a comprehensive review of all the drug-related problems between COVID-19 and antineoplastics. Moreover, in the absence of approved drug against COVID-19, infected patients may be included in clinical trials evaluating new drugs with a lack of knowledge, particularly in cancer patients. Focusing on the several experimental drugs currently being evaluated, we set up an original data board helping oncologists and pharmacists to identify promptly drug-related problems between antineoplastics and experimental drugs. Finally additional and concrete recommendations are provided, supporting oncologists and pharmacists in their efforts to manage cancer patients and to optimize their treatments in this new era related to COVID-19.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Oncologia/normas , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Farmácia/normas , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19 , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Humanos , Oncologia/métodos , Neoplasias/virologia , Pandemias , Farmácia/métodos , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , SARS-CoV-2
7.
Curr Pharm Teach Learn ; 12(6): 663-670, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32482268

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the design of an interprofessional introductory pharmacy practice experience (IP-IPPE) designed to integrate third-year pharmacy students in patient care workflow under the direct supervision of non-pharmacist practitioners in a federally qualified health center. METHODS: Data was gathered to evaluate the success of the IP-IPPE from the students', providers', and clinic's perspectives. Preceptors completed a mixed-methods survey to determine satisfaction and value of the IP-IPPE. Students completed the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey (ICCAS) post-IP-IPPE to assess change in interprofessional outcomes. Student performance and competency demonstration was assessed using a modified interprofessional professional assessment scoring tool. Finally, a retrospective patient chart review was conducted to determine student value to the clinic. RESULTS: During a 12-week period at the studied clinic, 32 students were supervised by eight primary care providers (PCPs) and cared for 516 patients. Six providers (75%) endorsed students' ability to provide value-added interventions during clinical care. A chart review of 200 patient records indicated students provided medication education to 12% of patients engaged with, in addition to other contributions. Students' ICCAS self-assessments indicated significant improvement across all outcomes following the IP-IPPE. Qualitative provider responses indicated meaningful investment into the IP-IPPE and appreciation for pharmacy student's collaboration during patient care. CONCLUSION: All 32 students in this study were able to earn the trust of their assigned PCP preceptors. The IP-IPPE design created value for learners, patients, and providers.


Assuntos
Avaliação Educacional/métodos , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Farmácia/métodos , Colorado , Currículo/normas , Currículo/tendências , Avaliação Educacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Farmácia/normas , Farmácia/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e Questionários
9.
Am J Health Syst Pharm ; 77(10): 759-770, 2020 05 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32378716

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This article identifies, prioritizes, and summarizes published literature on the medication-use process (MUP) from calendar year 2018 that can impact health-system pharmacy daily practice. The MUP is the foundational system that provides the framework for safe medication utilization within the healthcare environment. The MUP is defined in this article as having the following steps: prescribing/transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. Articles that evaluated one of the steps were gauged for their usefulness toward daily practice change. SUMMARY: A PubMed search was conducted in February 2019 for articles published in calendar year 2018 using targeted Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords, targeted non-MeSH keywords, and the table of contents of selected pharmacy journals, providing a total of 43,977 articles. A thorough review identified 62 potentially significant articles: 9 for prescribing/transcribing, 12 for dispensing, 13 for administration, and 28 for monitoring. Ranking of the articles for importance by peers led to the selection of key articles from each category. The highest-ranked articles are briefly summarized, with a mention of why they are important within health-system pharmacy. The other articles are listed for further review and evaluation. CONCLUSION: It is important to routinely review the published literature and to incorporate significant findings into daily practice. This article assists in identifying and summarizing recent impactful contributions to the MUP literature. Health-system pharmacists have an active role in improving the MUP in their institution, and awareness of significant published studies can assist in changing practice at the institutional level.


Assuntos
Uso de Medicamentos/normas , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/normas , Farmacêuticos/normas , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/normas , Farmácia/normas , Uso de Medicamentos/tendências , Humanos , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/tendências , Farmacêuticos/tendências , Farmácia/tendências , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/tendências
11.
Res Social Adm Pharm ; 16(2): 257-260, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31097379

RESUMO

The rational use of medicines to achieve better patient outcomes is a global concern. This need has pressured the practice of pharmacy to move away from focusing only on dispensing of the drug product towards the patient's appropriate utilization of the medicine. PharmAlliance, a unique partnership among three leading schools of pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (United States), Monash University (Australia), and University College London (United Kingdom), convened a Global Summit of Pharmacy Practice Innovation in November 2017 to bring together the leaders of the professional associations of the three countries to dialogue about how to lead the identified changes. A framework of "One Pharmacy Community" resulted from the discussions and was conceptualized from the overarching theme of the Summit. Recognizing and articulating these similarities into a One Pharmacy Community framework enables the development of a consistent global nomenclature of pharmacy services. The four pillars that resulted from the conversation are education, research, practice, and collaboration. Each of these are essential and dependent on the other in order to enable pharmacy practice to meet the global requirements of patient-focused health care design and delivery. This article describes the framework and each of the pillars.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/normas , Educação em Farmácia/normas , Saúde Global , Colaboração Intersetorial , Farmacêuticos/normas , Farmácia/normas , Serviços Comunitários de Farmácia/normas , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Educação em Farmácia/métodos , Humanos , Farmácias/normas , Farmácia/métodos
12.
Res Social Adm Pharm ; 16(2): 261-265, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31101458

RESUMO

In spite of concerns about the lack of recognition for its conduct, peer review remains the backbone of scientific evaluation and advancement of scientific knowledge. Given the challenges and evolution in the peer review system, collegiality among authors, reviewers, editors, and even consumers of content is more important than ever. While general guidance has been provided recently in the pharmacy literature, this commentary provides both philosophical underpinnings and specific mechanics for enhancing effectiveness of reviews and improving the quality of writing for authors concurrently, thus examining each major section in an original research contribution. Generosity, courtesy, diligence, thoroughness, and empathy are required of us all to advance the scientific paradigm of our discipline and profession.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/normas , Revisão por Pares/métodos , Revisão por Pares/normas , Redação/normas , Autoria/normas , Pesquisa Biomédica/métodos , Humanos , Farmácia/métodos , Farmácia/normas
13.
Res Social Adm Pharm ; 16(2): 190-194, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31118139

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy technicians are vital to the operation of pharmacies, and national pharmacy associations have advocated for mandatory education and training requirements. While these requirements may improve patient safety, there is a risk that laws and regulations which impose substantial education and training requirements on technicians could create barriers to entry which restrict the workforce and increase wages. OBJECTIVE: This study has two objectives: 1) Describe changes in barriers to entry and wages over time; and 2) Evaluate the correlation between changing barriers to entry and pharmacy technician wages. METHODS: Data come from Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics from 1997 to 2017 and National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Surveys of Pharmacy Law from 1997 to 2014. A barrier to entry was defined as adoption of registration, licensure, or certification. Wage data was adjusted to 2017 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. Ordinary least squares regression evaluated the correlation between the proportion of states which had at least one barrier to entry and wages. An interrupted time series model estimated the impact of adopting a barrier to entry on the trend in technician wages over time. RESULTS: Technician wages increased between 1997 and 2007 but remained flat between 2008 and 2017. A strong correlation was observed between the proportion of states which had at least one barrier to entry and technician wages (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.0001). However, the interrupted time series models did not identify any relationship between adoption of a barrier to entry and the trend in technician wages (p = 0.363). CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests adoption of legal/regulatory barriers to entry did not have a significant influence on the trend in technician wages over time. More research is needed to evaluate the impact of barriers to entry on non-wage practice variables, such as privileges and satisfaction.


Assuntos
Certificação/legislação & jurisprudência , Regulamentação Governamental , Legislação Farmacêutica , Farmácias/legislação & jurisprudência , Técnicos em Farmácia/legislação & jurisprudência , Salários e Benefícios/legislação & jurisprudência , Certificação/normas , Humanos , Farmácias/normas , Farmácia/normas , Técnicos em Farmácia/normas
15.
Curr Pharm Teach Learn ; 11(11): 1095-1102, 2019 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31783954

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge in infectious diseases (ID) pharmacotherapy and antimicrobial stewardship is becoming increasingly important for pharmacists. Pharmacy schools utilize multiple methods to teach ID pharmacotherapy including advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). METHODS: An internet-based survey was sent to students currently on APPEs at four colleges/schools of pharmacy. The primary study objective was a comparison of self-perceived ID knowledge and confidence prior to starting and during APPEs. The secondary objectives were to determine the level of self-perceived knowledge and confidence of students who have completed an ID APPE to those who have not, as well as the level of interest in postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) and ID-specific postgraduate year 2 (PGY-2) residencies. RESULTS: All statements revealed a statistically significant increase in self-perceived ID knowledge and confidence for students during APPEs compared to before starting rotations (p-values < 0.001). Students who completed an ID APPE had an overall increase in both self-perceived knowledge and confidence for all aspects. Completion of an ID APPE enhanced self-perceived knowledge in basic microbiology fundamentals, antimicrobial stewardship principles, and overall ID knowledge. Completion of an ID APPE created a higher level of confidence regarding selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy, interpreting cultures and susceptibilities to de-escalate, and communicating with other healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Students who completed an ID APPE had a higher level of self-perceived knowledge and confidence than those who had not. Recent increases in demand for antimicrobial stewardship positions warrants maximization of ID and non-ID APPEs to enhance students' knowledge and confidence in infectious diseases.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Educação em Farmácia/métodos , Estudantes de Farmácia/estatística & dados numéricos , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/estatística & dados numéricos , Currículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Conhecimento , Microbiologia/educação , Farmácia/normas , Faculdades de Farmácia , Autoimagem , Inquéritos e Questionários
16.
J Manag Care Spec Pharm ; 25(12): 1319-1327, 2019 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31778613

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In recent years, value assessment frameworks have been introduced to inform discussions about how to define and assess value in the U.S. health care system. However, there is uncertainty as to how value assessment frameworks and other approaches to achieve value such as outcomes-based contracting are perceived and used in coverage decisions. OBJECTIVE: To understand how U.S. payers determine value in the use of pharmaceuticals and how it differs from payers outside the United States. METHODS: Qualitative in-depth phone interviews with 13 executive-level public and private U.S. managed care representatives and 6 health technology assessment advisors outside the United States were conducted from September to November 2017. RESULTS: Despite various mechanisms used by U.S. payers to assess value, no consistent definitions of value were provided, and U.S. payers felt limited in what they can do to achieve value in pharmaceutical decision making. Value assessment frameworks are not formally considered in formulary and reimbursement decisions but are used as a reference as they become available by most or all U.S. health plans. U.S. payers expressed concerns, including limited control over pharmaceutical pricing and budget caps, and limited ability to use incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year thresholds. Outcomes-based contracting could have some utility in specific cases where the treatment has a particularly high cost and a clear outcomes measure, but payers indicated that outcomes-based contracts can be difficult to operationalize, and determination of savings was uncertain. Payers outside the United States-who are enabled by government health care bodies, policy tools, and analytical frameworks that have no counterpart in the United States-have a wider array of instruments at their disposal. U.S. payers were largely open to learning from other health care systems outside the United States, particularly the German health care system, where patient-relevant benefit compared with a predetermined treatment comparator is the primary determinant for price negotiations. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is interest in including value assessment frameworks during the decision-making process in the United States, there are significant challenges to operationalizing them. The current environment in the United States restricts payers' ability to make favorable contracts with manufacturers, and changes to the U.S. health system design are needed to facilitate this effort. Adoption of a value assessment framework in Medicare or Medicaid would accelerate adoption of these tools by private payers in the United States. DISCLOSURES: This study was conducted by RTI Health Solutions under the direction of The Pew Charitable Trusts and was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts. Vekaria is employed by RTI Health Solutions. Reynolds and Coukell are employed by The Pew Charitable Trusts. Brogan and Hogue have nothing to disclose.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/normas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/normas , Orçamentos/normas , Tomada de Decisões , Humanos , Programas de Assistência Gerenciada/normas , Medicare/normas , Farmácia/normas , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica/normas , Estados Unidos
17.
J Occup Environ Hyg ; 16(12): 757-762, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31621520

RESUMO

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter <800> guidelines will be adopted in the U.S. and Canada in 2019, requiring regular surface sampling for antineoplastic drug (AD) surface contamination as a means of environmental surveillance. USP Chapter <800> does not provide guidance on when and where to sample. Research to support the development of such guidance within a broader sampling strategy is limited. This study was conducted to help address some of the underlying information gaps by identifying surfaces pharmacy and nursing staff are likely to contact, presenting a potential dermal exposure risk. Observations were conducted at one regional and one urban clinic, providing insight into inter- and intra-worker variability and between-clinic differences based on size and patient load. Thirteen surfaces in the compounding pharmacies and 14 surfaces in the patient administration were initially selected for video observations. Following a preliminary assessment to eliminate surfaces that were touched infrequently or not at all, five commonly touched surfaces in the compounding pharmacy areas (vials, syringes, IV lines, IV bags, waste bags) and six commonly touched surfaces in the patient administration area (yellow containment bag, IV bag, IV line, patient port, computer workstation) were assessed further. Variability between healthcare staff and clinics in pharmacy staff was low for both the mean frequency and duration of touch to surfaces. Differences between clinics in frequency of contact among nursing staff in patient administration areas were significant (two-way ANOVA) for five of the six surfaces. Duration of contact was not significantly different except for duration of touching the IV pump. These insights will be used to give guidance in selecting locations for a longitudinal surveillance study and help tailor worker training to reduce exposure risks.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/análise , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Canadá , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmácias/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmácia/normas , Estados Unidos
18.
Am J Pharm Educ ; 83(6): 7442, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31507297

RESUMO

The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, and the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education frame patient safety from the perspective of medication management, which is also the current focus of pharmacy education and training. With the growing appreciation that diagnostic errors represent an urgent and actionable patient safety concern, the National Academy of Medicine has recommended diagnostic safety training for all health care professions. The Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine has worked with an interprofessional consensus group to identify a set of 12 key competencies necessary to achieve diagnostic quality and safety that focuses on individual, team-based, and system-related competencies. Much of this already exists in pharmacy education, but pharmacy training programs need to give graduates more guidance on how they contribute to the diagnostic process and the prevention and detection of diagnostic errors. We describe the current state of progress in this regard, and what steps are needed by training programs to provide content and assessment so that graduates achieve the requisite competencies. Governing and advisory bodies need to expand the expectations around patient safety to include diagnostic safety.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia/normas , Faculdades de Farmácia/normas , Acreditação/normas , Currículo/normas , Humanos , Farmácia/normas , Estados Unidos
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