Epidemiological Trend of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014.

Background: The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid remain high and these diseases still pose a public health problem in China and in Zhejiang Province in particular. This study aimed to investigate the trend of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of these diseases. Methods: Included in this study were compiled epidemiological data of typhoid and paratyphoid cases in Zhejiang from 1953 to 2003 and epidemiological data of those from 2004 to 2014 registered in the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Description methods were employed to explore the epidemiological characteristics, including long-term trend, gender distribution, age distribution, and occupation distribution. Incidence maps were made to represent the annual average incidences for each municipality. Spearman's rank correlation was performed to detect the correlation between incidence and average elevation, and circular distribution was calculated to identify the seasonality and peak days of the diseases. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182,602 typhoid and paratyphoid cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014, and the average annual incidence was 7.89 per 100,000 population. The incidence in 2014 decreased by 93.82% compared with that in 1953 and by 95.00% compared with the highest incidence rate. The average incidence before 2003 was negatively correlated with the average elevation of each region in Zhejiang province (r < 0, p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation from 2003. The peak period of diseases fell in the months from April to October every year. The incidence among the population group aged over 35 rose gradually but declined sharply among those between 20 and 34. Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 but remained high in some regions. Proper measures for prevention and control are warranted in the southeast coast areas and for high-risk populations.

Regional Transmission of Salmonella Paratyphi A, China, 1998-2012.

To explore transmission patterns and genetic relationships of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A in China, we conducted a genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis on the strains in the 4 provinces in which incidence was highest during 1998-2012. Markedly phylogeographic clustering suggested regional virus circulation after introduction from areas in southeastern China.

Transforming public health?: a critical review of progress made against enteric diseases during the American-led occupation of Japan (1945-52).

Historical assessments of the Occupation's efforts to tackle enteric diseases (cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery) have generally reflected a celebratory narrative of US-inspired public health reforms, strongly associated with the head of the Public Health and Welfare Section, Crawford F. Sams. Close inspection of the documentary record, however, reveals much greater continuity with pre-war Japanese public health practices than has hitherto been acknowledged. Indeed, there are strong grounds for disputing American claims of novelty and innovation in such areas as immunisation, particularly in relation to typhoid vaccine, and environmental sanitation, where disparaging comments about the careless use of night soil and a reluctance to control flies and other disease vectors reveal more about the politics of public health reform than the reality of pre-war practices. Likewise, the representation of American-inspired sanitary teams as clearly distinct from and far superior to traditional sanitary associations (eisei kumiai) was closer to propaganda than an accurate rendering of past and present developments.

Paratyphoid blamed on Ulster: a nursing odyssey.

SUMMARY: The aim of the Modicum mission from the United States was to determine the fate of the Western World, the Second Front and the Manhattan Project plans for development of atomic weapons. The Modicum mission was appointed in March 1942 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President and Commander-in-Chief of the US forces. The journey via the Anglican Cathedral in Bermuda, to Gander, to London, to Ulster was eventful. There was a clay-pigeon shooting contest in Gander. Generals Marshall, Eisenhower, Clark and Averell Harriman were outshot by their pilot. In Ulster, an escorting US sergeant killed a Londonderry bus driver with three shots. At a house party requested by King George VI and General Marshall, at Ashbrook, Ardmore, near Londonderry, it is alleged Averell Harriman was poisoned with Salmonella schottmülleri. He was delirious and 'gravely ill' for three weeks at 3 Grosvenor Square next to the American Embassy. He subsequently married his "other nurse", Pamela. Ambassador Pamela Churchill Harriman, a long-time ardent supporter of the Clintons, died in February 1997 following a stroke.

[Analysis of the trends in typhoid-paratyphoid morbidity in the USSR]. / Analiz tendentsii zabolevaemosti tifo-paratifoznymi infektsiiami v SSSR.

Mathematico-statistical analysis of typhoid-paratyphoid infection morbidity in the USSR during 1900--1940 revealed a regular many-year cyclic recurrence of the changes in the morbidity level. The intensity of the morbidity level reduction at the periods of decline--in 1900--1917, 1920--1928, and in 1932--1939--was similar. A successive reduction of morbidity of this group of infections, by 6.45% on the average, annually, occurred in 1930--1976. The character of reduction of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in the USSR during that period is well described by the exponential function.

[Analysis of the dynamics of typho-paratyphoid infection morbidity over the years in the USSR]. / Analiz mnogoletnei dinamiki zabolevaemosti tifo-paratifoznymi infektsiiami v SSSR.

Statistical materials of recording the number of patients and of the typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in Russia and the USSR from 1891 to 1976 was studied. A stable tendency to reduction of this morbidity was noted. In analysing the empirical and flattened--by 3 and 5 points--curves of the number of patients and the morbidity level a regularity of declining morbidity rises was revealed. Elevation periodicity persisted, despite the reduction of morbidity level. The mean duration of the whole cycle constituted 12 years. The period of increasing morbidity from minimal to maximal in each cycle constituted 4 years, and of the declination period--8 years. Formalized empirical series of the number of patients and of the morbidity level deviated from 1908 to 1956 not more than by 1 year from the formalized basic curve. Cyclic changes of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity should be taken into consideration in determining the efficacy of prophylatic measures, particularly of mass vaccination.