Health Literacy and Awareness of Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia in adults and a major risk factor for ischemic stroke. Nonetheless, previous research suggests that many individuals diagnosed with AF lack awareness about their diagnosis and inadequate health literacy may be an important contributing factor to this finding. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the association between health literacy and awareness of an AF diagnosis in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California adults diagnosed with AF between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2009. Using self-reported questionnaire data completed between May 1, 2010 and September 30, 2010, awareness of an AF diagnosis was evaluated using the question "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have a heart rhythm problem called atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter?" and health literacy was assessed using a validated 3-item instrument examining problems because of reading, understanding, and filling out medical forms. Of the 12 517 patients diagnosed with AF, 14.5% were not aware of their AF diagnosis and 20.4% had inadequate health literacy. Patients with inadequate health literacy were less likely to be aware of their AF diagnosis compared with patients with adequate health literacy (prevalence ratio=0.96; 95% CI [0.94, 0.98]), adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Lower health literacy is independently associated with less awareness of AF diagnosis. Strategies designed to increase patient awareness of AF and its complications are warranted among individuals with limited health literacy.

Long-term symptom improvement and patient satisfaction following catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia: insights from the German ablation registry.

AIMS: To analyse outcomes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) ablations performed within a prospective German Ablation Quality Registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 12 566 patients who underwent catheter ablation of SVT between January 2007 and January 2010 to treat atrial fibrillation (AFIB, 37.2% of procedures), atrial flutter (AFL, 29.9%), atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT, 23.2%), atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (6.3%), and focal atrial tachycardia (AT, 3.4%) were prospectively collected. Patients were followed for at least 1 year. The periprocedural success rate was 96.3%, ranging from 84.3% (focal AT) to 98.9% (AVNRT). Kaplan-Meier mortality estimate at 1 year was 1.4% overall, and as high as 2.6% in the AFL group and 2.8% in the focal AT group. Recurrence of ablated or another symptomatic SVT was observed in 3783 (32.6%) of patients, ranging from 17.2% (AVNRT) to 45.6% (AFIB). Repeat ablation was performed in 12.0% of patients. After 1 year, 74.1% of survivors perceived ablation therapy as successful, 15.7% as partly successful, and 9.6% as unsuccessful. Even in those patients with arrhythmia recurrence, 76.0% perceived ablation as successful or partly successful and 89.6% would still undergo repeat ablation in the same institution. CONCLUSION: Ablation therapy for SVT is a safe procedure bringing symptomatic improvement and satisfaction to three quarters of patients after 1 year. Even in patients with arrhythmia recurrence, a high satisfaction level and adherence to the ablating institution could be documented. Strikingly high mortality and stroke rates in follow-up were observed in AFL patients, who apparently need consistent long-term anticoagulation and more medical attention.

The influence of depression and anxiety symptoms on health-related quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.

BACKGROUND: The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) is an important issue in cardiovascular health management. Determinants of poor HRQoL of AF/AFL patients require further elucidation. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing factors related to the HRQoL of AF/AFL patients. METHODS: In 150 consecutively recruited patients in a multicenter, cross-sectional study from April 2010 to February 2011, depression and anxiety were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory II and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively, whereas HRQoL was assessed with the generic Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short-Form Survey version 2 and the Symptom Checklist. Linear regression modeling was performed to determine predictors of HRQoL among variables, including the patients' age, gender, race, marital status, type of AF/AFL, frequency of AF/AFL symptoms, time since diagnosis, and anxiety and depression symptoms. RESULTS: Female patients with AF/AFL reported poorer physical HRQoL than male patients did (P < .001, R² = 0.391). Symptoms of depression and anxiety were found to be associated with poorer HRQoL (P < .001, R² = 0.482). Anxiety was the strongest predictor of the mental component of the Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short-Form Survey version 2 and the Symptom Checklist. Younger patients had worse AF/AFL-related symptoms and severity than older patients did (P < .001, R² = 0.302). Increased frequency of symptomatic episodes was associated with worse AF/AFL-related symptoms and severity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, depression and anxiety symptoms and female gender emerged as clear indicators of poor HRQoL in AF/AFL patients. These risk factors should be used to identify patients who may require additional evaluation and treatment efforts to manage their cardiac conditions or HRQoL. Interventions to improve HRQoL in these individuals require further investigation.

Watching soccer is not associated with an increase in cardiac events.

BACKGROUND: It remains controversial, whether spectators of soccer matches are exposed to an increased risk of cardiac events. In 2006, the Soccer World Cup (SWC) took place in Germany and provided an excellent opportunity to assess the effects of emotional stress on cardiac events in a large cohort of soccer enthusiasts in the region of Bavaria. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Bavarian Council for Statistics and Data Management for the period of SWC (June 9-July 9, 2006) and reference periods (SWCRef; May 1-July 31, 2005; May 1-June 8, 2006 and July 10-31, 2006) for the following diagnoses: myocardial infarction; myocardial re-infarction; cardiac arrest; paroxysmal tachycardia; atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter; all remaining tachyarrhythmias. Data were compared to the seven days during the tournament, on which the German team played (SWCGerman), the rest of the SWC period (i.e. the days the German team did not play, 24 days, SWCRest) and SWCRef (61 days). RESULTS: There was neither a significant increase (p>0.433) in total cardiac events in Bavaria per day during SWCGerman (161.1 ± 46.7) or SWCRest (170.5 ± 52.3) as compared to the SWCRef (176.2 ± 51.8), nor in any investigated diagnosis. After controlling for age, gender, loss of a match, outside temperature and nitric-dioxide air pollution levels the results remained essentially unchanged. CONCLUSION: Watching soccer was not associated with an increased incidence of cardiac events, regardless of whether the home team played or not. These data further support the hypothesis that spectators of sporting events are not exposed to an increased risk of cardiac events.

Health-related quality of life in different clinical subgroups with typical AFL who have undergone cavo-tricuspid isthmus ablation.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in different sub-groups of a cohort of patients with typical atrial flutter (AFL) treated with cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) radiofrequency catheter ablation. METHODS: 95 consecutive patients due to undergo CTI ablation were enrolled in a study involving their completion of two SF-36 HRQOL questionnaires, before ablation and at one-year follow-up. RESULTS: 88 of the initial 95 patients finished the study. Regardless of whether patients experienced atrial fibrillation (AF) during follow-up, a statistically significant improvement in HRQOL was observed, compared with pre-ablation scores and in all dimensions except Bodily Pain. However, patients without AF during follow-up had significantly higher absolute HRQOL scores in most dimensions. No differences were seen in most HRQOL dimensions, with respect to AFL type (paroxysmal, persistent) or duration, whether AFL was first-episode or recurrent, Class I-III drug dependent, sex, or presence of structural heart disease or tachycardiomyopathy. Patients with persistent AFL showed the greatest improvement in HRQOL when they also had a ventricular cycle length ≤500 ms. The combination of recurrent AFL, ventricular cycle length ≤500 ms and structural heart disease led to a significantly greater improvement in physical HRQOL dimensions than did first-episode AFL, no structural heart disease and ventricular cycle >500 ms. The only independent factor associated with a greater improvement was structural cardiopathy. CONCLUSIONS: CTI-ablation treatment leads to a significant improvement in HRQOL in patients with typical AFL. Patients with AF during follow-up show a significantly lower HRQOL at one-year post-ablation. The only independent risk factor found to be associated with a greater improvement in the physical summary component was structural cardiopathy.

[Quality of life differences in patients with typical atrial flutter following cavotricuspid isthmus ablation]. / Diferencias en la calidad de vida en pacientes con flutter auricular típico sometidos a ablación del istmo cavotricuspídeo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess and measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) changes in patients with typical atrial flutter following catheter ablation. The outcome was standardized and normalized to the Spanish population adjusted by age and sex. METHODS: Ninety-five consecutive patients who had undergone cavotricuspid isthmus ablation were included. The SF-36 questionnaire was self-administered before the procedure and at 1-year follow-up. We used the effect size and the standardized response mean as measures of responsiveness to quantify the change in HRQoL and the minimum clinically important difference to assess the smallest difference in score that patients perceived as beneficial. RESULTS: Of the 95 patients initially included, 88 completed the 1-year follow-up. We observed a large improvement (effect size ≥0.8) on the physical functioning, role-physical , general health, and vitality scales and on the physical component summary. We detected a moderate improvement (effect size ≥0.5) on the role-emotional, social functioning, and mental health scales and on the mental component summary. On all scales except bodily pain and social activity, the improvement was clinically perceived by patients. CONCLUSIONS: A clinically significant improvement in HRQoL measures was found in patients with typical atrial flutter who underwent cavotricuspid isthmus catheter ablation.

Anger and hostility predict the development of atrial fibrillation in men in the Framingham Offspring Study.

BACKGROUND: Conflicting findings in the literature with regard to the ability of type A behavior, expressions of anger, or hostility to predict incident coronary heart disease (CHD) have created controversy. In addition, there are no prospective studies relating these characteristics to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: From 1984 to 1987, 3873 men and women, 18 to 77 years of age, participating in the Framingham Offspring Study, were examined and monitored for 10 years for the incidence of CHD, AF, and total mortality. Measures of type A behavior, anger, hostility, and risk factors for CHD and AF were collected at the baseline examination. After controlling for age, diabetes, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, history of congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease in Cox proportional hazards models, trait-anger (RR=1.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4; P=0.04), symptoms of anger (RR=1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4; P=0.008), and hostility (RR=1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5; P=0.003) were predictive of 10-year incidence of AF in men. After controlling for risk factors for CHD, none of the measures of anger, type A behavior, or hostility were related to incident CHD; however, trait-anger (RR=1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.4; P<0.01) was related to total mortality in men. None of the psychosocial variables were related to the 3 outcomes in women. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine and demonstrate a predictive relation between measures of anger and hostility to the development of AF in men. As opposed to type A behavior, measures of anger and hostility may be more productive avenues for research in studying the risk of arrhythmias and total mortality in men.

Psychometric properties of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF-Q).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF-Q) in patients with atrial fibrillation. DESIGN: A prospective study of the patients who underwent DC electrical cardioversion. SETTING: Clinics of cardiology and thoracic surgery of the University Hospital in Groningen, the Netherlands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The disease-specific MLHF-Q and generic measures of quality of life were administered. The sensitivity to change over time was tested with effect sizes (ES). Internal consistency of MLHF-Q scales was estimated with Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate the construct validity multitrait-multimethod analysis was applied. The 'known group validity' was evaluated by the comparison of mean scores and effect sizes between two groups of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (NYHA I versus II-III). Stability of MLHF-Q scales was estimated in a subgroup of patients who remained stable. Perfect congruence analysis and factor analysis were applied to confirm the a priori determined structure. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was > or = 0.80 of the MLHF-Q scales. Perfect congruence analysis (PCA) showed that the results resemble quite well the a priori assumed factor structure. Multitrait-multimethod analysis showed convergent validity coefficients ranging from 0.59 to 0.73 (physical impairment dimension) and 0.39 to 0.69 (emotional dimension). The magnitude of change can be interpreted as medium (ES = 0.50). The results of a 'test-retest' analysis in a stable group can be valued as satisfactory for the MLHF-Q scales (Pearson's r > 0.60). The physical dimension and the overall score of the MLHF-Q discriminated significantly between the NYHA I and II-III groups (p < 0.001) with large effect sizes (ES > 1.0).

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of common atrial flutter: significance of palpitations and quality-of-life evaluation in patients with proven isthmus block.

BACKGROUND: Creation of a complete bidirectional inferior vena cava-tricuspid annulus isthmus block (CBIB) by radiofrequency catheter ablation is now a well-accepted criterion for prevention of common atrial flutter (AFl) recurrences. However, some patients still complain of palpitations after ablation, and it is not known whether these are related to AFl recurrences or to other arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 100 consecutive patients referred to our institution for AFl ablation, CBIB was created in 83. There were 54 patients (group A) in whom AFl was the only documented arrhythmia before ablation and 29 patients (group B) in whom atrial fibrillation (AFib) had been documented in addition to AFl. An electrophysiological control study was performed in 40 patients 1 to 3 months after ablation. Arrhythmic events, medications, and functional status were evaluated at midterm follow-up (n=77; 14. 7+/-8.4 months; range, 4 to 34 months). The SF-36 questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist--Frequency and Severity Scale specific for cardiac arrhythmia were used to assess quality of life in 63 patients at long-term follow-up (27.1+/-8.5 months). Recurrence of AFl was documented in only 1 patient 6 months after ablation. AFib was recorded in 28 patients (36.4%), and atypical AFl was found in 3 patients. Thirty-two group A patients (66.7%) and 17 group B patients (58.6%) were still arrhythmia free at midterm follow-up. Even at long-term follow-up and in group B patients, AFl ablation was followed by a clear improvement in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Palpitations after creation of CBIB are due mostly to AFib but not to AFl recurrence. This technique provides a significant and persistent clinical benefit and may suppress all atrial arrhythmia in a subset of patients suffering from both AFl and AFib.