Loneliness During the School Years: How It Affects Learning and How Schools Can Help.

BACKGROUND: Substantial evidence links loneliness to poor academic outcomes and poor employment prospects. Schools have been shown to be places that mitigate or aggravate loneliness, suggesting a need to consider how schools can better support youth experiencing loneliness. METHODS: We conducted a narrative review on loneliness in childhood and adolescence to examine the literature on how loneliness changes over the school years and how it influences learning. We also examined whether there were increases in loneliness because of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures, and whether schools can be places for loneliness interventions/prevention. FINDINGS: Studies describe how loneliness becomes more prevalent during the adolescent years and why that is the case. Loneliness is associated with poor academic outcomes and poor health behaviors that impact learning or turn students away from education. Research shows that loneliness increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that creating positive social classroom environments, where teacher and classmate support are available, is crucial in combatting youth loneliness. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptations to the school climate can be made to meet the needs of all students, reducing loneliness. Investigation of the impacts of school-based loneliness prevention/intervention is crucial.

Producción imaginativo-reflexiva infantil en talleres clínico-narrativos / Produção imaginativa-reflexiva infantil em oficinas clínico-narrativas / Children's imaginative-reflective production in clinical-narrative workshops / Production imaginative-réfléchissante pour les enfants dans les ateliers cliniques-narratifs

Resumen El trabajo se centra en la variable subjetiva del aprendizaje: busca identificar las transformaciones psíquicas de seis niños en su tránsito por un dispositivo clínico mediado por cuentos (taller narrativo). El trabajo de campo se desarrolló en una escuela pública, con niños de 6 y 7 años, con pronóstico pedagógico desfavorable. Una herramienta informática organiza el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la producción discursiva infantil. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto un incremento de dicha producción a medida que se fueron desarrollando los talleres y un menor requerimiento de participación del equipo coordinador. Sin embargo, se observa una tendencia decreciente de la producción imaginativo-reflexiva que motiva a focalizar el presente texto en esa dimensión y a dar cuenta de sus posibles causas.

Resumo O trabalho centra-se na variável subjetiva do aprendizado: procura identificar as transformações psíquicas de seis crianças em seu trânsito por um dispositivo clínico mediado por contos (oficina narrativa). O trabalho de campo foi realizado em uma escola pública, com crianças de 6 e 7 anos com prognóstico pedagógico desfavorável. Uma ferramenta informática organiza a análise qualitativa e quantitativa da produção discursiva infantil. Os resultados indicam um incremento dessa produção conforme as oficinas foram se desenvolvendo e uma menor exigência de participação da equipe de coordenação. Contudo, observa-se uma tendência decrescente da produção imaginativa-reflexiva que motiva o presente artigo a focalizar nessa dimensão e a dar conta das suas possíveis causas.

Abstract The work focuses on the subjective variable of learning: it aims at identifying psychic transformations in six children within a story-mediated clinical setting (narrative workshop). Field work was conducted in a public school, with children aged six and seven characterized by an unfavorable pedagogical prognosis. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of children's discursive production was analyzed using a software tool, with results showing an increase in discursive production throughout the narrative workshops and a decreasing need for the coordinating team's participation. Nevertheless, a decreasing trend in imaginative-reflective production was observed, driving the team to focus the analysis on that dimension and to attempt at explaining its possible causes.

Résumé Le travail se concentre sur la variable subjective de l'apprentissage : il cherche à identifier les transformations psychiques de six enfants en transit à travers un dispositif clinique à médiation narrative (atelier narratif). Le travail de terrain a été réalisé dans une école publique, avec des enfants de 6 et 7 ans, avec un pronostic pédagogique défavorable. Un outil informatique organise l'analyse qualitative et quantitative de la production discursive des enfants. Les résultats montrent une augmentation de cette production au fur et à mesure du développement des ateliers et une moindre exigence de participation de l'équipe de coordination. Cependant, il y a une tendance à la baisse dans la production imaginative-réfléchissante qui nous motive à concentrer ce texte sur cette dimension et à rendre compte de ses causes possibles.

The process of attrition in pre-medical studies: A large-scale analysis across 102 schools.

The important but difficult choice of vocational trajectory often takes place in college, beginning with majoring in a subject and taking relevant coursework. Of all possible disciplines, pre-medical studies are often not a formally defined major but pursued by a substantial proportion of the college population. Understanding students' experiences with pre-med coursework is valuable and understudied, as most research on medical education focuses on the later medical school and residency. We examined the pattern and predictors of attrition at various milestones along the pre-med coursework track during college. Using a College Board dataset, we analyzed a sample of 15,442 students spanning 102 institutions who began their post-secondary education in years between 2006 and 2009. We examined whether students fulfilled the required coursework to remain eligible for medical schools at several milestones: 1) one semester of general chemistry, biology, physics, 2) two semesters of general chemistry, biology, physics, 3) one semester of organic chemistry, and 4) either the second semester of organic chemistry or one semester of biochemistry, and predictors of persistence at each milestone. Only 16.5% of students who intended to major in pre-med graduate college with the required coursework for medical schools. Attrition rates are highest initially but drop as students take more advanced courses. Predictors of persistence include academic preparedness before college (e.g., SAT scores, high school GPA) and college performance (e.g., grades in pre-med courses). Students who perform better academically both in high school and in college courses are more likely to remain eligible for medical school.

Exploring why we learn from productive failure: insights from the cognitive and learning sciences.

Advances in Health Sciences Education (AHSE) has been at the forefront of the cognitive wave in health professions education for the past 25 years. One example is research on productive failure, a teaching strategy that asks learners to attempt to generate solutions to difficult problems before receiving instruction. This study compared the effectiveness of productive failure with indirect failure to further characterize the underpinning cognitive mechanisms of productive failure. Year one pharmacy students (N = 42) were randomly assigned to a productive failure or an indirect failure learning condition. The problem of estimating renal function based on serum creatinine was described to participants in the productive failure learning condition, who were then asked to generate a solution. Participants in the indirect failure condition learned about the same problem and were given incorrect solutions that other students had created, as well as the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and asked to compare and contrast the equations. Immediately thereafter all participants completed a series of tests designed to assess acquisition, application, and preparation for future learning (PFL). The tests were repeated after a 1-week delay. Participants in the productive failure condition outperformed those in the indirect failure condition, both on the immediate PFL assessment, and after a 1-week delay. These results emphasize the crucial role of generation in learning. When preparing novice students to learn new knowledge in the future, generating solutions to problems prior to instruction may be more effective than simply learning about someone else's mistakes. Struggle and failure are most productive when experienced personally by a learner because it requires the learner to engage in generation, which deepens conceptual understanding.

Social Anxiety Status of Left-Behind Children in Rural Areas of Hunan Province and its Relationship with Loneliness.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the situation of social anxiety among left-behind children in rural areas of Hunan Province, China, and to study the effect of social anxiety on loneliness. METHODOLOGY: A total of 797 left-behind children were selected from rural areas in Hunan Province, China. The basic information questionnaire for left-behind children, Social Anxiety Scale for Children, Perceived Social Support Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale were used for investigation. RESULTS: (1) The social anxiety score of left-behind children in China is 6.84 ± 4.28, higher than non-left-behind children, and the score of boys is lower than that of girls, with no significant difference. The score of left-behind children in grade 5 is significantly lower than that of left-behind children in other grades. (2) The overall loneliness score is 16.30 ± 5.10, higher than non-left-behind children, and the score of boys is significantly higher than that of girls. (3) Social anxiety has a significant positive predictive effect on loneliness (P < 0.01). Regression analysis shows that social anxiety not only affects loneliness directly, but also affects loneliness indirectly through the mediating role of perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS: Social anxiety is a risk factor for loneliness of left-behind children in rural areas. In the influence of social anxiety on loneliness, social support plays a partial mediating role.

Repercussões do encaminhamento/atendimento psicológico na vida de jovens estudantes / Repercussions of referral/psychological care in the lives of young students / Repercusiones de la remisión/atención psicológica en la vida de jóvenes estudiantes

O texto tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir resultados de pesquisa que investigou as repercussões dos encaminhamentos/atendimentos psicológicos decorrentes de queixas escolares a que foram submetidos jovens residentes em Porto Velho-RO. Fundamentada em referenciais da psicologia escolar crítica, a pesquisa utilizou um roteiro de entrevista para ouvir quatro jovens com idades entre 22 e 29 anos e suas mães, transcorridos mais de 10 anos dos encaminhamentos. A análise buscou compreender a história de cada sujeito e, em seguida, os aspectos comuns a todas elas. Os resultados evidenciam o sofrimento gerado pela condição de não aprender na escola e indicam que os atendimentos recebidos foram no viés clínico, sem considerar os processos de escolarização que deram origem às queixas; demonstram, ainda, que os encaminhamentos para profissionais da saúde produziram efeitos subjetivos que não resultaram em melhorias no processo de escolarização. Ao contrário, reforçaram e contribuíram para que os sujeitos criassem visões de si mesmos piores do que aquelas que geraram os encaminhamentos. Conclui-se que compreensões mais amplas sobre os processos de não aprender na escola, incluindo a produção da escola na sociedade capitalista são imprescindíveis para a atuação crítica da psicologia nas questões escolares.

This study aims to present and discuss the results of research that investigated the repercussions of psychological referrals resulting from school complaints reported by young residents in Porto Velho, Rondônia. Based on the school psychology scientific frame, the study used an interview script to listen to four young students between the ages of 22 and 29, with more than 10 years of refer-rals, and their mothers. The analysis sought to understand each person's story and, subsequently, the common aspects to all of them. The results demonstrated the suffering generated by the non-learning condition in the school and shows that the services that were offered were clinical biased, and did not consider the schooling processes that gave rise to the complaints. The analysis also shows that referrals to health professionals produced subjective effects that did not result in improvements to the schooling process. On the contrary, they actually reinforced and contributed to the students creating worse perspectives about themselves than what the referral originally had been based on. It was concluded that broader understandings of the non-learning processes in school, including school production in a capitalist society, are indispensable for the critical action of psychology in school issues.

El texto tiene por objetivo presentar y discutir resultados de la investigación que indago las repercusiones de las remisiones/atención psicológica resultantes de quejas escolares a las que se sometieron jóvenes residentes en Porto Velho-RO. Basado en referencias de la psicología escolar crítica, la investigación utilizó un guion de entrevista para escuchar a cuatro jóvenes entre 22 y 29 años y sus madres, más de 10 años después de haber sido remitidos. El análisis buscó comprender la historia de cada sujeto y, posteriormente, los aspectos comunes entre ellas. Los resultados demuestran el sufrimiento generado por la condición de no aprender en la escuela e indican que la atención recibida fue desde el sesgo clínico, sin considerar los procesos de escolarización que dieron origen a las quejas; demostrando, además, que las remisiones para profesionales de la salud produjeron efectos subjetivos que no resultaron en mejoras en el proceso de escolarización. Al contrario, reforzaron y contribuyeron para que los sujetos crearan visiones de sí mismos peores que aquellas que generaron las remisiones. Se concluye que las comprensiones más amplias sobre los procesos de no aprender en la escuela, incluyendo la producción de la escuela en la sociedad capitalista, son imprescindibles para la actuación crítica de la psicología en las cuestiones escolares.

Life satisfaction and social anxiety among left-behind children in rural China: The mediating role of loneliness.

This study examined the mediating effects of loneliness in the relationship between social anxiety and life satisfaction. Four hundred and forty two left-behind children in rural China, who completed the Social Anxiety Subscale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale, participated in the study. Results indicated that compared with both parent migration children, the scores of life satisfaction in the mother-only and father-only migration children were strongly higher, but did not differ across genders and ages. Additionally, social anxiety and loneliness negative predicted life satisfaction. More important, the mediation analysis revealed a partial mediating effect of loneliness in the links from social anxiety to life satisfaction. These findings call on more attention from the government and related sectors of society, and propose that loneliness improvement program may have a preventive function for promoting the life satisfaction among left-behind children.

Características neuro-psicopedagógicas de las dificultades de aprendizaje escolar: un estudio de caso / Neuro-psychopedagogical characteristics of school learning difficulties: a case study

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las características neuropsicopedagógicas de un niño con dificultades escolares y de comportamiento. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso con un participante de 11 años de edad, quien durante la investigación cursaba el grado quinto de básica primaria en una institución educativa de carácter privado del municipio de Itagüí, Antioquia. Los instrumentos aplicados para la evaluación fueron: el Test Breve de Inteligencia de KAUFMAN (K-BIT), la Batería Psicopedagógica EVALÚA - 5, el Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (CDS) y una entrevista semiestructurada para padres y docentes, relacionada con los aspectos del desarrollo, el aprendizaje y la conducta del estudiante. Los resultados demostraron que el niño presentaba un coeficiente intelectual dentro de los parámetros normales y las principales dificultades se encontraron en el contexto familiar-social, lo que permitió evidenciar que el rendimiento escolar es el resultado de la interacción de diferentes factores que abarcan componentes cognitivos, del neurodesarrollo, emocionales, familiares y contextuales. Así mismo, se evidenció que las dificultades en el comportamiento asociadas al contexto escolar no siempre están relacionadas con trastornos del aprendizaje o de la conducta. Se hace necesaria la obtención de este tipo de perfiles neuropsicopedagógicos con el fin de establecer rutas de intervención pertinentes y eficaces que incorporen las características cognitivas individuales, los vínculos socio afectivos, el entorno social, escolar, y la dinámica familiar del estudiante.

This article aims to present the neuropsychopedagogical characteristics of a child with school and behavior difficulties. A case study was carried out with an 11-year- old participant, who during the research was studying the fifth grade of elementary school in a private educational institution in the municipality of Itagüí, Antioquia. The instruments applied for the evaluation were: the KAUFMAN Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the EVALÚA Psychopedagogical Battery­5, the Depression Questionnaire for Children (CDS) and a semi-structured interview for parents and teachers, related to aspects of development, learning and behavior of the student. The results showed that the child had an IQ within normal parameters and the main difficulties were found in the social family context, which allowed to show that school performance is the result of the interaction of different factors, which include cognitive, neurodevelopmental, emotional, family and contextual components. It was also evidenced that behavioral difficulties associated with the school context are not always related to learning or conduct disorders. Obtaining this type of neuropsychopedagogical profiles is necessary in order to establish relevant and effective intervention routes, which incorporate individual cognitive characteristics, socio-affective ties, the social and school environment and the student's family dynamics.

Lecturas de Piaget en América Latina: Emilia Ferreiro, la lectoescritura y el fracaso escolar / Leituras de Piaget na América Latina: Emilia Ferreiro, alfabetização e fracasso escolar / Piaget readings in Latin America: Emilia Ferreiro, literacy and school failure

Se presentan las transformaciones en la lectura y utilización de la teoría de Piaget que desarrollaron en la Argentina en la década de 1970, y cómo estas recogieron importantes problemáticas sociales de su tiempo. En primer lugar se presenta la labor de Emilia Ferreiro, sus antecedentes formativos y la investigación que dio lugar a la publicación del libro Los sistemas de escritura en el desarrollo del niño (Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1979). Luego se destacan las innovaciones que ese texto produjo en la época: la introducción de una lectura novedosa de la teoría de Piaget; la utilización de conceptos de psicología genética en un campo nuevo; la realización de una investigación empírica desde el método piagetiano; la localización del problema del acceso a la lectoescritura y su relación con el fracaso escolar involucrando aspectos hasta ese momento invisibilizados, como la pobreza y la desigualdad social en América Latina. Finalmente se analiza la recepción del texto en la Argentina, donde aparecen las marcas de la dictadura militar, como el exilio, la censura y la clandestinidad; el encuentro con el texto de Ferreiro muestra una cara de la persecución ejercida sobre los intelectuales y las formas clandestinas de circulación de saberes que una generación profesional enfrentó.(AU)

O texto apresenta as transformações na leitura e utilização da teoria de Piaget na Argentina na década de 1970, e como foram estes trabalhos levantaram importantes questões sociais da época . Primeiro, introduz-se o trabalho de Ferreiro, sua formação educacional e as pesquisas que levaram à publicação do livro Psicogênese da língua escrita (Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1979). Em seguida, apresentam-se as inovações que esse texto produziu na época: uma nova leitura da teoria de Piaget na mídia acadêmica da Argentina; a utilização da psicologia genética em um novo campo; a realização de uma pesquisa empírica a partir do método piagetiano; a localização do problema do acesso à alfabetização e sua relação com o fracasso escolar, envolvendo aspectos até então invisíveis, como a pobreza e a desigualdade social na América Latina. Finalmente, expomos os avatares da recepção do texto na Argentina, aí aparecendo as marcas da ditadura militar, como o exílio, a censura e a clandestinidade; o encontro com o texto de Ferreiro mostra o rosto da perseguição exercida sobre os intelectuais e as formas clandestinas de circulação de conhecimento que uma geração profissional teve que enfrentar.(AU)

Transformations in readings and use of the theory of Piaget in Argentina in the 1970s are presented, and how they collected social important problems of their time. First, we present the work of Emilia Ferreiro, his educational background and the research that led to the publication of the book Literacy before schooling (Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1979). Then we highlight the innovations that that text introduced: a novel reading of Piaget's theory in the academic media of Argentina; the qualification of genetic psychology concepts in a new field; an empirical research process from the Piagetian method; To place the problem of access to literacy and its relation to school failure, involving aspects that until then have been invisible, such as poverty and social inequality in Latin America. Finally we expose the vicissitudes of the reception in Argentina, were they appeared the marks of the military dictatorship, such as exile, censorship and clandestinity; the encounter with Ferreiro's text shows one side of the persecution exerted on the intellectuals and clandestine forms of circulation of knowledge that a professional generation had to face.(AU)

Not Learning From Failure-the Greatest Failure of All.

Our society celebrates failure as a teachable moment. Yet in five studies (total N = 1,674), failure did the opposite: It undermined learning. Across studies, participants answered binary-choice questions, following which they were told they answered correctly (success feedback) or incorrectly (failure feedback). Both types of feedback conveyed the correct answer, because there were only two answer choices. However, on a follow-up test, participants learned less from failure feedback than from success feedback. This effect was replicated across professional, linguistic, and social domains-even when learning from failure was less cognitively taxing than learning from success and even when learning was incentivized. Participants who received failure feedback also remembered fewer of their answer choices. Why does failure undermine learning? Failure is ego threatening, which causes people to tune out. Participants learned less from personal failure than from personal success, yet they learned just as much from other people's failure as from others' success. Thus, when ego concerns are muted, people tune in and learn from failure.

Analysis of Clinical Education Situation (ACES) Framework: identifying the root cause of student Failure in the United States.

Doctor of Physical Therapy preparation requires extensive time in precepted clinical education which involves multiple stakeholders. Student outcomes in clinical education are impacted by many factors, and, in the case of failure, it can be challenging to determine which factors played a primary role in the poor result. Using existing root-cause analysis processes, the authors developed and implemented a framework designed to identify the causes of student clinical education failure. The framework, when applied to a specific student failure event, identified specific factors that contributed to the situation and revealed opportunities for improvement in both the clinical and academic environments. A root-cause analysis framework can help to drive change at the programmatic level, and future studies should focus on the framework's application to a variety of clinical and didactic settings.

Emergency medicine residency fact board: Why our attempt to encourage on-shift learning failed.

Residents commonly feel that a lack of time is a significant barrier in keeping up-to-date with both medical knowledge and literature. In this study, we addressed that barrier by placing an iPad-based live fact feed in the resident workroom of our emergency department, therefore allowing for passive learning while on shift. We hypothesized that residents with access to the live feed would score higher on monthly post-curriculum block exams. We ended up finding that the residents actually prefer a more active approach to learning and that many more people in the emergency department other than the residents benefitted from the fact board.

Face a uma cultura que não faz mais abrigo: o discurso sobre o "mal da juventude" / Frente a una cultura que ya no se cobija: el discurso sobre "el mal de la juventud" / Faced with a culture that no longer provides support: the discourse on "the evil of youth"

Apoiado em encontros clínicos, experiências de formação e pesquisa em ciências da educação, este artigo relaciona alguns dos impasses dos adolescentes na escola com os novos modos de transmissão e os processos de moralização do discurso escolar. Essas remodelações, que são efeitos do discurso capitalista, parecem produzir formas de desligamento ético dos adultos, deixando os jovens diante de um Outro que não faz mais um abrigo ou uma lei. Essas observações nos obrigam a refletir sobre as apostas do discurso psicanalítico na formação universitária e a atualizar os desafios.

Con base en los encuentros clínicos, en las experiencias de formación y en la investigación en ciencias de la educación, este artículo asocia algunos de los impasses de los adolescentes en la escuela con las nuevas formas de transmisión y los procesos de moralización del discurso escolar. Estos cambios, que son efectos del "discurso capitalista", parecen producir formas de desenganche ético de los adultos, dejando a los jóvenes frente a un Otro que ya no tiene un techo ni una Ley. Estas observaciones nos obligan a reflexionar sobre los retos del discurso psicoanalítico en la formación universitaria y a actualizar los desafíos.

Supported by clinical encounters, training and research experiences in educational sciences, this article links some of the impasses of adolescents in school with the new modes of transmission and the processes of moralization of school discourse. These changes, which are effects of the "capitalist discourse", seem to produce forms of ethical disengagement among adults, leaving young people in the face of an Other who no longer provides support or a Law. These observations force us to reflect on the stakes of psychoanalytic discourse in academic courses and to update the challenges.

Relationship between mental health and awareness of the knowledge on mental health in left-behind middle school students.

To explore the relationship between mental health of left-behind middle school students and awareness of mental health.Using cluster sampling method to select 428 left-behind middle school students in Jinan, using the mental health scale of middle school students and self-compiled mental health cognitive attitude questionnaire.We found left-behind middle school students' mental health level of force, paranoia, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, learning pressure, maladjustment, mood swings, the psychological imbalance and total score were significant difference compared with the norm of middle school students (t = 10.67, 3.86, 3.78, 7.54, 2.51, 10.18, 8.79, 3.54, 6.56, -2.13, 6.83, P < .05). The top 5 detection rates of psychological moderate health problems are learning stress, anxiety, force, emotional instability and interpersonal sensitivity. There were significant differences in the scores of left-behind middle school students with different awareness of mental health knowledge (F = 4.880, P < .01) and emotional instability (F = 4.51 4, P < .05). The awareness of mental health knowledge was significantly negatively correlated with the total score of mental health, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, maladjustment, emotional instability, and psychological imbalance scores. (r = 0.135, 0.182, 0.194, 0.189, -0.2, 0.124, P < .05).Left-behind middle school students' psychological health status is poorer, and closely related with the awareness of the knowledge on mental health; to improve the level of cognitive evaluation of left-behind middle school students on mental health is expected to improve their psychological health.

Evaluation of the Interplay Between Homework Motivation and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Youth With ADHD: Associations With Homework Performance.

Objective: This study evaluated which Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) factors (i.e., Slow, Sleepy, Daydreamer) are most strongly associated with homework motivation, and whether homework motivation mediates the path between SCT and academic impairment. Method: Participants were 285 middle school students (boys 209) in Grades 6 to 8 (ages 10-15 years) who were comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. Results: Parent- and self-report of SCT Slow behaviors predicted homework motivation above and beyond symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, and intelligence. The mediation models tested were multi-informant and cross-rater (parent-report of SCT to self-report of motivation to teacher-report of homework problems), and suggest that low motivation may help explain the associations between SCT and functional impairment. Conclusion: SCT and motivation are significantly associated constructs. Clinically, youth with ADHD and comorbid SCT may be more likely to present with low motivation, placing them at risk for academic failure. The manuscript discusses potential clinical implications of these findings.

[Children with high potential and difficulties: Contributions of clinical research]. / Les enfants à haut potentiel en difficulté : apports de la recherche clinique.

We have been sensitized to children with high intellectual potential (HIP) having difficulties given the number of children consulting in our outpatient medico-psychological centres for scholastic problems (possibly leading to school failure), anxiety disorders or behavioral disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and in which a high intellectual potential was discovered during psychological assessments. It is the contrast, and more precisely the paradox, between the high intellectual potential of these children and their scholastic difficulties (including school failure), and the psychic suffering expressed by some of them, which led us to question, challenge and propose therapeutic and educational care adapted to these children. It is in this context that we created in December 2005 the CNAHP (National Center for Assistance to High Potential children and adolescents) which is a public centre integrated into the hospital-university department of child and adolescent psychiatry at Rennes. It is noteworthy that not all children with HIP have difficulties, and children with school failure or behavioral problems are not always children with HIP. However, it is necessary not to minimize the problem raised by children with HIP with difficulties by ignoring its frequency or by considering that these children are "intelligent" enough to manage by themselves and do not need to be helped, whereas some of them can show school failure and even be de-scholarized. Indeed, based on the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) of an intellectual Quotient (IQ) above 130 (level corresponding to a statistical threshold), the frequency of children with HIP represents 2.3% of the population of schoolchildren aged 6 to 16. The frequency is therefore not so rare. However, it remains to be determined by French epidemiological studies what is the actual frequency of children with difficulties within a population of children with HIP. The analysis of the CNAHP research data from a clinical population (children with HIP consulting for difficulties) highlights that children with HIP can show major school problems (including school failure, defined here as having or foreseeing repetition of a grade), which corresponds to 7.5% of 611 children with HIP consulting at the CNAHP) and socioemotional problems (emotional regulation disorders) in relation to their high intellectual potential. In particular, anxiety disorders were the most frequent psychiatric disorders observed in this population (40.5%) and were significantly associated with high verbal potential. This significant association requires further studies to avoid establishing a simplistic unidirectional and reductive linear cause-effect relationships. Indeed, a high verbal potential can elicit and/or reinforce anxiety-producing representations, but anxiety disorders may also lead to a defensive over investment of verbal language. The results are discussed in this article and suggest that scholastic and/or psychological difficulties encountered by some children with HIP can be related to their high intellectual potential. It is necessary to develop therapeutic and educational care adapted to these children from a better understanding, based on research results, of their possible difficulties but also cognitive abilities. Even when children with HIP have scholastic and/or psychological difficulties, some of their cognitive skills can be preserved contrary to appearances, with for example, as seen in the CNAHP results, excellent attentional capacities shown by cognitive tests contrasting with behavioral attention deficit reported by parents. These skills are important to identify as they are resources which support the therapeutic and educational project. It is probably through an articulation among professionals from national education, health and research, in alliance with the family (parents, child, and siblings), that advances will be made. In the same way that professionals have been interested in children with intellectual disabilities, it is important to be concerned by children with HIP and difficulties located at the other end of the continuum. It is a question of ethics which concerns both caregivers and teachers. It is also a societal issue that concerns all of us given that the expression of high intellectual and creative potential in children may be essential to the societal development of innovative strategies and each nation's future. Finally, the discussion can be extended to all children, independent of their potential. What we learn from children with HIP and difficulties can be applied to each child: it is important at family, school and societal levels to facilitate the expression of the potential of children, to value their skills, and to help them to remove possible inhibitions of their potential based on individualized projects. The acceptance of singularity and differences in children can contribute to tolerance and the development of creativity, in the interest of the subject and of society.

Neurocognitive functioning of HIV positive children attending the comprehensive care clinic at Kenyatta national hospital: exploring neurocognitive deficits and psychosocial risk factors.

Children and adolescents are affected in different ways by HIV/AIDS. Neurocognitive deficits are one of the most significant long term effects on HIV infected children and adolescents. Several factors are thought to influence cognitive outcomes and this include immune status, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), education and social support. The aim of the study was to assess the neurocognitive function of HIV infected children and adolescents and correlate it with psychosocial factors. A cross sectional study was carried out involving a sample of 90 children living with HIV between 8 and 15 years (M = 11.38, SD = 2.06) attending Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Samples were selected by using purposive sample technique. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition was used to assess cognitive function and psychosocial issues were assessed using HEADS-ED. Data was analyzed using SPSS v23 and independent T-tests, Pearson's correlation and linear regression were used. The prevalence of neurocognitive deficits among HIV positive children attending CCC at KNH was 60% with neurocognitive performance of 54 children being at least 2SD below the mean based on the KABC-II scores. There was no significant correlation between mental processing index and CD4 count (Pearson's rho = -0.01, p = 0.39). There was no significant association between Mental Processing Index and viral load (p = 0.056) and early ARV initiation (0.27). Using the HEADS-ED, risks factors related to education (ß = -5.67, p = 0.02) and activities and peer support (ß = -9.1, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with poor neurocognitive performance. Neurocognitive deficits are prevalent among HIV positive children attending CCC-KNH. This extent of the deficits was not associated with low CD4 count, high viral load or early initiation in HIV care. However, poor school performance and problem with peers was associated with poor neurocognitive performance.

Trait and State Variance in Multi-Informant Assessments of ADHD and Academic Impairment in Spanish First-Grade Children.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the stable trait and variable state components of ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and academic impairment (AI) dimensions using mothers', fathers', primary and secondary teachers' ratings of children's behavior at home and school. We also examined between-informant agreement with regard to trait and state components. METHOD: Mothers, fathers, primary and secondary teachers rated HI, IN, and AI in N = 758 Spanish first grade children (55% boys) over three measurement occasions across 12 months. RESULTS: Latent state-trait analyses revealed that mothers', fathers', and primary teachers' (but not secondary teachers') ratings reflected more trait variance for ADHD-HI (M = 73%), ADHD-IN (M = 74%), and AI (M = 76%) than occasion-specific variance (M = 27%, M = 26%, and M = 24%, respectively). Fathers' ratings shared a meaningful level of trait variance with mothers' ratings of ADHD-HI and ADHD-IN (range 78% to 82%), whereas primary and secondary teachers' ratings shared lower levels of trait variance with mothers' ratings (range 41% to 63%). The trait components of fathers', primary teachers', and secondary teachers' ratings of AI showed high levels of convergence with mothers' ratings (88%, 70%, and 59% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ADHD symptom reports reflect both trait (48 to 86%) and state (14 to 53%) variance components. The lower amount of shared variability between home and school suggests the setting-specificity of trait and state components of ADHD symptoms. Our findings indicate that ADHD symptom reports may reflect context-specific traits, suggesting the importance of differentiating and targeting ADHD behaviors across different settings.