RESUMO
Natural polyphenols are promising alternatives to antifungals for novel treatments of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in an era of antimicrobial resistance. However, polyphenols are poorly soluble and prone to degradation. To overcome their limitations, we propose incorporation in liposomes. The study aimed to develop chitosan and liposome comprising delivery systems for epicatechin (EC) or propyl gallate (PG) as treatment of VVC. EC was selected for its antioxidative properties and PG as an ester of antifungal gallic acid. To improve formulation retention at vaginal site, mucoadhesive chitosan was introduced into formulation as liposomal surface coating or hydrogel due to intrinsic antifungal properties. These polyphenol-loaded liposomes exhibited an average size of 125 nm with a 64 % entrapment efficiency (for both polyphenols). A sustained in vitro polyphenol release was seen from liposomes, particularly in chitosan hydrogel (p < 0.01 or lower). Viscosity was evaluated since increased viscosity upon mucin contact indicated adhesive bond formation between chitosan and mucin confirming mucoadhesiveness of formulations. Antifungal activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method on Candida albicans CRM-10231. Unlike PG, incorporation of EC in liposomes enabled antifungal activity. Fungicidal activity of chitosan was confirmed both when used as liposomal coating material and as hydrogel vehicle.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Candida albicans , Candidíase Vulvovaginal , Catequina , Quitosana , Lipossomos , Galato de Propila , Quitosana/química , Quitosana/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/administração & dosagem , Catequina/química , Catequina/farmacologia , Galato de Propila/administração & dosagem , Galato de Propila/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Hidrogéis/química , Hidrogéis/administração & dosagem , Mucinas/química , Viscosidade , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Oxidative rancidity of food products and massive consumption of plastic packaging have put the necessity in manufacturing novel antioxidant biodegradable packaging films. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) antioxidant blown films, in which starch acted as a gatekeeper for the controlled release of propyl gallate (PG). PG was well integrated into the matrices and bound to starch molecules by hydrogen bonding. All films showed strong anti-ultraviolet performance, and higher oxygen barrier than the traditional polyethylene film. Increasing starch proportions promoted the swelling of films and the release of PG, thereby causing higher antioxidant activity at the same contact time to free radical solutions. Similar polarity made PG prone to partition and rapid migration into the food simulants with higher ethanol concentration and the high-fat-content peanut butter. The film with 20:80 w/w starch/PBAT proportion and 3% w/w PG content effectively suppressed the oxidation of peanut butter within 300-day storage. Findings demonstrated this strategy for manufacturing starch/PBAT antioxidant films as a long-term active packaging in food industry.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Embalagem de Alimentos , Galato de Propila , Amido , Embalagem de Alimentos/instrumentação , Antioxidantes/química , Galato de Propila/química , Amido/química , Preparações de Ação Retardada/química , Oxirredução , Poliésteres/químicaRESUMO
Objective.To evaluate the reduction in energy dependence and aging effect of the lithium salt of pentacosa-10,-12-diynoic acid (LiPCDA) films with additives including aluminum oxide (Al2O3), propyl gallate (PG), and disodium ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA).Approach. LiPCDA films exhibited energy dependence on kilovoltage (kV) and megavoltage (MV) photon energies and experienced deterioration over time. Evaluations were conducted with added Al2O3and antioxidants to mitigate these issues, and films were produced with and without Al2O3to assess energy dependence. The films were irradiated at doses of 0, 3, 6, and 12 cGy at photon energies of 75 kV, 105 kV, 6 MV, 10 MV, and 15 MV. For the energy range of 75 kV to 15 MV, the mean and standard deviation (std) were calculated and compared for the values normalized to the net optical density (netOD) at 6 MV, corresponding to identical dose levels. To evaluate the aging effect, PG and disodium EDTA were incorporated into the films: sample C with 1% PG, sample D with 2% PG, sample E with 0.62% disodium EDTA added to sample D, and sample F with 1.23% disodium EDTA added to sample D.Main results. Films containing Al2O3demonstrated a maximum 15.8% increase in mean normalized values and a 15.1% reduction in std, reflecting a greater netOD reduction at kV than MV energies, which indicates less energy dependence in these films. When the OD of sample 1-4 depending on the addition of PG and disodium EDTA, was observed for 20 weeks, the transmission mode decreased by 8.7%, 8.3%, 29.3%, and 27.3%, respectively, while the reflection mode was 5.4%, 3.0%, 37.0%, and 34.5%, respectively.Significance. Al2O3effectively reduced the voltage and MV energy dependence. PG was more effective than disodium EDTA in preventing the deterioration of film performance owing to the aging effect.
Assuntos
Dosimetria Fotográfica , Dosimetria Fotográfica/instrumentação , Dosimetria Fotográfica/métodos , Óxido de Alumínio/química , Ácido Edético/química , Galato de Propila , FótonsRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG) exhibits an anti-growth effect on various cell types. The present study investigated the impact of PG on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in primary human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells. Moreover, the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant), L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, a GSH synthesis inhibitor), and small interfering RNA (siRNAs) against various antioxidant genes on ROS and GSH levels and cell death were examined in PG-treated HPF cells. PG (100-800 µM) increased the levels of total ROS and O2·- at early time points of 30-180 min and 24 h, whereas PG (800-1600 µM) increased GSH-depleted cell number at 24 h and reduced GSH levels at 30-180 min. PG downregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and upregulated the activity of catalase in HPF cells. Treatment with 800 µM PG increased the number of apoptotic cells and cells that lost mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨm). NAC treatment attenuated HPF cell death and MMP (ΔΨm) loss induced by PG, accompanied by a decrease in GSH depletion, whereas BSO exacerbated the cell death and MMP (ΔΨm) loss without altering ROS and GSH depletion levels. Furthermore, siRNA against SOD1, SOD2, or catalase attenuated cell death in PG-treated HPF cells, whereas siRNA against GSH peroxidase enhanced cell death. In conclusion, PG induced cell death in HPF cells by increasing ROS levels and depleting GSH. NAC was found to decrease HPF cell death induced by PG, while BSO enhanced cell death. The findings shed light on how manipulating the antioxidant system influence the cytotoxic effects of PG in HPF cells.
Assuntos
Chrysanthemum , Galato de Propila , Humanos , Galato de Propila/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Catalase , Morte Celular , Fibroblastos , Glutationa , Butionina Sulfoximina/farmacologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genéticaRESUMO
Synthetic antioxidants serve as essential protectors against oxidation and deterioration of edible oils, however, prudent evaluation is necessary regarding potential health risks associated with excessive intake. The direct adsorption of antioxidants onto conventional surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is challenging due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures, resulting in weak Raman scattering signals and rendering direct SERS detection difficult. In this study, a diazo derivatization reaction was employed to enhance SERS signals by converting antioxidant molecules into azo derivatives, enabling the amplification of the weak Raman scattering signals through the strong vibrational modes induced by the N = N double bond. The resulting diazo derivatives were characterized using UV-visible absorption and infrared spectroscopy, confirming the occurrence of diazo derivatization of the antioxidants. The proposed method successfully achieved the rapid detection of three commonly used synthetic antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG) on interfacial self-assembled gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, rapid predictions of BHA, PG, and TBHQ within the concentration range of 1 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-3 mol/L were achieved by integrating a convolutional neural network model. The predictive range of this model surpassed the traditional quantitative method of manually selecting characteristic peaks, with linear coefficients (R2) of 0.9992, 0.9997, and 0.9997, respectively. The recovery of antioxidants in real soybean oil samples ranged from 73.0 % to 126.4 %. Based on diazo derivatization, the proposed SERS method eliminates the need for complex substrates and enables the analysis and determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils within 20 min, providing a convenient analytical approach for quality control in the food industry.
Assuntos
Aprendizado Profundo , Hidroquinonas , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Antioxidantes/química , Ouro , Hidroxianisol Butilado/análise , Hidroxianisol Butilado/química , Galato de Propila/análise , ÓleosRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG) has been found to exert an inhibitory effect on the growth of different cell types, including lung cancer cells. However, little is known about the cytotoxicological effects of PG specifically on normal primary lung cells. The current study examined the cellular effects and cell death resulting from PG treatment in human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells. DNA flow cytometry results demonstrated that PG (100-1,600 µM) had a significant impact on the cell cycle, leading to G1 phase arrest. Notably, 1,600 µM PG slightly increased the number of sub-G1 cells. Additionally, PG (400-1,600 µM) resulted in the initiation of cell death, a process that coincided with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨm). This loss of MMP (ΔΨm) was evaluated using a FACS cytometer. In PG-treated HPF cells, inhibitors targeting pan-caspase, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 showed no significant impact on the quantity of annexin V-positive and MMP (ΔΨm) loss cells. The administration of siRNA targeting Bax or caspase-3 demonstrated a significant attenuation of PG-induced cell death in HPF cells. However, the use of siRNAs targeting p53, Bcl-2, or caspase-8 did not exhibit any notable effect on cell death. Furthermore, none of the tested MAPK inhibitors, including MEK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, showed any impact on PG-induced cell death or the loss of MMP (ΔΨm) in HPF cells. In conclusion, PG induces G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle and cell death in HPF cells through apoptosis and/or necrosis. The observed HPF cell death is mediated by the modulation of Bax and caspase-3. These findings offer insights into the cytotoxic and molecular effects of PG on normal HPF cells.
Assuntos
Glutationa , Galato de Propila , Humanos , Galato de Propila/metabolismo , Galato de Propila/farmacologia , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Caspase 8/farmacologia , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/farmacologia , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 3/farmacologia , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Morte Celular , Apoptose , Pulmão , Fibroblastos/metabolismoRESUMO
Vegetable oils-based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are green and sustainable but face unsatisfactory adhesion strengths and are prone to aging during storage and application due to the existence of residual double bonds and massive ester bonds. Nine common antioxidants (tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP), caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and tea polyphenols) were grafted into epoxidized soybean oils-PSA (ESO-PSA) system to enhance antiaging properties and adhesion strengths. Results showed ESO-PSAs grafted with caffeic acid, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, tea polyphenols, or TPP didn't occur failure with TPP having best performance. The optimal conditions were ESO reacted with 0.9 % TPP, 70 % rosin ester, and 7.0 % phosphoric acid at 50 °C for 5 min, under which peel strength and loop tack increased to 2.460 N/cm and 1.66 N, respectively, but peel strength residue reduced to 138.09 %, compared with control (0.407 N/cm, 0.43 N, and 1669.99 %). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric results showed TPP grafting increased the glass transition temperature of ESO-PSA slightly but improved its thermal stability significantly. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results showed TPP, phosphoric acid, and rosin ester all partially participated in the covalently crosslinking polymerization of ESO-PSAs and the rest existed in the network structures in the free form.
Assuntos
Hidroxianisol Butilado , Ácidos Cafeicos , Ácidos Fosfóricos , Óleo de Soja , Humanos , Masculino , Óleo de Soja/química , Hidroxianisol Butilado/análise , Galato de Propila , Polifenóis , Adesivos/química , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Ésteres , CháRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Exploring the potential action mechanisms of reactive oxygen species during the callus inducing, they can activate specific metabolic pathways in explants to regulate callus development. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development, but the mechanism of their action on plant callus formation remains to be elucidated. To address this question, kiwifruit was selected as the explant for callus induction, and the influence of ROS on callus formation was investigated by introducing propyl gallate (PG) as an antioxidant into the medium used for inducing callus. The results have unveiled that the inclusion of PG in the medium has disturbed the equilibrium of ROS during the formation of the kiwifruit callus. We selected the callus that was induced by the addition of 0.05 mmol/L PG to the MS medium. The callus exhibited a significant difference in the amount compared to the control medium without PG. The callus induced by the MS medium without PG was used as the control for comparison. KEGG enrichment indicated that PG exposure resulted in significant differences in gene expression in related pathways, such as phytohormone signaling and glutathione in kiwifruit callus. Weighted gene co-expression analysis indicated that the pertinent regulatory networks of both ROS and phytohormone signaling were critical for the establishment of callus in kiwifruit leaves. In addition, during the process of callus establishment, the ROS level of the explants was also closely related to the genes for transmembrane transport of substances, cell wall formation, and plant organ establishment. This investigation expands the theory of ROS-regulated callus formation and presents a new concept for the expeditious propagation of callus in kiwifruit.
Assuntos
Actinidia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Galato de Propila/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Actinidia/genética , Actinidia/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG), owing to its exceptional antioxidant properties, is extensively used in industries such as food processing. The potential harmful impacts of PG have sparked concern among people. It has been reported that exposure of PG has certain reproductive toxicity, which can affect the maturation of mouse oocytes and induce testicular dysfunction. However, its impact on early embryonic development is still unclear. In this study, we explored the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of PG on mouse 2-cell stage embryonic development. The results showed that exposure of PG can decrease the development of 2-cell stage embryos and repress the development of 4-cell stage embryos. Further study found that PG could induce intracellular oxidative stress and the accumulation of DNA damage in 2-cell stage embryos. Moreover, exposure of PG impaired the function of mitochondria and lysosomes in 2-cell stage embryos, thereby triggering the occurrence of autophagy. In addition, exposure of PG altered the epigenetic modification of 2-cell stage embryos, displaying a decreased level of DNA methylation and an increased level of H3K4me3. In summary, our results indicated that exposure of PG can damage the development of mouse 2-cell stage embryos by inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy, and altering epigenetic modification.
Assuntos
Estresse Oxidativo , Galato de Propila , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Galato de Propila/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Autofagia , Desenvolvimento EmbrionárioRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of n-propyl gallate as pre-treatment for resin-dentin bond strength. The dentin pre-treatments evaluated included propyl gallate of concentrations 0.1% (w/v), 1.0% (w/v), and 10.0% (w/v), as well as glutaraldehyde 5.0% (v/v), and distilled water as a control treatment. Dentin specimens were prepared for Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) (n = 3/pre-treatment). Pre-treatments were actively applied to dentin blocks before performing the adhesive procedure to composite resin. Microtensile bond strength to dentin (µTBS) (n = 8/pre-treatment) was determined after 24 h and 6 months of storage. Data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. As for FT-IR, propyl gallate 1%-treated specimens presented higher water, carbonate, collagen, and amide absorbance rates compared to other tested groups, while specimens pre-treated with glutaraldehyde and distilled water presented similar absorbance curves. Regarding µTBS, all concentrations of propyl gallate resulted in statistically significant higher bond strength values than distilled water at 24 h. After 6 months of storage, propyl gallate 0.1% was the only group that maintained µTBS over time. Propyl gallate 0.1% might be a suitable dentinal pre-treatment due to being able to present chemical bonds with demineralized dentin and providing resin-dentin bond stability after 6 months of storage.
Assuntos
Colagem Dentária , Galato de Propila , Galato de Propila/análise , Galato de Propila/farmacologia , Adesivos Dentinários/química , Glutaral , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Cimentos de Resina/química , Dentina , Resistência à Tração , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos Dentários/farmacologia , Resinas Compostas/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG), a prevalent synthetic phenolic antioxidant found in food products, has generated considerable apprehension owing to its potential adverse impacts on human health. Therefore, as a result of the current inquiry, an innovative electrochemical sensor with improved sensitivity and selectivity for PG detection has been created. Under optimal conditions, the manufactured sensor exhibits the capability to identify PG within a broad range from 0.01 µM to 5 µM and from 5 µM to 1000 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 nM, demonstrating exceptional levels of reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and selectivity. The sensor demonstrated successful detection of PG in edible oils and mayonnaise, with good recoveries ranging from 98.44 % to 101.37 %.
Assuntos
Impressão Molecular , Galato de Propila , Humanos , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Antioxidantes , Limite de Detecção , EletrodosRESUMO
Phospholipid complexes of alkyl gallates (A-GAs) including ethyl gallate (EG), propyl gallate (PG), and butyl gallate (BG) were successfully prepared by the thin film dispersion method. HPLC-UV analysis in an everted rat gut sac model indicated that A-GAs can be liberated from phospholipid complexes, which were further hydrolyzed by intestinal lipase to generate free gallic acid (GA). Both A-GAs and GA are able to cross the membrane, and the hydrolysis rate of A-GAs and the transport rate of GA are positively correlated with the alkyl chain length. Especially, compared with the corresponding physical mixtures, the phospholipid complexes exhibit slower sustained-release of A-GAs and GA. Therefore, the formation of phospholipid complexes is an effective approach to prolong the residence time in vivo and additionally enhance the bioactivities of A-GAs and GA. More importantly, through regulating the carbon skeleton lengths, controlled-release of alkyl gallates and gallic acid from phospholipid complexes will be achieved.
Assuntos
Ácido Gálico , Fosfolipídeos , Ratos , Animais , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Hidrólise , Galato de PropilaRESUMO
Wine-making activity entails the production of solid and semisolid byproducts (grape stems and pomace and wine lees) that negatively impact the environment and industrial sustainability. Their features as sources of bioactive compounds support valorization procedures for functional and healthy ingredients. This work uncovers the quantitative alkyl gallates (gallic acid esters, C1-C12) profile of fresh (freeze-dried) materials and the effect of oven-drying on their stability by UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. The functionality was established concerning DPPH⢠scavenging and antihyperglycemic power. Wine lees exerted the highest high-free concentration of galloyl derivatives, ethyl gallate being the most abundant ester (3472.62 ng/g dw, on average). About the impact of the stabilization process, although as a general trend, the thermal treatment reduced the concentration, the reduction dimensions depended on the compound/matrix, remaining in valuable concentrations. Concerning radical scavenging, ze-dried stems and pomace displayed the highest capacity (24.11 and 18.46 mg TE/g dw, respectively), being correlated with propyl gallate (r2 = 0.690), butyl gallate (r2 = 0.686), and octyl gallate (r2 = 0.514). These two matrices exerted α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (1.58 and 1.46 units/L) equivalent to that of acarbose (a recognized α-glucosidase inhibitor). The newly described bioactive phytochemicals in winery residues (galloyl esters) and their correlation with functional traits allow for envisioning valorization alternatives.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Vinho , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , alfa-Glucosidases , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Galato de Propila , Vinho/análiseRESUMO
This study reported a ruthenium complex-based fluorescence probe, achieving rapid and sequential detection of propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) for the first time by tuning pH only. Under 480 nm excitation, probe exhibited intensive emission at 620 nm, which was selectively quenched by PG at pH 7.0 due to the covalent binding between the boric acid of probe and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG. Then pH was tuned to 7.4, the emission was significantly quenched by TBHQ because of the π-π stacking between aromatic rings of probe and paraquinone of TBHQ. This probe realized specific and sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ with wide range and low detection limit (0.26 µM for PG and 0.66 µM for TBHQ). Furthermore, a portable visual test paper detection platform was built based on this probe for rapid and sensitive detection of antioxidants in food, which was of great significance for market regulation.
Assuntos
Galato de Propila , Rutênio , Hidroquinonas/metabolismo , Fluorescência , Antioxidantes , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG) is a commonly used synthetic phenolic antioxidant in foodstuffs and industrial products. Due to the potential health risk of PG, rapid and on-site detection in food and environment samples are important to guarantee human health. Herein, we demonstrated rapid monitoring of PG by a fluorescence turn-on strategy based on a specific fluorogenic reaction between PG and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Specifically, Ce4+ with oxidase-mimicking activity oxidized PG to its oxides, which then reacted with PEI through the Michael addition to generate the fluorescent compound. The proposed fluorogenic reaction had good specificity for PG, which could distinguish PG from other phenolic antioxidants and interferences. Furthermore, portable and low-cost organogel test kits were prepared using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate for quantitative and on-site detection of PG via a smartphone-based sensing platform. The organogel-based assay detection limit was 1.0 µg mL-1 with recoveries ranging from 80.2% to 106.2% in edible oils and surface water. Suitability of the developed assay was also validated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study provides an effective fluorescent approach to rapid, specific, and convenient monitoring of PG, which is useful for diminishing the risk of PG exposure.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Galato de Propila , Humanos , Galato de Propila/análise , Galato de Propila/química , Antioxidantes/química , Fenóis/química , ÓleosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the digestive system marked by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and elevation of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we demonstrate the protective effect of ethyl gallate (EG), a phytochemical, and propyl gallate (PG), an anti-oxidant, given through normal drinking water (DW) and copper water (CW) in various combinations, which had a positive effect on the amelioration of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We successfully determined the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidant enzymes by ELISA, tracked oxidative/nitrosative stress (RO/NS) by in vivo imaging (IVIS) using L-012 chemiluminescent probe, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological and morphometric analysis of colon in DSS-induced colitis in a model. RESULTS: The results revealed that oral administration of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate at a dose of 50 mg/kg considerably reduced the severity of colitis and improved both macroscopic and microscopic clinical symptoms. The level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-γ) in colonic tissue was considerably reduced in the DSS + EG-treated and DSS + PG-treated groups, compared to the DSS alone-treated group. IVIS imaging of animals from the DSS + EG and DSS + PG-treated groups showed a highly significant decrease in RO/NS species relative to the DSS control group, with the exception of the DSS + PG/CW and DSS + EG + PG/CW-treated groups. We also observed lower levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and restored levels of GST and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DSS + EG-DW/CW, DSS + PG/DW, and DSS + EG + PG/DW groups compared to DSS alone-treated group. In addition, we showed that the EG, PG, and EG + PG treatment significantly reduced the DAI score, and counteracted the body weight loss and colon shortening in mice compared to DSS alone-treated group. In this 21-day study, mice were treated daily with test substances and were challenged to DSS from day-8 to 14. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the protective effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate in various combinations which, in pre-clinical animals, serve as an anti-inflammatory drug against the severe form of colitis, indicating its potential for the treatment of IBD in humans. In addition, propyl gallate was investigated for the first time in this study for its anti-colitogenic effect with normal drinking water and reduced effect with copper water.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Colite , Água Potável , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Galato de Propila/efeitos adversos , Sulfato de Dextrana/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Cobre/efeitos adversos , Água Potável/efeitos adversos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colo , Citocinas , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
The progressive use of food additives in "ultra-processed" food has increased attention to them. Propyl gallate (PG) is an essential synthetic preservative that commonly used in food, cosmetics, and pharmacies as an antioxidant. This study aimed to outline the existing evidence on the toxicological studies of PG including its physicochemical properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics effects. The methods include updated searches for the relevant databases. The EFSA has evaluated the use of PG in food industry. It establishes an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.5 mg/kg bw per day. Based on exposure assessment, it can be concluded that at the current level of use, PG is not of safety concern.
Assuntos
Aditivos Alimentares , Galato de Propila , Galato de Propila/toxicidade , Aditivos Alimentares/toxicidade , Antioxidantes , Nível de Efeito Adverso não Observado , Conservantes FarmacêuticosRESUMO
Propyl gallate (PG) is one of the most widely used antioxidants in food products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Increased research has suggested that exposure to PG influences reproductive health in humans and animals. However, until now, it has not yet been confirmed whether PG would impact oocyte quality. In this study, the hazardous effects of PG on oocyte meiotic maturation were investigated in mice. The findings showed that PG exposure compromises oocyte meiosis by inducing mitochondrial stress which activates apoptosis to trigger oocyte demise. Moreover, DNA damage was significantly induced in PG-treated oocytes, which might be another cause of oocyte developmental arrest and degeneration. Besides, the level of histone methylation (H3K27me2 and H3K27me3) in oocyte was also significantly increased by PG exposure. Furthermore, PG-induced oxidative stress was validated by the increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which might be the underlying reason for these abnormities. In conclusion, the foregoing findings suggested that PG exposure impaired oocyte meiotic maturation by yielding mitochondrial stress to activate apoptosis, inducing DNA damage and oxidative stress, and altering histone methylation level.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Galato de Propila , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Galato de Propila/metabolismo , Galato de Propila/farmacologia , Histonas , Oócitos , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Meiose , Dano ao DNA , ApoptoseRESUMO
This study reports the development of a Tb-metal-organic framework (Tb-MOF)-based fluorescent platform for the detection of propyl gallate (PG). The Tb-MOF using 5-boronoisophthalic acid (5-bop) as the ligand exhibited multiple emissions at 490, 543, 585, and 622 nm under an excitation wavelength of 256 nm. The fluorescence of Tb-MOF was selectively and significantly weakened in the presence of PG due to the special nucleophilic reaction between the boric acid of Tb-MOF and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG, and the combined effect of static quenching and internal filtering. Furthermore, this sensor enabled the determination of PG within seconds in a wide linear range of 1-150 µg/mL, and with a low detection limit of 0.098 µg/mL, and high specificity against other phenolic antioxidants. This work provided a new route for the sensitive and selective determination of PG in soybean oil, thus was perspective to monitor and reduce the risk of PG overuse.
Assuntos
Estruturas Metalorgânicas , Galato de Propila , Limite de Detecção , Corantes Fluorescentes , ÓleosRESUMO
A voltammetric electronic tongue (E-tongue) is "a multisensor system, which consists of a number of low-selective sensors and uses advanced mathematical procedures for signal processing based on pattern recognition and/or data multivariate analysis such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), principal component analysis (PCA), among others". Thus, E-tongues in combination with chemometrics tools result in more accurate and selective analytical methods. In this work, we report results of a simple and reliable electroanalytical method to determine butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate (PG) in edible olive oils (EOO). Therefore, the square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used on platinum and carbon fiber disk ultramicroelectrodes (E-tongue configuration) combined with chemometrics tools to perform these studies. On the other hand, two data fusion strategies were used in order to combine electrochemical data obtained for each working electrode in the E-tongue: low-level data fusion (LLDF) and mid-level data fusion (MLDF). In addition, to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset in MLDF, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used. Finally, to assert the predictive capability of the method for BHA, BHT, and PG determination in real samples, a recovery study for the antioxidants in EOO samples was performed, demonstrating the analytical accuracy of the proposed method. Moreover, from the comparison between the proposed electrochemical method with the AOAC reference method and others found in the literature in terms of the quality of the model (REP %) and the percent recovery assays (%) in different samples, our results were better than other reported previously for the simultaneous determination of BHA, BHT, and PG in real samples. Moreover, the percent recovery assays obtained with the proposed electrochemical method were in good agreement with those obtained by the chromatographic method.