In vivo study on the repair of rat Achilles tendon injury treated with non-thermal atmospheric-pressure helium microplasma jet.

Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma (NTAPP) has been widely studied for clinical applications, e.g., disinfection, wound healing, cancer therapy, hemostasis, and bone regeneration. It is being revealed that the physical and chemical actions of plasma have enabled these clinical applications. Based on our previous report regarding plasma-stimulated bone regeneration, this study focused on Achilles tendon repair by NTAPP. This is the first study to reveal that exposure to NTAPP can accelerate Achilles tendon repair using a well-established Achilles tendon injury rat model. Histological evaluation using the Stoll's and histological scores showed a significant improvement at 2 and 4 weeks, with type I collagen content being substantial at the early time point of 2 weeks post-surgery. Notably, the replacement of type III collagen with type I collagen occurred more frequently in the plasma-treated groups at the early stage of repair. Tensile strength test results showed that the maximum breaking strength in the plasma-treated group at two weeks was significantly higher than that in the untreated group. Overall, our results indicate that a single event of NTAPP treatment during the surgery can contribute to an early recovery of an injured tendon.

Machine learning-aided evaluation of oxidative strength of cold atmospheric plasma-treated water.

Plasma medicine is gaining attraction in the medical field, particularly the use of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in biomedicine. The chemistry of the plasma is complex, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) within it are the basis for the biological effect of CAP on the target. Understanding how the oxidative power of ROS responds to diverse plasma parameters is vital for standardizing the effective application of CAP. The proven applicability of machine learning (ML) in the field of medicine is encouraging, as it can also be applied in the field of plasma medicine to correlate the oxidative strength of plasma-treated water (PTW) according to different parameters. In this study, plasma-treated water was mixed with potassium iodide-starch reagent for color formation that could be linked to the oxidative capacity of PTW. Corresponding images were captured resulting from the exposure of the color-forming agent to water treated with plasma for different time points. Several ML models were trained to distinguish the color changes sourced by the oxidative strength of ROS. The AdaBoost Classifier (ABC) algorithm demonstrated better performance among the classification models used by extracting color-based features from the images. Our results, with a test accuracy of 63.5%, might carry a potential for future standardization in the field of plasma medicine with an automated system that can be created to interpret the oxidative properties of ROS in different plasma treatment parameters via ML.

Overcoming antibiotic resistance: non-thermal plasma and antibiotics combination inhibits important pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance (ATBR) is increasing every year as the overuse of antibiotics (ATBs) and the lack of newly emerging antimicrobial agents lead to an efficient pathogen escape from ATBs action. This trend is alarming and the World Health Organization warned in 2021 that ATBR could become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2050. The development of novel ATBs is not fast enough considering the situation, and alternative strategies are therefore urgently required. One such alternative may be the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP), a well-established antimicrobial agent actively used in a growing number of medical fields. Despite its efficiency, NTP alone is not always sufficient to completely eliminate pathogens. However, NTP combined with ATBs is more potent and evidence has been emerging over the last few years proving this is a robust and highly effective strategy to fight resistant pathogens. This minireview summarizes experimental research addressing the potential of the NTP-ATBs combination, particularly for inhibiting planktonic and biofilm growth and treating infections in mouse models caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The published studies highlight this combination as a promising solution to emerging ATBR, and further research is therefore highly desirable.

Antimicrobial efficacy of direct air gas soft jet plasma for the in vitro reduction of oral bacterial biofilms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of an air gas soft jet CAP for its potential use in removing oral biofilms, given that plasma-based technologies have emerged as promising methods in periodontology. Two types of biofilms were developed, one by Streptococcus mutans UA 159 bacterial strain and the other by a complex mixture of saliva microorganisms isolated from a patient with periodontitis. This latter biofilm was characterized via Next Generation Sequencing to determine the main bacterial phyla. The CAP source was applied at a distance of 6 mm for different time points. A statistically significant reduction of both CFU count and XTT was already detected after 60 s of CAP treatment. CLSM analysis supported CAP effectiveness in killing the microorganisms inside the biofilm and in reducing the thickness of the biofilm matrix. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the possible use of CAP without important side effects towards human gingival fibroblasts cell line. The current study showed that CAP treatment was able to significantly reduce preformed biofilms developed by both S. mutans and microorganisms isolated by a saliva sample. Further studies should be conducted on biofilms developed by additional saliva donors to support the potential of this innovative strategy to counteract oral pathogens responsible for periodontal diseases.

Human coronavirus 229E inactivation on porous and nonporous materials using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma.

Viruses can spread through contaminated aerosols and contaminated surface materials, and effective disinfection techniques are essential for virus inactivation. Nonthermal plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can effectively inactivate the coronavirus. We aim to interpret the coronavirus inactivation level and mechanism of surface interaction with materials with and without dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment. Nonthermal plasma, particularly surface-type DBD plasma, can inactivate human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) on porous (paper, wood, mask) and nonporous (plastic, stainless steel, glass, Cu) materials. Virus inactivation was analyzed using a 50% tissue culture infectivity dose (TCID50) using cell line, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Surfaces contaminated with HCoV-229E were treated at different time intervals (0-5 h) with and without plasma exposure (natural decay in ambient air conditions). HCoV-229E persistence conformed to the following order: plastic > cover glass > stainless steel > mask > wood > paper > Cu with and without plasma exposure. HCoV-229E was more stable in plastic, cover glass, and stainless steel in 5 h, and the viable virus titer gradually decreased from its initial log10 order of 6.892 to 1.72, 1.53, and 1.32 TCID50/mL, respectively, under plasma exposure. No virus was observed in Cu after treatment for 5 h. The use of airflow, ambient nitrogen, and argon did not promote virus inactivation. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated a low expression level of spike protein (fluorescence intensity) during plasma treatment and in E and M genes expression compared with the virus control.

Bilateral Thermal Keratopathy Due to Plasma Skin Regeneration.

A 40-year-old woman underwent periocular plasma skin regeneration, a cosmetic treatment for periorbital rejuvenation. She subsequently developed bilateral thermal keratitis, manifesting as blurred vision, irritation, and redness, with a vision decrease to 20/60 and 20/50 in her OD and OS, respectively. Examination demonstrated bilateral large, irregular corneal epithelial defects and edema, necessitating treatment with amniotic membrane grafts, bandage contact lenses, and hypertonic saline. One year posttreatment, her visual acuity improved to 20/20 and 20/25, albeit with ongoing symptomatic dryness and bilateral anterior stromal haze. This case, as only the second reported instance of ocular damage from periocular plasma skin regeneration, underscores the need for heightened awareness of potential ocular complications following plasma skin regeneration and reinforces the importance of protective measures during periocular procedures.

In-vitro biofilm removal from TiUnite® implant surface with an air polishing and two different plasma devices.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the efficacy of two different cold atmospheric pressure jet plasma devices (CAP09 and CAPmed) and an air polishing device with glycine powder (AP) either applied as monotherapies or combined therapies (AP + CAP09; AP + CAPmed), in microbial biofilm removal from discs with anodised titanium surface. METHODS: Discs covered with 7-day-old microbial biofilm were treated either with CAP09, CAPmed, AP, AP + CAP09 or AP + CAPmed and compared with negative and positive controls. Biofilm removal was assessed with flourescence and electron microscopy immediately after treatment and after 5 days of reincubation of the treated discs. RESULTS: Treatment with CAP09 or CAPmed did not lead to an effective biofilm removal, whereas treatment with AP detached the complete biofilm, which however regrew to baseline magnitude after 5 days of reincubation. Both combination therapies (AP + CAP09 and AP + CAPmed) achieved a complete biofilm removal immediately after cleaning. However, biofilm regrew after 5 days on 50% of the discs treated with the combination therapy. CONCLUSION: AP treatment alone can remove gross biofilm immediately from anodised titanium surfaces. However, it did not impede regrowth after 5 days, because microorganisms were probably hidden in holes and troughs, from which they could regrow, and which were inaccessible to AP. The combination of AP and plasma treatment probably removed or inactivated microorganisms also from these hard to access spots. These results were independent of the choice of plasma device.

Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Activated Medium Modulates Cellular Functions of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells In Vitro.

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) offers a variety of therapeutic possibilities and induces the formation of reactive chemical species associated with oxidative stress. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play a central role in tissue regeneration, partly because of their antioxidant properties and ability to migrate into regenerating areas. During the therapeutic application, MSCs are directly exposed to the reactive species of CAP. Therefore, the investigation of CAP-induced effects on MSCs is essential. In this study, we quantified the amount of ROS due to the CAP activation of the culture medium. In addition, cell number, metabolic activity, stress signals, and migration were analyzed after the treatment of MSCs with a CAP-activated medium. CAP-activated media induced a significant increase in ROS but did not cause cytotoxic effects on MSCs when the treatment was singular and short-term (one day). This single treatment led to increased cell migration, an essential process in wound healing. In parallel, there was an increase in various cell stress proteins, indicating an adaptation to oxidative stress. Repeated treatments with the CAP-activated medium impaired the viability of the MSCs. The results shown here provide information on the influence of treatment frequency and intensity, which could be necessary for the therapeutic application of CAP.

Novel Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma Irradiation of Titanium Implants Promotes Osteogenic Effect in Osteoporotic Conditions.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease characterized by bone density and trabecular bone loss. Bone loss may affect dental implant osseointegration in patients with osteoporosis. To promote implant osseointegration in osteoporotic patients, we further used a nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) treatment device previously developed by our research group. After the titanium implant (Ti) is placed into the device, the working gas flow and the electrode switches are turned on, and the treatment is completed in 30 s. Previous studies showed that this NTAP device can remove carbon contamination from the implant surface, increase the hydroxyl groups, and improve its wettability to promote osseointegration in normal conditions. In this study, we demonstrated the tremendous osteogenic enhancement effect of NTAP-Ti in osteoporotic conditions in rats for the first time. Compared to Ti, the proliferative potential of osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on NTAP-Ti increased by 180% at 1 day (P = 0.004), while their osteogenic differentiation increased by 149% at 14 days (P < 0.001). In addition, the results indicated that NTAP-Ti significantly improved osseointegration in osteoporotic rats in vivo. Compared to the Ti, the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) values of NTAP-Ti in osteoporotic rats, respectively, increased by 18% (P < 0.001) and 25% (P = 0.007) at 6 weeks and the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) value decreased by 26% (P = 0.02) at 6 weeks. In conclusion, this study proved a novel NTAP irradiation titanium implant that can significantly promote osseointegration in osteoporotic conditions.

Inactivation of microorganisms on fabrics using plasma-activated nebulized mist driven by different plasma gases.

The disinfection of fabrics is crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms to maintain public health. A previous study proved that plasma-activated nebulized mist (PANM) could effectively inactivate microorganisms both in aerosol and attached to the surface. In this study, the PANM driven by different plasma gases were employed to inactivate microorganisms on diverse fabrics. The PANM could efficiently inactivate a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, contaminating different fabrics, and even across covering layers of different fabrics. The mites residing on the cotton fabrics both uncovered and covered with various types of fabrics were also effectively inactivated by the PANM. After 30 times repeated treatments of the PANM, notable changes were observed in the color of several fabrics while the structural integrity and mechanical strength of the fabrics were unaffected and maintained similarly to the untreated fabrics with slight changes in elemental composition. Additionally, only trace amounts of nitrate remained in the fabrics after the PANM treatment. Therefore, the PANM treatment supplied an efficient, broad-spectrum, and environmentally friendly strategy for industrial and household disinfection of fabrics.

Enhanced methane recovery from anaerobic membrane bioreactor coupled with cold plasma pretreatment for rapid hydrolysis and nitrogen removal.

Research to increase biomethane recovery efficiency from thickened sewage sludge (TSWS) using sustainable anaerobic digestion (AD) in municipal wastewater treatment plants is ongoing. Pretreating substrates is known to increase organic biodegradation and biomethane conversion rates in AD. Cold plasma (CP), a recently adopted advanced oxidation processes (AOP) has emerged as an alternative to accelerate pretreatment times under different operation variables. This study assessed raw and CP-pretreated TSWS in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The effects of incremental organic loading rates (OLR) and nitrogenous compounds concentration on enhanced CH4 bioconversion efficiency were evaluated. We found that the AnMBR outperformed the ASBR, with an overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion rate of 67%, lower total nitrogen (T-N) accumulation (594 mg L-1), and an overall methane yield of 0.24 L CH4 g-1 COD. CP pretreatment improved TSWS AD, resulting in more efficient COD removal and methane recovery. This study suggests that CP technology is a promising pretreatment to improve AD when treating TSWS.

Effects of cold plasma pretreatment combined with sodium periodate on property enhancement of dialdehyde starch prepared using native maize starch.

This study represents the inaugural investigation into the effect of cold plasma (CP) pretreatment combined with sodium periodate on the preparation of dialdehyde starch (DAS) from native maize starch and its consequent effects on the properties of DAS. The findings indicate that the maize starch underwent etching by the plasma, leading to an increase in the particle size of the starch, which in turn weakened the rigid structure of the starch and reduced its crystallinity. Concurrently, the plasma treatment induced cleavage of the starch molecular chain, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of the starch and an enhancement of its fluidity. These alterations facilitated an increased contact area between the starch and the oxidising agent sodium periodate, thereby augmenting the efficiency of the DAS preparation reaction. Consequently, the aldehyde group content was elevated by 9.98 % compared to the conventional DAS preparation methodology. Therefore, CP could be an efficient and environmentally friendly non-thermal processing method to assist starch oxidation for DAS preparation and property enhancement.

The synergistic effect of dielectric barrier discharge plasma and phycocyanin on shelf life of Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow fillets.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dielectric barrier discharge treatment (DBD) combined with phycocyanin pigment (PC) in extending the shelf life of Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow fillets stored at 4 ± 0.1 °C. Microbiological, physicochemical, sensory and antioxidant properties were assessed over an 18-day storage period. The combined DBD and PC treatment significantly inhibited total viable counts and Psychrotrophic bacteria counts compared to the rest of the samples throughout storage. While Total Volatile Nitrogen concentrations remained below international standard until day 18, they exceeded this threshold in control sample by day 9. DBD treatment notably reduced Trimethylamine levels compared to controls (p < 0.05). PC and DBD combined inhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities by 80% and 85%, respectively, while demonstrating heightened iron-reducing antioxidant activity compared to controls. Analysis of 24 fatty acids indicated that PC mitigated DBD's adverse effects, yielding superior outcomes compared to controls. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in all samples met or fell below international standard. Thus, the combined use of DBD and PC shows promise in extending fillet shelf life by over 15 days at 4 °C.

[Effect of different cleaning methods on bond strength and surface wettability of high translucency zirconia].

PURPOSE: To study the effect of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to saliva-contaminated high translucency zirconia and surface wettability. METHODS: Eighty zirconia specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=16), i.e., control group(not contaminated), 75% ethanol group,cleaning paste group,airborne-particle abrasion group, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma group. The contact angles was measured, shear bond strength were examined, and fracture types were determined. SPSS 26.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The atmospheric pressure cold plasma group produced the lowest contact angle(P＜0.05). The shear bond strength of the airborne-particle abrasion group, the cleaning paste group and the atmospheric pressure cold plasma group respectively were similar to the control group without significant difference(P＞0.05), while those were significantly higher than 75% ethanol group(P＜0.05). The mixed fracture mode of the atmospheric pressure cold plasma group evidently increased. CONCLUSIONS: Airborne-particle abrasion, cleaning paste and atmospheric pressure cold plasma overcome the effects of saliva contamination, producing the shear bond strength to zirconia similar to the control group. The atmospheric pressure cold plasma improves hydrophilicity of high translucency zirconia significantly.

Fracture healing on non-union fracture model promoted by non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma.

Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma (NTAPP) is attracting widespread interest for use in medical applications. The tissue repair capacity of NTAPP has been reported in various fields; however, little is known about its effect on fracture healing. Non-union or delayed union after a fracture is a clinical challenge. In this study, we aimed to investigate how NTAPP irradiation promotes fracture healing in a non-union fracture model and its underlying mechanism, in vitro and in vivo. For the in vivo study, we created normal and non-union fracture models in LEW/SsNSlc rats to investigate the effects of NTAPP. To create a fracture, a transverse osteotomy was performed in the middle of the femoral shaft. To induce the non-union fracture model, the periosteum surrounding the fracture site was cauterized after a normal fracture model was created. The normal fracture model showed no significant difference in bone healing between the control and NTAPP-treated groups. The non-union fracture model demonstrated that the NTAPP-treated group showed consistent improvement in fracture healing. Histological and biomechanical assessments confirmed the fracture healing. The in vitro study using pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells demonstrated that NTAPP irradiation under specific conditions did not reduce cell proliferation but did enhance osteoblastic differentiation. Overall, these results suggest that NTAPP is a novel approach to the treatment of bone fractures.

Degradation of o-dichlorobenzene by DBD-NTP co-modified titanium gel catalyst.

In order to study the degradation process of dioxins in industrial flue gas, the decomposition of o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) in a DBD plasma catalytic reactor was investigated. The results showed that an NTP-catalyzed system, especially using the CuMnTiOx catalyst, had better o-DCB degradation performance compared to plasma alone. The combination of the CuMnTiOx catalyst with NTP can achieve a degradation efficiency of up to 97.2% for o-DCB; the selectivity of CO and CO2 and the carbon balance were 40%, 45%, and 85%, respectively. The dielectric constant and electrical property results indicated that the surface discharge capacity of the catalysts played a major role in the degradation of o-DCB, and a higher dielectric constant could suppress the plasma expansion and enhance the duration of the plasma discharge per discharge cycle. According to the O1s XPS and O2-TPD results, the conversion of CO to CO2 follows the M-v-K mechanism; thus, the active species on the catalyst surface play an important role. Moreover, the CuMnTiOx and NTP mixed system exhibited excellent stability, which is probably because Cu doping improved the lifetime of the catalyst. This work can provide an experimental and theoretical basis for research in the degradation of o-DCB by plasma catalyst systems.

Fungicidal efficiency of DBD cold plasma against Aspergillus niger on dried jujube.

This study investigated the fungicidal efficiency and mechanism of action of dielectric barrier discharge cold atmosphere plasma (DBD-CAP) in inactivating Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores. The disinfection efficacy and quality of dried jujube used as the processing application object were also studied. The results indicated that the Weibull + Tail model performed better for spore inactivation curves at different voltages among various treatment times, and the spore cells were reduced by 4.05 log (cfu/mL) in spores suspension at 70 kV after 15 min of treatment. This disinfection impact was further supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, which showed that the integrity of the cell membrane was damaged, and the intracellular content leaked out after DBD-CAP treatment. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the treatment increased the relative conductivity of cells, and leakage of nucleic acids and proteins further supported the disinfection impact. Additionally, the growth and toxicity of surviving A. niger spores after treatment were also greatly reduced. When DBD-CAP was applied to disinfecting dried jujube, the spore number exhibited a 2.67 log cfu/g reduction after treatment without significant damage observed onto the quality (P > 0.05).

Cold atmospheric plasma attenuates skin cancer via ROS induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been widely used in biomedical research, especially in vitro cancer therapy. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a malignant tumor originating from epidermal keratinocytes. However, the mechanism of CAP therapy on CSCC remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: The animal models of CSCC induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were constructed. For the CAP treatment group, after each TPA application, CAP was administered for 3 min twice weekly after drying. HE staining were used to detect the pathological status of tumor tissue in each group. The levels of PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax, MMP2 and MMP9 were evaluated by western blot and qPCR. TUNEL staining were used to detect apoptosis in tumor tissues. In vivo, serum samples were used for ELISA of total ROS. MTT assay was used to detect the viability of A431 cells. Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the levels of PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax, MMP2 and MMP9 in A431 cells. A431 cell proliferation was examined by colony formation assay. The proportions of apoptosis of A431 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Transwell assessed the ability of A431 cells migration and proliferation. We found that CAP could induce skin cancer cells apoptosis and inhibit the progress of skin cancer. Through experiments in vitro, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and CAP inhibited the proliferation and migration of A431 skin cancer cells while promoting apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: These evidences suggest the protective effect of CAP in CSCC, and CAP has the potential clinical application of CSCC.

Wound healing capacity of using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes originated from human adipose tissue and cold atmospheric plasma.

Background: Recently, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), as well as adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes (ADMSCs-EX), have been applied separately to wound healing treatment. However, no study has investigated the additive effect on the healing mechanism of these two methods in the same skin lesion treatment model. Aim: We conduct this study to describe the results of using CAP and human ADMSCs-EX on in vitro wound healing. Methods: Exosomes were isolated from donor adipose tissue samples by ultracentrifugation method, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot. Assessment in vitro wound healing on proliferation and migration evaluation experiments on human fibroblasts with culture medium supplemented with 10µg total exosomal proteins/1 mL and irradiated with CAP with an intensity of 30 seconds/cm2. Results: Experimental results to evaluate the ability to stimulate fibroblast migration, showed that cell migration speed in the group supplemented with ADMSCs-EX was equivalent to the group with a combination of CAP and ADMSCs-EX and had the highest rate with 87.8 ± 4.2 % and 84.4 ± 5.3 % while in the control group it was the lowest with 61.9 ± 11.4% (p<0.05). The group supplemented with CAP gave fibroblast proliferation and migration results similar to the control group (p>0.05), showing the safety of CAP with the growth of the cells. Conclusions: Therefore, in animal models, we intend to use a combination of these two therapies by using ADMSCs-EX injection therapy into the dermis at the wound edge to avoid the impact of CAP affecting the cell proliferation.

Hierarchically porous surface of HA-sandblasted Ti implant screw using the plasma electrolytic oxidation: Physical characterization and biological responses.

The surface topological features of bioimplants are among the key indicators for bone tissue replacement because they directly affect cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the physical, electrochemical, and biological responses of sandblasted titanium (SB-Ti) surfaces with pore geometries fabricated using a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. The PEO treatment was conducted at an applied voltage of 280 V in a solution bath consisting of 0.15 mol L-1 calcium acetate monohydrate and 0.02 mol L-1 calcium glycerophosphate for 3 min. The surface chemistry, wettability, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of PEO-treated sandblasted Ti implants using hydroxyapatite particles (PEO-SB-Ti) were improved with the distribution of calcium phosphorous porous oxide layers, and showed a homogeneous and hierarchically porous surface with clusters of nanopores in a bath containing calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium glycerophosphate. To demonstrate the efficacy of PEO-SB-Ti, we investigated whether the implant affects biological responses. The proposed PEO-SB-Ti were evaluated with the aim of obtaining a multifunctional bone replacement model that could efficiently induce osteogenic differentiation as well as antibacterial activities. These physical and biological responses suggest that the PEO-SB-Ti may have a great potential for use an artificial bone replacement compared to that of the controls.